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Demographics of Australia

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Demographics of Australia
Indicator Rank Measure
Economy
GDP (PPP) per capita 16th $32,938
GNP 18th $35,900
Unemployment rate ↓ 57th 4.90%
CO2 emissions 12th 18t†
Electricity consumption 16th 200.70GWh
Economic Freedom 9th 1.84
Politics
Human Development Index 3rd 0.957
Political freedom 1st* 1
Corruption (A higher score means less (perceived) corruption.) ↓ 7th 8.7
Press freedom 28th 8.79
Society
Literacy Rate 21st 99%
Broadband uptake 17th 13.8%
Beer consumption 4th 109.9 L†
Health
Life Expectancy 5th 81.2
Birth rate 148th 12.14‡
Fertility rate 137th 1.81††
Infant mortality 202nd 4.57‡‡
Death rate 122nd 7.56‡
Suicide Rate 33rd ♂ 20.1†‡
♀ 5.3†‡
HIV/AIDS rate 108th 0.10%
Notes
↓ indicates rank is in reverse order (e.g. 1st is lowest)
† per capita
‡ per 1000 people
†† per woman
‡‡ per 1000 live births
†‡ 100,000 people per year
♂ indicates males, ♀ indicates females

The demographics of Australia covers basic statistics, most populous cites, ethnicity and religious affiliation. The population of Australia is growing at a rate of 1.4% per year,[1] and officially (by estimation) hit 21 million in June 2007.[2] Australia is the 53rd most populous country in the world and its population is largely urban.

Current Demographic data

Population pyramid[3]

Much of the data that follows has been derived from the CIA World Factbook and the Australian Bureau of Statistics, through censuses.

Population

The following figures are based on previous censuses and their data.
20,743,300 (26 January 2007 - ABS)
20,605,500 (26 January 2006 - ABS)
20,171,300 (26 January 2005 - ABS)
20,100,000 (26 January 2004 - ABS)
19,438,000 (26 January 2003 - ABS)
19,662,800 (26 January 2002 - ABS)

Age structure

0-14 years: 19.6% (male 2,031,313/female 1,936,802)
15-64 years: 67.3% (male 6,881,863/female 6,764,709)
65 years and over: 13.1% (male 1,170,589/female 1,478,806) (2006 est.)

Median age

Total: 36.9 years
Male: 36 years
Female: 37.7 years (2006 est.)

Population growth rate

Annual population growth
1.4% (March 2008 - ABS)

In March 2008, the population growth rate is based on estimates of:

  • one birth every 1 minute and 55 seconds,
  • one death every 3 minutes and 58 seconds,
  • a net gain of one international migrant every 2 minutes and 51 seconds leading to
  • an overall total population increase of one person every 1 minutes and 37 seconds. (ABS Population clock)

In 2005 the estimated rates were:

At the time of Australian Federation in 1901, the rate of natural increase was 14.9 persons per 1,000 population. The rate increased to a peak of 17.4 per thousand population in the years 1912, 1913 and 1914. During the Great Depression, the rate declined to a low of 7.1 per thousand population in 1934 and 1935. Immediately after the Second World War, in the mid to late 1940s, the rate increased sharply as a result of the beginning of the Post-World War II baby boom and the immigration of many young people who then had children in Australia, with a plateau of rates of over 13.0 persons per 1,000 population for every year from 1946 to 1962.

There has been a fall in the rate of natural increase since 1962 due to falling fertility. In 1971 the rate of natural increase was 12.7 persons per 1,000 population; a decade later it had fallen to 8.5. In 1996 the rate of natural increase fell below seven for the first time, with the downward trend continuing in the late 1990s. Population projections by the Australian Bureau of Statistics indicate that continued low fertility, combined with the increase in deaths from an ageing population, will result in natural increase falling below zero sometime in the mid 2030s. However in 2006 the fertility rate rose to 1.81, one of the highest rate in the OECD, arguably as a result of some pro-fertility state and federal government campaigns, including the Federal Government's Baby Bonus.

Since 1901, the crude death rate has fallen from about 12.2 deaths per 1,000 population to 6.7 in 2000. [2]

Sex ratio

At birth:1.05 male(s)/female
Under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2006 est.)

