Cycle rickshaw
The cycle rickshaw is a small-scale local means of transport; it is also known by a variety of other names such as bike taxi, velotaxi, pedicab, bikecab, cyclo, beca, becak, trisikad, or trishaw.
As opposed to rickshaws pulled by a person on foot, cycle rickshaws are human-powered by pedaling. Another type of rickshaw is the auto rickshaw.
They are a type of tricycle designed to carry passengers on a for hire basis. Cycle rickshaws are widely used in major cities around the world, but most commonly in cities of South, Southeast and East Asia.
Overview
The cycle rickshaw was built in the 1880s and was first used with regularity starting in 1929 in Singapore. Six years later they outnumbered pulled rickshaws. Cycle rickshaws were found in every south and east Asian country by 1950. By the late 1980s there were estimated 4 million cycle rickshaws in the world.[1]
The vehicle is generally pedal-driven by a driver, though some are equipped with an electric motor to assist the driver.[2][3][4]
The vehicle is usually a tricycle, though some quadracycle models exist, and some bicycles with trailers are configured as cycle rickshaws.[5] Some cycle rickshaws have gas or electric motors.[5][6]
Passenger configuration
The configuration of driver and passenger seats vary. Generally the driver sits in front of the passengers to pedal the rickshaw. There are some designs, though, where the cyclist driver sits behind the passengers.[1][5] In many Asian countries, like India and China, the passenger seat is located behind the driver, while in Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam the driver sits behind the passenger seat. In the Philippines, the passenger seats are usually located beside the driver in a side car. Similarly, in Singapore the trishaw and in Burma the sai kaa the passengers sit alongside the driver.[1]
Nomenclature
The cycle rickshaw is a small-scale local means of transport; it is also known by a variety of other names, such as: velotaxi and bikecab. Cyclo is used in Vietnam and Cambodia. Pedicab is used in the United Kingdom and United States.[citation needed] In Buffalo, New York, this type of vehicle is known as a bike taxi.[citation needed]
Beca, becak, trisikad, or trishaw are non-English names used in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. Velotaxi is used in Germany.[citation needed]
Country overview
Cycle rickshaws are used in Asian countries, but also in countries outside Asia, such as large European and some North America cities. They are used primarily for their novelty value, as an entertaining form of transportation for tourists and locals, but they also have environmental benefits and may be quicker than other forms of transport if traffic congestion is high. Cycle rickshaws used outside Asia often are mechanically more complex, having multiple gears, more powerful brakes, and in some cases electrical motors to provide additional power.[citation needed]
Africa
Madagascar
In Madagascar rickshaws, including cycle rickshaws or cyclo-pousse, are a common form of transportation in a number of cities. Rickshaws are known as pousse-pousse, meaning push-push,[7] reportedly for the pulled rickshaws that required a second person to push the vehicles up hills. Cycles are more common in the hillier areas, like Toamasina.[8]
America
Canada
In Canada there are pedicabs in operation in Victoria, British Columbia[9] and Vancouver, British Columbia. They are regulated in Toronto, Ontario and Vancouver, British Columbia.[10][11]
United States
In many major cities, pedicabs can be found rolling about city centers, nightlife districts, park lands, sports stadia, and tourist-heavy areas. Myriad uses have been discovered in the states, including car-park-to-event transport at large events nationwide. Thousands of pedicabs today operate on streets and lots of locales including Green Bay and Milwaukee, WI; Austin, Tx; Manhattan, NY; Chicago; San Diego; Boston; San Francisco; Miami; Washington, D.C.; Denver; Portland, OR; Seattle; Charleston; New Orleans; Phoenix; Salt Lake City; Philadelphia; and dozens of other hot spots. Manhattan sports the largest collection of pedicabs operating within city limits, and the City of New York itself has mandated that approximately 850 pedicabs always sport operating permits issued by the city.[12]
