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Cockade

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A woman fastening a red-and-white cockade to a Polish insurgent's square-shaped rogatywka cap during the January Uprising of 1863–64
Hat with a white cockade (Prince Charles Edward Stuart)
John of Austria wearing as a brassard the red cockade of the Spanish armies

A cockade is a knot of ribbons, or other circular- or oval-shaped symbol of distinctive colours which is usually worn on a hat.

Eighteenth century

In the 18th and 19th centuries, coloured cockades were used in Europe to show the allegiance of their wearers to some political faction, or to show their rank or to indicate a servant's livery.[1][2] Because individual armies might wear a variety of differing regimental uniforms, cockades were used as an effective and economical means of national identification.[3]

A cockade was pinned on the side of a man's tricorne or cocked hat, or on his lapel. Women could also wear it on their hat or in their hair.

In pre-revolutionary France, the cockade of the Bourbon dynasty was all white.[4][5][6] In the Kingdom of Great Britain supporters of a Jacobite restoration wore white cockades, while the recently established Hanoverian monarchy used a black cockade.[7][8][9][10] The Hanoverians also accorded the right to all German nobility to wear the black cockade in the United Kingdom.

During the 1780 Gordon Riots in London, the blue cockade became a symbol of anti-government feelings and was worn by most of the rioters.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]

During the American Revolution, the Continental Army initially wore cockades of various colors as an ad hoc form of rank insignia, as General George Washington wrote:

As the Continental Army has unfortunately no uniforms, and consequently many inconveniences must arise from not being able to distinguish the commissioned officers from the privates, it is desired that some badge of distinction be immediately provided; for instance that the field officers may have red or pink colored cockades in their hats, the captains yellow or buff, and the subalterns green.[19][20]

Before long however, the Continental Army reverted to wearing the black cockade they inherited from the British. Later, when France became an ally of the United States, the Continental Army pinned the white cockade of the French Ancien Régime onto their old black cockade; the French reciprocally pinned the black cockade onto their white cockade, as a mark of the French-American alliance. The black-and-white cockade thus became known as the "Union Cockade".[21][22][23][24][25]

In the Storming of the Bastille, Camille Desmoulins initially encouraged the revolutionary crowd to wear green. This colour was later rejected as it was associated with the Count of Artois. Instead, revolutionaries would wear cockades with the traditional colours of the arms of Paris: red and blue. Later, the Bourbon white was added to this cockade, thus producing the original cockade of France.[24] Later, distinctive colours and styles of cockade would indicate the wearer's faction; although the meanings of the various styles were not entirely consistent, and they varied somewhat by region and period.

Cockades of the Confederate States

Echoing their use when Americans rebelled against Britain, cockades – usually made with blue ribbons and worn on clothing or hats – were widespread tokens of Southern support for secession preceding the American Civil War of 1861–1865.[26]

Cockades of the European military

John VI of Portugal wearing the blue-and-red cockade of Portugal on a military cocked hat
A metal cockade on the swivel of a Pickelhaube helmet.

From the 15th century, various European monarchy realms used cockades to denote the nationalities of their militaries.[27][28] Their origin reverts to the distinctive colored band or ribbon worn by late medieval armies or jousting knights on their arms or headgear to distinguish friend from foe in the field of battle. Ribbon-style cockades were worn later upon helmets and brimmed hats or tricornes and bicornes just as the French did, and also on cocked hats and shakoes. Coloured metal cockades were worn at the right side of helmets; while small button-type cockades were worn at the front of kepis and peaked caps.[29][30] In addition to the significance of these symbols in denoting loyalty to a particular monarch, the coloured cockade served to provide a common and economical field sign at a time when the colours of uniform coats might vary widely between regiments in a single army.[31]

During the Napoleonic wars, the armies of France and Russia, had the imperial French cockade or the larger cockade of St. George pinned on the front of their shakos.[32]

The Second German Empire (1870–1918) used two cockades on each army headgear: one (black-white-red) for the empire; the other for one of the monarchies the empire was composed of, which had used their own colors long before. The only exceptions were the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Württemberg, having preserved the right to keep their own armed forces which were not integrated in the Imperial Army. Their only cockades were either white-blue-white (Bavaria) or black-red-black (Württemberg).[33][1][34]

The Weimar Republic (1919–1933) removed these, as they might promote separatism which would lead to the dissolution of the German nation-state into regional countries again.[35] When the Nazis came to power, they rejected the democratic German colours of black-red-gold used by the Weimar Republic. Nazis reintroduced the imperial colours (in German: die kaiserlichen Farben or Reichsfarben) of black on the outside, white next, and a red center. The Nazi government used black-white-red on all army caps.[36] These colours represented the biggest and the smallest countries of the Reich: large Prussia (black and white) and the tiny Hanseatic League city states of Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck (white and red).

