Jump to content

Persecution of Hazaras

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Part of a series on
Discrimination
Forms
Attributes
Social
Religious
Ethnic/national
Manifestations
Policies
Countermeasures
Related topics
A woman prays in front of the graves at a Hazara cemetery for the Shi'ite Hazara community martyrs on a hill on the outskirts of Kabul. Decades of persecution has left the Hazara minority with little space left in its graveyards[1][2]

The Hazaras have long been the subjects of persecution in Afghanistan. The Hazaras are mostly from Afghanistan, primarily from the central regions of Afghanistan, known as Hazarajat. Significant communities of Hazara people also live in Quetta, Pakistan and in Mashad, Iran, as part of the Hazara and Afghan diasporas.

Map of Kabul Province and its surroundings showing the boundaries of the different Hazara tribes in 1893. Between 1888-1893, nearly 60% of the Hazaras were massacred and their land seized by the Pashtuns. Today, Uruzgan Province and many areas that were inhabited by Hazaras until 1893 are now mostly inhabited by Pashtuns.

During the reign of Amir Abdur Rahman (1880–1901), millions of Hazaras were massacred, expelled, and displaced.[3] Half the population of Hazarajat were killed or fled to neighboring regions of Balochistan in British India[4] and Khorasan in Iran.[3] This led to Pashtuns and other groups occupying parts of Hazarajat. The Hazara people have also been the victims of massacres committed by the Taliban and al-Qaeda.

Conditions improved for the Hazaras in Afghanistan during the post-Taliban era. However, Hazaras who lived in the southern provinces of Afghanistan continued to face unofficial discrimination at the hands of Pashtuns.[5]

Dozens of women from the Hazara community of Afghanistan protested after a suicide bombing in September 2022, occurred in an educational center that killed more than 52 young girls.

Today (2021–present), widespread ethnic discrimination,[6][7][8] religious persecution,[9][10] organized attacks by terrorist groups,[11][12] harassment and arbitrary arrest of Hazara women and girls under various reasons,[13][14] kidnapping, rape and torture of Hazara girls and women in prison,[15][16][17] seizures of Hazara lands and homes,[18][19][20] imposing deliberate economic restrictions and creating deliberate economic backwardness of Hazara regions,[21][22][23] seizing agricultural fields and forcing Hazara farmers to migrate or flee from Afghanistan,[24][25] occupying pastures of Hazara areas by Pashtun nomads and Taliban supporters,[26][27] and numerous cases of human rights violations against Hazaras have caused many Hazaras to be displaced and gradually forced to flee Afghanistan.[28][29][30][31]

Afghanistan

[edit]
See also: 1888–1893 Hazara uprisings, Ethnic violence in Afghanistan, and Kuchi–Hazara conflict

Hazaras are historically the most restrained ethnic group in the state and as a result, they have only experienced slight improvements in their circumstances even with the setup of modern Afghanistan. The discrimination against this ethnic group has continued for centuries, and it has been instigated against them by Pashtuns and other ethnic groups.[32][33] Sayed Askar Mousavi, estimates that more than half of the entire population of Hazarajat was driven out of its villages, including many who were massacred. "It is difficult to verify this estimate, but the memory of the conquest of the Hazarajat by Abdur Rahman certainly remains vivid among the Hazaras themselves, and it has heavily influenced their relationship with the Afghan state throughout the 20th century. The British from neighboring British India, who were heavily involved in Afghanistan, did not document such a large figure".[3] Others claim that Hazaras began to leave their homeland of Hazarajat in search of employment due to injustice and poverty, mostly during the 20th century.[34] Most of these Hazaras immigrated to neighboring Balochistan, where they were provided permanent settlement by the British colonial government.[4] Others settled in and around Mashad, Iran.[34]

The Hazaras of Afghanistan faced severe political, social and economic tyranny and denial of basic civil rights.[32] In 1933, Abdul Khaliq, a Hazara student assassinated Afghan king Muhammad Nadir Shah.

Persecution and marginalization

[edit]

Notably, after the Second Anglo-Afghan War, Abdur Rahman conducted a campaign of repression in Hazarajat, but it was met with fierce opposition by Hazara tribal leaders. The first uprising was conducted in correlation with Abdur Rahman's cousin, Mohammad Eshaq, who sought to overthrow the Amir. This revolt of Hazara nationalists and anti-Amir partisans was brief because Abdur Rahman used sectarian strife to divide the Hazara Shias and the Sunni partisans, thus allowing him to easily defeat his foes.[35]

The defeat of the Hazaras in their first revolt allowed Abdur Rahman to impose taxes on Hazarajat for the first time, and they severely impeded the autonomy of Hazarajat, because numerous Pashtun soldiers and government officials were garrisoned in Hazarajat to ensure its compliance with the Pashtun-run state. Subsequently, the Pashtuns garrisoned in Hazarajat, treated the local Hazaras as inferiors, and often committed arbitrary acts of cruelty and brutality against them. This caused great unrest and a deepening hatred between the Hazaras and their Pashtun rulers, causing the Hazaras to reach their tipping point in 1892.[35]