Pedicabs in the United States seem to have gotten their start at the 1962 World's Fair in Seattle.[13] Soon afterward, TIPKE got its start as a manufacturer in Washington state.[citation needed]
Subsequent U.S. manufacturers included Paradise Pedicabs, Main Street Pedicabs, and Charleston Pedicab. Only Main Street Pedicab persists.[citation needed]
Mexico
In Mexico, they are called bicitaxi or taxi ecologico (literally "ecological taxi").[citation needed]
Asia
Bangladesh
Cycle rickshaws (রিকশা riksha) are the most popular modes of transport in Bangladesh and are available for hire throughout the country including the capital city Dhaka, known as the "Rickshaw Capital of the World".[14] They were introduced here about 1938 and by the end of the 20th century there were 300,000+ cycle rickshaws in Dhaka.[15]
Approximately 400,000 cycle rickshaws run each day.[16] Cycle rickshaws in Bangladesh are also more convenient than the other public modes of transports in the country namely auto rickshaws, cabs and buses. They are mostly convertible, decorated,[17] rickshaws with folding hoods and are the only kind of vehicles that can be driven in many neighborhoods of the city with narrow streets and lanes. However, increasing traffic congestion and the resulting collisions have led to the banning of rickshaws on many major streets in the city. Urban employment in Bangladesh also largely depend on cycle rickshaws. Because of inflation and unemployment in the rural areas, people from villages crowd in the cities to become rickshaw drivers locally called the riksha-wala (রিকশাওয়ালা).[citation needed]
China
Since the 1950s, when the pulled rickshaw was phased out, mid-city and large city passengers may travel using three-wheeled pedicabs, or cycle rickshaws. The Chinese term for the conveyance is sanlunche (三轮车). The vehicles may be pedal- or motor-powered. In Shanghai, most of the vehicles are powered by electricity.[18]
Tourists are warned to beware of over-charging vendors, especially who wear an "old fashioned costume" or are located near tourist locations.[18]
Whilst many local tourism authorities still issue licenses for rickshaw drivers to carry passengers, authorities in China are tightening rules in order to alleviate cheating of tourists and to reduce traffic congestion (e.g. a typical Chinese cycle-rickshaw will travel at less than 10kmh and is wide enough to fill an entire motor or bicycle lane and therefore are blamed as a major cause of traffic congestion), and have been banned in many cities already.[citation needed]
Cambodia
Cycle rickshaws are known as cyclo (pronounced see-clo) in Cambodia.[citation needed]
India
The first attempt of improving the existing cycle rickshaws and then converting them to electric ones was done by Nimbkar Agricultural Research Institute in late 1990s.[19]
Service availability
Cycle rickshaws were used in Kolkata starting about 1930[15] and are now common in rural and urban areas of India.[20]
Ecocabs and similar service
Navdeep Asija started a dial-a-cycle rickshaw concept known as Ecocabs,[21] Environmental friendly Ecocabs[nb 1] operate in the Punjab towns of Fazilka,[23] Amritsar.[24][nb 2] Central Delhi and Kolkata.[21] Passengers may call to request transport service, similar to dial-up taxi cab operations.[23][25] [nb 3]
In November 2010, Patiala GreenCABS, similar to Ecocabs, were introduced in the city by the local non governmental organization (NGO) the Patiala Foundation.[27]
Financing
In West Bengal the Rotaract Club of Serampore finances cycle rickshaw purchases so that unemployed people can begin their own rickshaw business. The loans are repaid from the workers' earnings. When paid in full, the rickshaw workers own their rickshaw and other unemployed individuals are entered into the program.[28]
Soleckshaw
The Soleckshaw is a battery-electric assisted cycle rickshaw. The battery is designed to be charged or exchanged at centralised solar-powered charging stations. Developed by the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, it was launched in Delhi in October 2008.[2][29][30] However, in September 2010 it was reported that no Soleckshaws had been sold on a commercial basis, and the approximately 30 demonstration units, initially deployed in Ahmedabad, Chandigarh, Delhi, Dhanbad, Durgapur, Jaipur and Kolkata, were "not in operation due to various local administrative and management problems", and the charging stations "are not being used at this point of time as the vehicles are not in operation at those locations".[31]