France began the first Air Service in 1909 and soon picked the traditional French cockade as the first national emblem, now usually termed a roundel, on military aircraft. During World War I, other countries adopted national cockades and used these coloured emblems as roundels on their military aircraft. These designs often bear an additional central device or emblem to further identify national aircraft, those from the French navy bearing a black anchor within the French cockade.[37]

Hungarian revolutionaries wore cockades during the Hungarian revolution of 1848 and during the 1956 revolution. Because of this, Hungarians traditionally wear cockades on 15 March.[38][39]

List of national cockades

Below is a list of national cockades (colors listed from center to ring):[40][41]

  • Argentina: sky blue-white-sky blue
  • Armenia: red-blue-orange
  • Austria: (before 1918): black-gold
  • Austria: (current since 1918): red-white-red
  • Belgium: black-yellow-red
  • Bolivia: red-yellow-green
  • Bulgaria: red-green-white
  • Brazil: blue-yellow-green or yellow-green
  • Chile: blue-white-red with a white 5 pointed star in the blue portion
  • Colombia: yellow-blue-red
  • Czech Republic: blue-red-white
  • Denmark: red-white-red
  • Ecuador: red-blue-yellow
  • Estonia: white-black-blue
  • Finland: white-blue-white
  • France (1794–1814, 1815 and current since 1830): blue-white-red
  • France: (before 1794, 1814–1815 and 1815–1830): white
  • Germany: (1918–1932 and since 1945): black-red-gold
  • Germany (1871–1918 and 1932–1945): red-white-black
  • Component states of the German Empire (1871–1918):
    • Anhalt: green
    • Baden: yellow-red-yellow
    • Bavaria: white-sky blue-white
    • Bremen: white-red-white
    • Brunswick: blue-yellow-blue
    • Hamburg: white with a red cross
    • Hesse: white-red-white-red-white
    • Lippe: red-yellow
    • Lübeck: white with a red Maltese cross
    • Mecklenburg: red-yellow-blue
    • Oldenburg: blue-red-blue
    • Prussia: black-white-black
    • Saxony: green-white-green
    • Saxe-Weimar: black-yellow-green
    • Schaumburg-Lippe: blue-red-white
    • Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt: blue-white-blue
    • Schwarzburg-Sonderhausen: white-blue-white
    • Waldeck-Reuss: black-red-yellow
    • Württemberg: black-red-black
  • German Confederation (1848–1871): gold-red-black
  • Greece (1822): blue-white-white
  • Greece (1833): blue-white
  • Hungary: red-white-green
  • India : saffron-white-green
  • Iran: red-white-green
  • Ireland (current since 1922): green-white-orange
  • Ireland (before 1922): green or sky blue
  • Italy (current since 1848): green-white-red
  • Italy (before 1848): savoy blue
  • Japan: red
  • Mexico: green-white-red
  • Monaco: red-white
  • Netherlands: red-white-blue-orange
  • Norway: red-white-blue-white
  • Paraguay: blue-white-red
  • Peru: red-white-red
  • Poland: white-red
  • Portugal (current since 1910): green-red
  • Portugal (1821–1823 and 1830–1910): blue-white
  • Portugal (1797–1821 and 1823–1830): blue-red
  • Romania: blue-yellow-red
  • Russia (military): black-orange-black-orange
  • Russia: red-blue-white
  • San Marino: white-blue
  • Serbia: white-blue-red
  • Spain (1843–1844 and current since 1871): red-yellow-red
  • Spain (until 1843 and 1844–1871): red
  • Sweden:
    • military: yellow
    • civil: blue-yellow
  • Turkey: red-white-red
  • United Kingdom (Stuart dynasty): white
  • United Kingdom (Hanoverian dynasty): black
  • United States of America (current): blue-white-red
  • United States of America (19th century): black with an eagle in the centre
  • United States of America (War of Independence): white-black
  • Uruguay (civil): white-blue-white-blue-white-blue-white-blue-white
  • Uruguay (military - Cockade of Artigas): blue-white-blue with a red diagonal line
  • Uruguay (police): red-white-blue
  • Venezuela: red-blue-yellow

See also

References

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  2. ^ Newman, S.P. (2010). Parades and the Politics of the Street: Festive Culture in the Early American Republic. University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated. p. 161. ISBN 9780812200478. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  3. ^ Mollo, John. Military Fashion. p. 22. ISBN 0-214-65349-8.
  4. ^ The White Cockade; Or, Bourbon Songster: Being a Patriotic Collection of Songs on the Downfall of Tyranny, and Restoration of Louis XVIII., Etc. [A Chap-book.]. J. Evans & Son. 1814. p. 2. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  5. ^ Cobbett, W. (1814). Cobbett's Political Register. Vol. 25. William Cobbett. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  6. ^ Jones, C. (2006). Paris: Biography of a City. Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 9780141941912. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
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  8. ^ Hofschröer, P.; Fosten, B. (2012). The Hanoverian Army of the Napoleonic Wars. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781780965178. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  9. ^ Jones, G.M. (1827). Travels in Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia and Turkey: also on the coasts of the sea of Azof and of the Black sea; with a review of the trade in those seas, and of the systems adopted to man the fleets of the different powers of Europe, compared with that of England. J. Murray. p. 22. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
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  14. ^ Popular educator (1767). The popular educator. p. 254. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  15. ^ Bloom, C. (2012). Riot City: Protest and Rebellion in the Capital. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 147. ISBN 9781137029362. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  16. ^ Walker, G.; Verhoeven, W.M. (2004). The Vagabond. Broadview Press. p. 253. ISBN 9781460404256. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
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  40. ^ "Tableau comparatif de la superficie, population totale et pop. par m. géogr. de tous les Etats du monde, avec les cocardes et pavillons les plus connus / dressé d'après Malte-Brun, Hassel, Balbi et autres sources authentiques par C. Desjardins ; A. Haas, script. | Gallica, 1833". gallica.bnf.fr. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  41. ^ "Tableau comparatif de la superficie et de la population absolue et relative de tous les Etats du monde avec leurs pavillons et cocardes / dressé d'après les documens les plus récens par Ct. Desjardins,... ; Lith. de Mantoux,... | Gallica, 1842". gallica.bnf.fr. Retrieved 2017-03-05.

Further reading

  • Media related to Cockades at Wikimedia Commons
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