Chordin
| CHRD domain | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identifiers | |||||||||
| Symbol | CHRD | ||||||||
| Pfam | PF07452 | ||||||||
| InterPro | IPR010895 | ||||||||
| SMART | SM00754 | ||||||||
| PROSITE | PS50933 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| chordin | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identifiers | |||||||
| Symbol | CHRD | ||||||
| NCBI gene | 8646 | ||||||
| HGNC | 1949 | ||||||
| OMIM | 603475 | ||||||
| RefSeq | NM_003741 | ||||||
| UniProt | Q9H2X0 | ||||||
| Other data | |||||||
| Locus | Chr. 3 q27 | ||||||
| |||||||
Chordin is a bone morphogenetic protein antagonist composed of four small cysteine-rich domains, whose function is not known. Chordin was originally identified in Xenopus laevis in the laboratory of Edward M. De Robertis as a key developmental protein that dorsalizes early vertebrate embryonic tissues.[1] The polypeptide is 941 amino acids long and 120 kDa large[2] and it dorsalizes the developing embryo by binding ventralizing TGFβ proteins such as bone morphogenetic proteins.[3] It may also play a role in organogenesis. There are five named isoforms of this protein that are produced by alternative splicing.[4]
In mice, Chordin is expressed in the node but not in the anterior visceral endoderm. It has been found to be required for forebrain development.[5] In developing mice that are deficient in both chordin and noggin, the head is nearly absent. This is significant because when only noggin is deficient there are mild defects but the head still forms.[6]
In humans, the chordin peptide is encoded by the CHRD gene.[7]
Chordin is also involved in avian gastrulation. It is expressed in the anterior cells of Koller's sickle, which form the anterior cells of the primitive streak, a key structure through which gastrulation occurs.[8]
References
- ^ Sasai Y, Lu B, Steinbeisser H, Geissert D, Gont LK, De Robertis EM (December 1994). "Xenopus chordin: a novel dorsalizing factor activated by organizer-specific homeobox genes". Cell. 79 (5): 779–90. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90068-X. PMC 3082463. PMID 8001117.
- ^ Larraín J, Bachiller D, Lu B, Agius E, Piccolo S, De Robertis EM (February 2000). "BMP-binding modules in chordin: a model for signalling regulation in the extracellular space". Development. 127 (4): 821–30. PMC 2280033. PMID 10648240.
- ^ Pappano WN, Scott IC, Clark TG, Eddy RL, Shows TB, Greenspan DS (September 1998). "Coding sequence and expression patterns of mouse chordin and mapping of the cognate mouse chrd and human CHRD genes". Genomics. 52 (2): 236–9. doi:10.1006/geno.1998.5474. PMID 9782094.
- ^ Millet C, Lemaire P, Orsetti B, Guglielmi P, François V (August 2001). "The human chordin gene encodes several differentially expressed spliced variants with distinct BMP opposing activities". Mech. Dev. 106 (1–2): 85–96. doi:10.1016/S0925-4773(01)00423-3. PMID 11472837.
- ^ Bachiller D, Klingensmith J, Kemp C, Belo JA, Anderson RM, May SR, McMahon JA, McMahon AP, Harland RM, Rossant J, De Robertis EM (February 2000). "The organizer factors Chordin and Noggin are required for mouse forebrain development". Nature. 403 (6770): 658–61. doi:10.1038/35001072. PMID 10688202.
- ^ Harris WA, Sanes DH, Reh TA (2011). Development of the Nervous System (Third ed.). Boston: Academic Press. p. 15. ISBN 0-12-374539-X.
- ^ Smith M, Herrell S, Lusher M, Lako L, Simpson C, Wiestner A, Skoda R, Ireland M, Strachan T (1999). "Genomic organisation of the human chordin gene and mutation screening of candidate Cornelia de Lange syndrome genes". Hum. Genet. 105 (1–2): 104–11. doi:10.1007/s004390051070. PMID 10480362.
- ^ Vasiev, B; Balter, A; Chaplain, M; Glazier, JA; Weijer, CJ (2010). "Modeling gastrulation in the chick embryo: formation of the primitive streak". PLOS ONE. 5: e10571. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010571. PMC 2868022. PMID 20485500.
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