The 2010 Union budget of India had a concessional excise duty of 4% on solar cycle rickshaws.[32]
Indonesia
Cycle rickshaws in Indonesia are called becak (pronounced [ˈbetʃaʔ]). They began being used in Jakarta about 1936.[15] Becak were considered an icon of the capital city of Jakarta prior to its ban in the 1970s. Citing concerns of public order, the city government forbade them on the city's main streets. Scenes of the anti-becak campaign appear in the 1975 Canadian film Wet Earth and Warm People, a documentary by Michael Rubbo.[33] Despite the attempts at eradication, however, many becak still operate near slums throughout the city. Attempts at reinforcing the ban resulted in large-scale seizures of the vehicle in the late 1990s and in 2007.[34]
There are two types of "becak" in Indonesia: the first type is the driver sitting behind the passenger, the other one which mainly found in Sumatra is the driver sitting beside the passenger. "Becak" is still being used in various part of Indonesia, especially in smaller cities and town.
Malaysia
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In Malaysia, pedestrian-pulled rickshaws were gradually replaced by cycle rickshaws (beca in Malay). Cycle rickshaws were ubiquitous up to the 1970s in cities. Since then, rapid urbanization has increased demand for more efficient public transport, resulting in dwindling cycle rickshaw numbers. Today, cycle rickshaws are operated mostly as a tourist attraction, with small numbers operating in Malacca, Penang, Kelantan and Terengganu.[citation needed]
Nepal
In terai region of Nepal, cycle rickshaws are still the most popular means of public transport for short-distance commuting. Most big cities in the terai have hundreds of cycle rickshaws that carry local commuters and travelers, as well as are used for carrying goods. Since the terai region is bordered with India, cycle rickshaws are also popular means for shoppers, businessmen and travelers to travel in and out of the country freely. The free border between India and Nepal enable the rickshaw owners from both countries to operate across the border without any restriction.
However, in Hilly regions of Nepal, cycle rickshaws are primarily used to attract tourists who can relax and travel around the popular streets and markets at reasonable fares.[35][36] Cycle rickshaws are particularly popular among tourists to roam around the popular streets and markets of Thamel, Kathmandu.
Pakistan
The Cycle and Pulled rickshaw were banned in Pakistan in November 1949.[37]
Philippines
A Philippine pedicab is called a traysikad, trisikad — or simply sikad or padyak, from the Philippine word meaning to tramp or stamp one's feet. It is made by mounting a sidecar to a regular bicycle. They are used mainly to ferry passengers short distances along smaller, more residential streets, often to or from jeepneys or other public utility vehicles. They are also used for transporting cargo too heavy to carry by hand and over a distance too short or roads too congested for motor transport, such as a live pig. During rainy seasons, they are useful as a way to avoid walking through flood waters. Along with the jeepney, the motorcycle-powered tricycle, and the engine-powered kuliglig, the open-air pedicab provides shade when needed.[citation needed]
Thailand
In Thailand, any three-wheeler is called samlor (Template:Lang-th, which literally means "three wheels"), whether motorized or not, including pedicabs, motorcycles with attached vending carts or sidecars, etc. The driver is also called samlor.[citation needed]
Vietnam
Cycle rickshaws are known as xích lô (pronounced sick-low, from the French cyclo) in Vietnam.[citation needed]
Europe
Cycle rickshaws, also called pedicabs, are used in most large continental European cities.[38]
Denmark
Copenhagen and Odense have pedicab service.[38][39]
France
Paris and Nantes, France have pedicab vendors.[38]
Finland
Cycle rickshaws are available for rent at Kaivopuisto in Helsinki. The rental company brought the vehicles from the city of Lappeenranta in 2009.[40]
Germany
Lake Constance,[38] Berlin, Frankfurt, Dresden and Hamburg offer cycle rickshaw, also called pedicab, service.[citation needed]
Velotaxi