Infant mortality rate

Total: 4.63 deaths/1,000 live births
Male: 5.02 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 4.22 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

Male: 78.5 years
Female: 83.5 years (2003-2005, ABS [3])

Total fertility rate

1.87 children born/woman (2007)

For more detailed regionwise TFR details go to this table:

HIV/AIDS

Adult prevalence rate: 0.45% (2003 est.)
People living with HIV/AIDS: 14,000 (2003 est.)
Deaths: less than 1500 (2003 est.)

Country of Birth

Countries of birth of Australian estimated resident population, 2006.
Source:Australian Bureau of Statistics[4]

According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics ([4]) in mid-2006 there were 4,956,863 residents in Australia who were born outside Australia, representing 24% of the Australian resident population. The Australian-resident population comprises people born in these countries:

Country of Birth Estimated Resident Population[5]


 United Kingdom 1,153,264
 New Zealand 476,719
 People's Republic of China (Excluding Hong Kong, Taiwan and Macau) 279,447
 Italy 220,469
 Vietnam 180,352
 India 153,579
 Philippines 135,619
 Greece 125,849
 Germany 114,921
 South Africa 118,816
 Malaysia 103,947
 Netherlands 86,950
 Lebanon 86,599
North Macedonia F.Y.R.O.Macedonia 83,951
 Sri Lanka 70,908
 Serbia and Montenegro 96,895
 Indonesia 67,952
 United States 64,832
 Poland 59,221
 Fiji 58,815
 Ireland 57,338
 Croatia 56,540
 Pakistan 19,768
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosniaks 17,993
 Bangladesh 13,751

For more information about immigration see Australian Immigration.

Indigenous populations

In the 2001 Census, 366,436 respondents declared they were Aboriginal (2.07% of all respondents), 26,088 declared they were Torres Strait Islander (0.15%) and 17,636 declared they were both Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders (0.10%).

Ethnic groups

Most of the estimated 21 million Australians are descended from colonial-era settlers and post-Federation immigrants from Europe, with around 85% of Australia's population being of European descent. For generations, the vast majority of both colonial-era settlers and post-Federation immigrants came almost exclusively from Britain and Ireland, and the people of Australia are still predominantly of British or Irish ethnic origin. Significant non-European ethnic minorities include Asians (predominately Chinese, Filipino, Vietnamese and Indian) at about 9% and indigenous Australians, who make up almost 3% of the current population.

Since the end of World War II, Australia's population has more than doubled, spurred by large-scale European immigration during the immediate post-war decades. Non-European immigration, mostly from Asia and the Middle East, has increased significantly since the 1970s; due in large part to the abolition of the White Australia Policy.

In the 2006 Australian Census [5] residents could nominate up to two ethnic groups to define their ancestry. A large proportion of those nominating the 'Australian' ancestry group are likely to be descended from immigrants, but they were either unwilling or unable to accurately trace their ancestry and thus selected the 'Australian' group. Proportionate to the Australian resident population, the most commonly nominated ancestries were:

Religion and belief

Main article: Religion in Australia
25.8% Roman Catholic, 18.7% Anglican, 19.4% Other Christian
2.1% Buddhist, 1.7% Muslim, 0.4% Jewish, 2.0% other, 18.7% No Religion, 11.2% Not described. (2006 census)
The category of "No Religion" includes non-theistic beliefs such as humanism, atheism, agnosticism and rationalism. A fifth sub-category is "No Religion - nfd" ("nfd" = no further definition). The Australian Bureau of Statistics does not provide statistics on how many people belong in each sub-category on "No Religion".
The Australian Bureau of Statistics 2001 Census Dictionary statement on religious affiliation states the purpose for gathering such information:
Data on religious affiliation are used for such purposes as planning educational facilities, aged persons' care and other social services provided by religion-based organisations; the location of church buildings; the assigning of chaplains to hospitals, prisons, armed services and universities; the allocation of time on public radio and other media; and sociological research.

As in many Western countries, the level of active participation in church worship is much lower than would be indicated by the proportion of Christians indicated in the ABS statistics; weekly attendance at church services is about 1.5 million, about 7.5% of the population.[6]

