Devil's Lair
  location in Australia  Devil's Lair (Australia) | |
| Location | Leeuwin–Naturaliste Ridge |
|---|---|
| Region | Western Australia |
| Coordinates | 34°4′3.3″S 115°6′23.5″E / 34.067583°S 115.106528°E |
Devil's Lair is a single-chamber cave with a floor area of around 200 m2 (2,200 sq ft) that formed in a Quaternary dune limestone of the Leeuwin–Naturaliste Ridge, 5 km (3.1 mi) from the modern coastline of Western Australia. The stratigraphic sequence in the cave floor deposit consists of 660 cm (260 in) of sandy sediments, with more than 100 distinct layers, intercalated with flowstone and other indurated deposits. Excavations have been made in several areas of the cave floor. Since 1973, excavations have been concentrated in the middle (approximately on a north-west, south-east axis) of the cave, where 10 trenches have been dug. Archaeological evidence for intermittent human occupation extends down to layer 30 (about 350 cm (140 in)), with hearths, bone, and stone artifacts found throughout.
Excavations
Devil's Lair has been the subject of scientific research since the 1970s by palaeontologists and archaeologists[1] Excavations have recovered stone artefacts, numerous animal bone remains, hearths, bone artefacts and human skeletal remains.[2][3]
Preservation of cultural materials has been very good and a long, well dated cultural sequence has been documented. The diversity and productiveness of the evidence from Devil's Lair make it unusually valuable as a source of information on cultural and natural history in the extreme southwest of Australia since the first colonisation of the continent.[4][5]
Archaeological significance
Devil's Lair is important as one of the earliest sites of human occupation in Australia, a site with very early human ornaments and an unusually rich source of information for prehistoric cultural and natural history in the southwest of Western Australia.[6]
Dating
Several different techniques of dating have been used at Devil's Lair to show that human occupation began at around 48,000 years. This makes it rank among the earliest sites in Australia and so an important source of information about the timing and character of the first human colonizers of Australia[7]
Excavations at Devil's Lair have yielded early human ornaments in the form of three ground bone beads dating to 19,000–12,700 years BP. These beads were made from the limb-bones of macropods and were manufactured by cutting the bone shafts into short segments and grinding them smooth on abrasive stone. A deliberately perforated but otherwise unmodified stone object with wear patterns suggestive of its use as a pendant dated to 14,000 year BP has also been recovered from Devil's Lair [8]
These artifacts are some of the earliest evidence of symbolic behavior in Australia and are internationally significant for understanding the timing and character of the emergence of symbolic capacities in humans.
References
- ^ Balme, J., D. Merrilees and J. K. Porter (1978). "Late Quaternary mammal remains spanning about 30,000 years from excavations in Devil's Lair, Western Australia". Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 60 (2):33-65.
- ^ Balme, Jane, "An analysis of charred bone from Devil's Lair, Western Australia", Archaeology and Physical Anthropology in Oceania, 15 (2): 81–85, ISSN 0728-4896
- ^ Balme, Jane, "Some archaeological studies on a bone accumulation from Devil's Lair, Western Australia", Newsletter (Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies) (13): 49–51, retrieved 22 October 2016
- ^ Dortch, C. (1979). "Devil's Lair, an Example of Prolonged Cave Use in South-Western Australia". World Archaeology 10(3):258-279.
- ^ Dortch, C. E. (Charles E.); Western Australian Museum (1976), Devils lair : a search for ancient man in Western Australia, W.A. Museum Press, ISBN 978-0-7244-6198-1
- ^ Balme, Jane, "Devils Lair: Occupation intensity and land-use", Australian Archaeology (79): 179–186, ISSN 0312-2417
- ^ Turney, C. S. M.; M. I. Bird; L. K. Fifield; R. G. Roberts; M. Smith; C. E. Dortch; R. Grun; E. Lawson; L. K. Ayliffe; G. H. Miller; J. Dortch; R.G. Cresswell (2001). "Early Human Occupation at Devil's Lair, Southwestern Australia 50,000 Years Ago". Quaternary Research. 55 (1): 3–13. doi:10.1006/qres.2000.2195.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|last-author-amp=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - ^ *Bednarik, R. (1997). "Pleistocene stone pendant from Western Australia". Australian Archaeology 45:32-34.*Dortch, C. E. (Charles Eugene); Australia. Department of Aboriginal Affairs. Western Australian Office (1975), Archaeology : Devils Lair, retrieved 22 October 2016