In the 1990s, German-made cycle rickshaws called velotaxis were created. They are about 1/3 to 1/2 the cost of regular taxis. Velotaxis are three-wheeled vehicles with a "space-age lightweight plastic cab that is open on both sides", a space for a driver, and behind the driver, space for two passengers.[41] They have been made in Berlin, Germany, by Ludger Matuszewski, the founder of "Velotaxi GmbH" company. Velotaxis are often used for group functions like weddings. Under German traffic laws, transporting people on bicycles was forbidden.[citation needed]
Electric assist pedicabs
Berlin's Senate, police, and taxi associations finally agreed that the "cult-flitzer" could be integrated into the city's traffic flow. Germany's highest court later ruled that transporting people on bikes was legal. It is a modern and newly designed pedicab (CityCruiser) with a 500-watt electric assist motor. Although these electric-assist pedicabs were engineered in Germany they are manufactured in the Czech Republic and some clones are now also produced in China. The Chinese clone can be purchased for about 3,000 US dollars; the German original is around 6,000 US dollars ( the newest version, 9000+ €). The batteries last about 4 hours with a full charge. As with a few recumbent and semi-recumbent designs, some drivers may suffer with knee and joint pain due to the weight of the vehicle (145 kg).[citation needed]
Hungary
Pedicab service is available in Budapest.[38]
Ireland
Pedicabs operate in Cork and Dublin, Ireland.[38][nb 4]
Italy
Pedicab service is available in Florence, Milan,[38] Rome,[citation needed] Bari.
Norway
Pedicab service is available in Oslo,[38] Fredrikstad, Bergen, Porsgrunn and Tønsberg.[42]
Spain
Alicante, Barcelona, Zaragoza, Málaga San Sebastian and Seville have pedicab service.[43]
Poland
During World War II, when Poland was under Nazi German occupation, the German authorities confiscated most privately owned cars and many of the streetcars and buses. Because of that, public transport was partially replaced by cycle rickshaws, at first improvised and with time mass-produced by bicycle factories. Cycle rickshaws became popular in Warsaw and by the start of the Warsaw Uprising were a common sight on the city's streets.[citation needed]
Pedicabs still can be found in most large cities in Poland from Łódź to Warsaw.
The Netherlands
Pedicab service is available in Amsterdam and in the Caribbean, at Willemstad.[38][44]
Thomas Lundy of Amsterdam adapted his battery-electric assisted cycle rickshaw to become what he terms "semi-solar powered", resulting in a video report on Reuters.[45]
United Kingdom
Pedicab rickshaws or cycle rickshaws were introduced by Simon Lane to Cambridge and then moved to London in 1998. The company operated later by the name of Bugbugs Ltd, which grew to be the largest fleet of human powered vehicles in Western Europe by 2004. Other cycle rickshaw companies have followed since. Subsequent pedicab or cycle rickshaw companies include Eco-chariots; London Pedicabs, tikki tikki and London Rickshaws, founded in 2003 with a large fleet of EcoTaxi's .[citation needed] Cycle rickshaws operate in central London, including Soho,[15] Piccadilly, Leicester Square,and Covent Garden. There are currently about 850 cycle rickshaw or pedicab operating in London and some form of licence is still awaited.[citation needed][nb 5] A number of pedicab companies have managed to start operating around the UK, though these operate under the difficult Hackney Carriage Licenses which is not favourable for a human powered vehicle and has prevented growth. Rickshaws and pedicabs are found in the centre of Edinburgh where vendors are hired like taxis and provide tours.[46] Pedicabs and their variants are also available in Oxford.[38]
Oceania
Australia
Two companies operate pedicabs in Sydney. Pedapod operate 'pod' styled cabs from Queen Victoria Buildings to Circular Quay. Tikki Tikki Australia operate more advanced 'classic' styled cabs from the Central Railway Station to Circular Quay and up to Kings Cross and down to Star City Casino.[citation needed]Tikki Tikki also has pedicabs and rickshaws in London and Vancouver
Pedicabs are also found in Brisbane, Melbourne, Darwin, Perth, Gold Coast, Cairns, Townsville, Newcastle, and Byron Bay.[47]
New Zealand
New Zealand has had pedicabs since the early 1990s. Auckland currently has 25 bikes mainly run by Bikeman and a few owner-operators.