Languages

De facto national language: English
Most common languages other than English: Italian, Greek, German, Vietnamese, Tagalog, Chinese languages, Indian languages, Arabic language, Indonesian, Macedonian
Indigenous: Australian Aboriginal languages, Australian Deaf Sign Language
Language Speakers
Only English 15,581,333
Italian 316,895
Greek 252,226
Cantonese 244,553
Arabic 243,662
Mandarin 220,600
Vietnamese 194,863
Spanish 98,001
Filipino + Tagalog 92,331
German 75,634
Hindi 70,011
Macedonian 67,835
Croatian 63,612
Australian Aboriginal Languages 55,705
Korean 54,623
Turkish 53,857
Polish 53,389
Serbian 52,534
French 43,216
Indonesian 42,036
Maltese 36,514
Russian 36,502
Dutch 36,183
Japanese 35,111
Tamil 32,700
Sinhalese 29,055
Samoan 28,525
Portuguese 25,779
Khmer 24,715
Assyrian 23,526
Punjabi 23,164
Persian 22,841
Hungarian 21,565
Bengali 20,223
Urdu 19,288
Afrikaans 16,806
Bosnian 15,743

Literacy

Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 99%
Male: 99%
Female: 99% (2003 est.)

Historical population estimates[7]

Year Population Five Year
 % change
1901 3,788,1230 -0
1906 4,059,0830 7.20
1911 4,489,5450 10.60
1916 4,943,1730 10.10
1921 5,455,1360 10.40
1926 6,056,3600 11.00
1931 6,526,4850 7.80
1936 6,778,3720 3.40
1941 7,109,8980 4.90
1946 7,465,1570 5.00
1951 8,421,7750 12.80
1956 9,425,5630 11.90
1961 *10,548,2670 11.90
1966 11,599,4980 10.00
1971 13,067,2650 12.70
1976 14,033,0830 7.40
1981 14,923,2600 6.30
1986 16,018,3500 7.30
1991 17,284,0360 12.80
1996 18,310,7140 5.90
2001 19,413,2400 6.00

*Includes estimates of the Indigenous population from 1961 onwards.

Indigenous population

The earliest widely accepted timeline for the first arrivals of peoples ancestral to the present-day indigenous Australians to the continent of Australia places this prehistoric human migration at least 40,000–45,000 years ago; other less widely supported evidence suggests human habitation of the continent by 50,000–60,000 years ago or even earlier. These first inhabitants of Australia were originally hunter-gatherer peoples, who over the course of many succeeding generations diversified widely throughout the continent and its nearby islands. Although their technical culture remained static—depending on wood, bone, and stone tools and weapons—their spiritual and social life was highly complex. Most spoke several languages, and confederacies sometimes linked widely scattered tribal groups. Aboriginal population density ranged from one person per square mile along the coasts to one person per 35 square miles in the arid interior. Food procurement was usually a matter for the nuclear family and was very demanding, since there was little large game, and outside of some communities in the more fertile south-east, they had no agriculture.

Australia may have been sighted by Portuguese sailors in 1601, and Dutch navigators landed on the forbidding coast of modern Western Australia several times during the 17th century. Captain James Cook claimed it for Great Britain in 1770. At that time, the native population was around half a million, divided in as many as 500 tribes speaking many different languages. The Aboriginal population currently numbers almost 500,000, representing about 2.5% of the population. Since the end of World War II, efforts have been made both by the government and by the public to be more responsive to Aboriginal rights and needs.

Today, many tribal Aborigines lead a settled traditional life in remote areas of northern, central, and western Australia. In the south, where most Aborigines are of mixed descent, most live in the cities.

The trend of population growth in Australia. The rate of population growth changed significantly following the Australian gold rushes, the Great depression and World War II.

Australia's population has grown from an estimated population of about 350,000 at the time of British Settlement in 1788 to a current population of twenty-one million. This is largely as a result of overseas migration (see Australian Immigration). Also due to immigration, the European component of the population is declining as a percentage, as it is in many other Western countries.

Emigration now also plays a role in changing Australian demographics. The term, Australian diaspora, refers to the 850,000 Australian citizens who today live outside Australia.

The current level of immigration, however remains far greater than the rate of emigration.

Although Australia has scarcely more than two persons per square kilometre of total land area, this raw figure is highly misleading: most of the continent is desert or semi-desert and of limited agricultural value. In consequence, Australia is one of the world's most urbanized countries: 91% of Australia's population lives in urban areas. Australians however live on just 1 percent of the country, leaving most of the country uninhabited.