Economic and political aspects
Economics
In many Asian cities where they are widely used, cycle rickshaw driving provides essential employment for recent immigrants from rural areas, generally impoverished men. One study in Bangladesh showed that cycle rickshaw driving was connected with some increases in income for poor agricultural laborers who moved to urban areas, but that the extreme physical demands of the job meant that these benefits decreased for long-term drivers.[48] In Jakarta, most cycle rickshaw drivers in the 1980s were former landless agricultural laborers from rural areas of Java.[49]
In 2003, Dhaka cycle rickshaw drivers earned an estimated average of Tk 143 (US$2.38) per day, of which they paid about Tk 50 (US$0.80) to rent the cycle rickshaw for a day. Older, long-term drivers earned substantially less.[48] A 1988–89 survey found that Jakarta drivers earned a daily average of Rp. 2722 (US$1.57).[49] These wages, while widely considered very low for such physically demanding work, do in some situations compare favorably to jobs available to unskilled workers.[50]
In many cities, most drivers do not own their own cycle rickshaws; instead, they rent them from their owners, some of whom own many cycle rickshaws. Driver-ownership rates vary widely. In Delhi, a 1980 study found only one percent of drivers owned their vehicles, but ownership rates in several other Indian cities were much higher, including fifteen percent in Hyderabad and twenty-two percent in Faridabad. A 1977 study in Chiang Mai, Thailand found that 44% of cycle rickshaw drivers were owners. In Bangladesh, driver-ownership is usually highest in rural areas and lowest in the larger cities. Most cycle rickshaws in that country are owned by individuals who have only one or two of them, but some owners in the largest cities own several hundred.[50]
Legislation
Some countries and cities have banned or restricted cycle rickshaws. They are often prohibited in congested areas of major cities. For example, they were banned in Bangkok in the mid-1960s as not fitting the modern image of the city being promoted by the government.[citation needed] In Dhaka and Jakarta, they are no longer permitted on major roads, but are still used to provide transportation within individual urban neighborhoods.[citation needed] They are banned entirely in Pakistan.[37] While they have been criticized for causing congestion, cycle rickshaws are also often hailed as environmentally-friendly, inexpensive modes of transportation.[citation needed]
In Taiwan, the Road Traffic Security Rules require pedicabs to be registered by their owners with the police before they can be legally driven on public roads, or risk an administrative fine of 300 new Taiwan dollars (TWD). Their drivers must carry the police registration documents or risk a fine of 180 TWD, but no driver license is required. The administrative fines are based on Articles 69 and 71 of the Act Governing the Punishment of Violation of Road traffic Regulations. As Taiwanese road traffic is now heavily motorized, most pedicabs have been replaced by taxicabs, but they can still be found at limited places, such as Cijin District of Kaohsiung City.[citation needed]
Electric-assist pedicabs were banned in New York City in January 2008, along with all other forms of electric vehicles;[51] the city council decided to allow pedicabs propelled only by muscle power.[citation needed] The city of Toronto, Canada, has decided not to issue permits to electric-assist pedicabs.[citation needed]
Arts
As a key part of the urban landscape in many cities, cycle rickshaws have been the subject of films and other artwork, as well as being extensively decorated themselves. The cycle rickshaw in Dhaka is especially well known as a major medium for Bengali folk art, as plasticine cutouts and handpainted figures adorn many cycle rickshaws.[52]
Films featuring cycle rickshaws and their drivers include Kickboxer and Sammo Hung's 1989 martial arts film Pedicab Driver, which dealt with a group of pedicab drivers and their problems with romance and organized crime. Cyclo, a 1995 film by Vietnamese director Tran Anh Hung, is centered on a cycle rickshaw driver. Tollywood films with cycle rickshaw themes include Orey Rickshaw ("Orey" literally means "Hey", in a derogatory tone), which tells a story sympathising with the downtrodden, and Rickshavodu ("Rickshaw Guy").[citation needed]
Gallery
-
An extensively decorated trishaw in Melaka -
A trishaw and rider at the Raffles Hotel in Singapore. -
A Cycle rickshaw puller in Chittagong, Bangladesh. -
A becak and its driver wait for a fare in Bandung, Indonesia -
Taiwanese Prohibitory Sign P9: No Pedicabs -
-
Cycle Rickshaw in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio -
Cycle rickshaws in Dhaka, Bangladesh -
A cycle rickshaw driver in Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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See also
Designer
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Notes
- ^ In 2010, Ecocab service was introduced by the state governments of Punjab and Haryana upon the orders of the Honorable Punjab and Haryana High Court.[22]
- ^ Ecocabs were introduced in Amritsar by the Punjab Heritage and Tourism Promotion Board in association with Graduates Welfare Association Fazilka (GWAF) and District Administration in Amritsar. Here in the Ecocabs[24]
- ^ Named "Ecocabs", it is known locally as "Pushpak Sewa". the first modified light-weight low-floor rickshaw was introduced under the name Nano.[26]
- ^ In 1994, a wine-club owner named B. McDonald started Pedicabs Ireland with twelve imported pedicab rickshaws. Sponsored pedicabs on the streets of Dublin give free rides to passengers, as the revenue generated from the advertisements on these pedicabs gives a wage to the drivers. Yellow pedicabs are available in Galway.[citation needed]
- ^ In 2006 Transport for London commissioned a consultation in respect to the growing number of pedicab but due to unfavourable impositions on the industry and London’s cab drivers association utter rejection of a licence for pedicabs; The project was dropped by the London mayor, though a current review by the law commission is expected to dictate some amendments which may create a future licence [citation needed]
References
- ^ a b c David Edgerton (2011). The Shock of the Old: Technology and Global History Since 1900. Oxford University Press. p. 46. ISBN 0199832617.
- ^ a b Keith, Barry (2010-01-11). "Solar Rickshaws Ready for Delhi". Wired Magazine. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
- ^ "Sustainable Transportation Solution for Auto Rickshaws". Illinois Institute of Technology. 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
- ^ "The Cycle Rickshaw's Electric Dreams". Indian Express. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
- ^ a b c Ed Sobey (2009). A Field Guide to Automotive Technology. Chicago Review Press. p. 172. ISBN 1556528124.
- ^ Watson, Todd (31 July 2013). "Electric vehicles become popular in the Philippines". Inside Investor. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
- ^ Jay Heale, Zawiah Abdul Latif (2008). Madagascar, Volume 15 of Cultures of the World Cultures of the World - Group 15 (2 ed.). Marshall Cavendish. pp. 75–76. ISBN 0761430369.
- ^ Madagascar Travel Guide (7 ed.). Lonely Planet. 2012. ISBN 1743213018. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
- ^ Ulysses Travel Editorial Staff, Ulysses Travel Guides (2003). Vancouver and Victoria. 4th ed. Hunter Publishing, Inc. ISBN 2894645171.