Mosaic 2008

Using the most up-to-date data from the 2006 Australian Census in addition to eleven other sources, Mosaic 2008 (a geo-demographic profiling tool licensed by Pacific Micromarketing [7]) has revealed the following statistics regarding emerging social trends:

  • Single-person urban dwellings (also known as 'SPUDs') are now the most common - 25% of dwellings are for people living alone
  • There are now more unmarried women than married – 51.4% are now unmarried leading to a society of 'Freemales'
  • More and more people are heading west to take advantage of the high-paying job opportunities in the boom mining towns - these people have been termed 'Salary Miners'
  • Over 40% of Australians now have at least one parent born overseas, with Africa being one of the fastest growing immigrant sources. Largely these are white immigrants from South Africa and the former Rhodesia.
  • Australia’s largest demographic – the baby-boomers – are retiring en masse, with high disposable incomes. Key figure: the proportion of people aged 65+ will double within 30 years, from 12.5% currently to 25%

Nationality

Main article: Australian nationality law
noun: Australian(s)
adjective: Australian

Australia in 2020

Australia's Population in 2020

In 2020 Australia’s population will be approaching 24 million (up from 21.2 million today).

In 2020 Australia’s median age will be almost 40. Today it is 37 and in 1980 it was just 29.

In 2020 there will be more 65 year olds than 1 year olds. There will be as many people aged 60-70 as there will be aged 10-20.

By 2020 the “population pyramid” will be inverted.

In 2020 there will be fewer births than today. In 2007 there were 265,900 births. In 2020 there will be just 261,847 births, even though the population base will be over 12% larger than today.

In 2020 there will be more people aged 50 (338,081) than any other age, reflecting the baby boom and migration boom of those born in 1970-71.

In 2020 life expectancy at birth will exceed 84 years, and more than 1 in 5 people will be aged over 60.

In 2020 the never-grow-old Baby Boomers will be in their 60’s and 70’s, and the Generation Xers will be in their 40’s and 50’s.[8]

The Workforce of 2020

By 2020 most Baby Boomers will have retired while Generation Y will dominate employment, comprising 42% of the workforce.

By 2020 average job tenure will be around 3 years (4 years today) with voluntary annual turnover approaching 20%. More than 1 in 3 workers will be employed on a casual basis.

By 2020 energy consumption will have increased by one-third and based on current technologies greenhouse gas emissions will be 20% higher than today.

By 2020 the number of online 'reputation attacks' on corporations, initiated by online pranksters, activists or disaffected customers will have increased fourfold.[9]

The Class of 2020

The Class of 2020 (finishing Year 12 in 2020) began their schooling in 2008.

The Class of 2020 were born in 2002, the year that the total fertility rate (babies per woman) hit an all-time low of 1.7 (compared to 3.0 in the early 1970’s and 1.8 in the 1990’s,).

The Class of 2020 were born the year that the last remaining Liberal state government was voted out of office (South Australia). It was the year that terrorism came closer to home with the 2002 Bali bombings.

The Class of 2020 will emerge into the workforce after the point of peak labour: by 2020 more people will be exiting full-time roles than entering it.

More than 1 in 3 of the women in the class of 2020 will never have children.[10]

The Generation of 2020

The generation of 2020 are part of Generation Z, the so-called digital natives, the dot-com kids- the most technologically literate generation of children ever.

Generation Z will live longer than any previous generation (by 2020 life expectancy will be 81 for a male and 86 for a female). They will work longer than previous generations with the retirement age and pension age pushed back. They will have an average of 6 careers in their lifetime.

Generation Z are the children of Generation X (and Y). These parents are older than those of any previous generation. Their mothers had a median age of 30 at the birth of their first child, compared to just 25 in 1980.

They were born into smaller families - and they have the fewest siblings of any previous era.

They will be leaving school when the rising costs of an ageing population on health care, pensions and aged services will have pushed the Federal Budget into deficit.[11]

Notes

  1. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics: Australian Demographic Statistics
  2. ^ Herald Sun: 'Baby Mia one in 21 million' - June 30, 2007
  3. ^ Animated population pyramid. Last accessed 2007-01-24.
  4. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics, accessed 9 December 2007
  5. ^ [1]. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2006. Last accessed November 18, 2007.
  6. ^ NCLS releases latest estimates of church attendance, National Church Life Survey, Media release, 28 February 2004
  7. ^ TABLE 2. Population by sex, states and territories, 30 June, 1901 onwards. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 23/05/2006. Last accessed March 8, 2008.
  8. ^ McCrindle Research Resources
  9. ^ Ibid.
  10. ^ Ibid.
  11. ^ Ibid.

References

Template:CIA WFB 2006

Australian Bureau of Statistics, 3101.0 Australian Demographic Statistics

See also

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