- ^ "Pedicabs, City of Vancouver". City of Vancouver. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
- ^ "Rickshaw owners back in driver's seat: Toronto rickshaws can now charge unlimited fares after a judge said City Hall's price limits were chosen on a "whim."". National Post, CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc. (posted on Canada.com). May 9, 2007. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
- ^ New York City Department of Consumer Affairs - Pedicab Driver License
- ^ Ballard remembers the 1962 World’s Fair » My Ballard
- ^ Lawson, Alastair (5 October 2002). "Dhaka's beleaguered rickshaw wallahs". BBC News.
- ^ a b c d David Edgerton (2011). The Shock of the Old: Technology and Global History Since 1900. Oxford University Press. pp. 46–47. ISBN 0199832617.
- ^ Lawson, Alastair (October 5, 2002). "Dhaka's beleaguered rickshaw wallahs". BBC. Retrieved 2009-02-24.
- ^ RickshawArt.org Website of the social entreprise RickshawArt in Bangladesh. Dhaka.
- ^ a b China Travel Guide - Tiki Travel. FB Editions. pp. PT61. ISBN 9791021306523.
- ^ Electric and improved cycle rickshaw as a sustainable transport system for India
- ^ Good Earth Varanasi City Guide. Eicher Goodearth Limited. 1989. p. 189. ISBN 8187780045.
- ^ a b Ecocabs
- ^ ‘Ecocab can become viable and eco-friendly means of transport’ - Express India
- ^ a b With Ecocab, Fazilka shows the way
- ^ a b The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Amritsar PLUS
- ^ Fazilka: Come Without Your Car – Carbusters
- ^ The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Bathinda Edition
- ^ NDTV » Search » Patiala Green Cabs
- ^ "Rotaract rickshaws pedal ahead". The Rotarian. Rotary International.: 48 April 1990.
- ^ "Solar rickshaws to power green city dreams". Times of India. November 24, 2012. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
- ^ Unveiled: The solar-powered rickshaws that need less pedal power
- ^ CSIR's solar rickshaw finds no takers
- ^ TERI Energy Data Directory & Yearbook (TEDDY) 2010. TERI Press. 2012. p. 403. ISBN 8179933938.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ National Film Board of Canada, Wet Earth and Warm People, 1975
- ^ "'Becak' drivers challenge authorities over right to work". The Jakarta Post. July 6, 2009. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
- ^ http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/articles/nepal/Rickshaws-in-Nepal/334
- ^ http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Asia/Nepal/Transportation-Nepal-Rickshaw-BR-1.html
- ^ a b Pakistan bans cycle rickshaws in 1949
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Main Street Pedicab Operators". Main Street Pedicabs. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
- ^ Elizabet Olesen (2011). Denmark Travel Adventures. Hunter Publishing, Inc. pp. PT56. ISBN 1588437078.
- ^ Riksan vuokrausta Helsingissä - Riksavuokraus.fi
- ^ Boye De Mente (2010). Demetra De Ment (ed.). The Bizarre and the Wondrous from the Land of the Rising Sun!. Cultural-Insight Books. pp. 95–96. ISBN 1456424750.
- ^ http://www.velotaxi.no
- ^ La moda del bicitaxi, el transporte de la gran ciudad - Suite 101
- ^ "Bike taxi". Amsterdam Tourism & Convention Board. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
- ^ Reuters link
- ^ Lesley Anne Rose, Michael Macaroon, Vivienne Crow (2012). Frommer's Scotland (12 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 1119992761.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Step on it please - the clean getaway", SMH
- ^ a b Begum, Sharifa and Binayak Sen (2005). Pulling rickshaws in the city of Dhaka: a way out of poverty? Environment and Urbanization 17(2):11-25.
- ^ a b Azuma, Yoshifumi (2003). Urban peasants: beca drivers in Jakarta. Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan.
- ^ a b Gallagher, Rob (1992). The rickshaws of Bangladesh. Dhaka: The University Press Limited.
- ^ New York state law
- ^ Kirkpatrick, Joanna. (2003) Transports of Delight: The Ricksha Arts of Bangladesh. Indiana University Press. Multimedia CDROM.
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