The outrage that followed allowed the Hazaras to unite once again to overthrow most of the local Pashtun garrisons in Hazarajat. This newfound zealous fever fermented fierce resistance against Abdur Rahman and his forces. Witnessing the rising tide, Abdur Rahman felt he had no choice but to wage a jihad against the Shia Hazaras, and under this casus belli Abdur Rahman was able to muster around 150,000 troops. The resulting conflict was brutal and led to a great loss of life on both sides [citation needed]. The Hazaras fought with vigor but the attrition they faced due to lack of rations led to their demise at the uprising's epicenter of Oruzgan [citation needed].

Improvements and recognition

[edit]

Despite the "democratic" 1964 constitution that contained universal suffrage, political and social rights for minorities were still not guaranteed. That decade the first Hazara minister was appointed by the King. Under the first communist Khalq government, Hazaras have persecuted again, a particular episode being the Chindawol uprising in 1979 when hundreds of Hazaras went missing. Their persecution was not kept secret - for instance, Abdullah Amin, brother of Hafizullah Amin, expressed anti-Hazara comments during a public speech that year. Following the Soviet Union's intervention and creation of the Parcham government under Babrak Karmal, Hazara rights improved, and the party's constitution declared all races and ethnicities in Afghanistan as being equal. During the 1980s, Hazaras became more prominent in the army and the ruling communist party, and one Hazara politician, Sultan Ali Keshtmand, would serve as prime minister for most of the decade. The Hazaras were split over the Soviet-Afghan War – most of the urban population supported and fought for the communist regime in Kabul, where they were now officially equal, but most of the rural Hazara population rejected the reforms and resisted.[36]

Post-communist era

[edit]

The Hazara Hezb-e Wahdat militia and party joined the new mujahideen government of the Islamic State of Afghanistan, and some members held government posts. However they would soon be discriminated against and would be excluded from the administration. At the same time, violent ethnic conflict broke out between Hezb-e Wahdat and the Saudi-backed Wahhabi Ittihad-i Islami militia led by Abdul Rasul Sayyaf.[36] The Hazara claim the Taliban executed 15,000 of their people in their campaign through northern and central Afghanistan.[37]

Afshar

[edit]
Main article: Afshar Operation

In February 1993, a two-day military operation was conducted by the Islamic State of Afghanistan government and its allied Ittihad-i Islami militia. The military operation was conducted to seize control of the Afshar district in west Kabul where the Shia Hezb-e Wahdat militia (which was allied to Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's Sunni Hezb-i Islami and backed by Pakistan) was based and from where it was shelling civilian areas in northern Kabul.[citation needed] The operation also intended to capture Wahdat leader Abdul Ali Mazari. The Afshar district, situated on the slopes of Mount Afshar west of Kabul, is densely populated. The area is predominantly inhabited by Shia Hazaras. The Afshar military operation escalated into what became known as the Afshar massacre when the Saudi-backed Wahhabi militia of Ittihad-e-Islami went on a rampage through Afshar, killing, raping, looting, and burning houses. Two out of nine Islamic State sub-commanders, Anwar Dangar (later joined the Taliban) and Mullah Izzat, were also reported as leading troops that carried out abuses. The Islamic State government in collaboration with the then enemy militia of Hezb-e Wahdat as well as in cooperation with Afshar civilians established a commission to investigate the crimes that had taken place in Afshar. The commission found that around 70 people died during the street fighting and between 700 and 750 people,[38] were abducted and never returned by Abdul Rasul Sayyaf's men. These abducted victims were most likely killed or died in captivity.[39][40]

Mazar-i-Sharif

[edit]
Mazar-i-Sharif Anti-Hazara massacre
Part of Battles of Mazar-i-Sharif (1997–98)
DateAugust 1998
TargetExtermination of Hazaras particularly combat aged males
Attack type
Genocidal massacre[41]
Deaths2,000 to 20,000
PerpetratorsThe Taliban
MotiveAnti-Hazara sentiment
Main article: 1998 Mazar-i-Sharif massacre

Following the 1997 massacre of 3,000 Taliban prisoners by Abdul Malik Pahlawan in Mazar-i-Sharif[42][43] thousands of Hazaras were massacred by other Taliban members in the same city in August 1998.[44] The slaughter has been credited to a number of factors—ethnic difference, suspicion of Hazara loyalty to Shia Iran, anger at the loss of life suffered in an earlier unsuccessful Taliban takeover of Mazarwas—including takfir by the Taliban of the Hazaras.[45] After the attack, Mullah Niazi, the commander of the attack and the new governor of Mazar, declared from several mosques in the city in separate speeches:

Last year you rebelled against us and killed us. From all your homes you shot at us. Now we are here to deal with you. (...)
Hazaras are not Muslim, they are Shia. They are kofr [infidels]. The Hazaras killed our force here, and now we have to kill Hazaras. (...)
If you do not show your loyalty, we will burn your houses, and we will kill you. You either accept to be Muslims or leave Afghanistan. (...)
[W]herever you [Hazaras] go we will catch you. If you go up, we will pull you down by your feet; if you hide below, we will pull you up by your hair. (...)
If anyone is hiding Hazaras in his house he too will be taken away. What [Hizb-i] Wahdat and the Hazaras did to the Talibs, we did worse...as many as they killed, we killed more.[46]

At 10 am on 8 August 1998, the Taliban entered the city and for the next two days drove their pickup trucks "up and down the narrow streets of Mazar-i-Sharif shooting to the left and right and killing everything that moved—shop owners, cart pullers, women and children shoppers and even goats and donkeys."[47] More than 8,000 noncombatants were reportedly killed in Mazar-i-Sharif and later in Bamiyan.[48] In addition, the Taliban were criticized for forbidding anyone from burying the corpses for the first six days (contrary to the injunctions of Islam, which demands immediate burial) while the remains rotted in the summer heat and were eaten by dogs.[49] During these killings 2,000[50][43] to 5,000,[43] or perhaps up to 20,000[51] Hazara were systematically executed across the city.[43][51] The Taliban went door to door of Hazara households searching for combat age males,[43] shooting them and slitting their throats right in front of their families.[43] Hazaras were shoved into trailers where they suffocated to death or died of heat strokes,[50][43] and were later dumped into piles in the middle of the desert.[43] The Taliban randomly shot anti-aircraft weapons at civilians into the middle of the city;[43] causing drivers to swerve out of control and run people over.[43] Human rights organizations reported that the dead were lying on the streets for weeks before the Taliban allowed their burial due to stench and fear of epidemics.[50] Niamatullah Ibrahimi described the killings as "an act of genocide at full ferocity."[41]

Members of Pakistan's ISI claimed the killings were only done after trials;[43] however, the Taliban had Pakistani fighters alongside them during their siege of the city.[43]

Robatak Pass

[edit]

The pass connecting the settlements of Tashkurgan and Pule Khumri is known as Robatak Pass. A mass murder was carried out there by the Taliban in May 2000 in which 31 people were reported dead. Twenty-six of the victims were Ismaili Hazara from Baghlan province. Their remains were found to the northeast of the pass, in a neighborhood known as Hazara Mazari, on the border between Baghlan and Samngan provinces. The victims were detained four months before their execution by Taliban troops between January 5 and January 14, 2000.[52][53]

Yakawlang

[edit]

In January 2001 the Taliban committed a mass execution of Hazara people in the Yakawlang District of Bamyan Province in Afghanistan. This started on January 8 and lasted for four days; it took the lives of 170 men. Taliban apprehended about 300 people, including employees of local humanitarian organizations. They were grouped to various assemblage points where they were shot dead in public view. Around 73 women, children, and elderly were taking shelter in a local mosque when the Taliban fired rockets at the mosque.[53][54] The Taliban also killed two Hazara elders who had approached them to mediate.[55]

Bamyan

[edit]

The United Nations investigated three mass graves allegedly containing victims of massacres in 2002 within Bamyan.[37]

Islamic Republic era

[edit]

There was a significant improvement in the status and treatment of Hazaras in Afghanistan after the Karzai administration came to power.[56] The new 2004 Afghan constitution now recognizes them as one of the country's ethnic minorities, and they now have the full right to Afghan citizenship. Hazaras were well represented in Karzai's government,[57] and in the 2010 Afghan parliamentary election, Hazaras won around 25 percent of the seats.[58] As of 2007, Hazaras have also pursued higher education, enrolled in the army, and many have top government positions.[59] For example, Muhammad Mohaqiq, a Hazara from the Hizb-i-Wahdat party, ran in the 2004 presidential election in Afghanistan, and Karim Khalili became the Vice President of Afghanistan. Since ousting the Taliban in late 2001, billions of dollars have been poured into Afghanistan for several large-scale reconstruction projects that took place in August 2012. For example, there have been more than 5000 kilometers of road pavement completed across Afghanistan, of which little was done in central Afghanistan Hazarajat. On the other hand, the Band-e Amir in the Bamyan Province became the first national park of Afghanistan. The road from Kabul to Bamyan was also built, along with new police stations, government institutions, hospitals, and schools in the Bamyan Province, Daykundi Province, and others. The first ski resort in Afghanistan was also established in the Bamyan Province.[60]

A large degree of discrimination against Hazaras continued. A new danger in the form of ISIS has become especially prominent in recent years, and they have carried out abductions, extortions, and violent killings against Hazaras.[61] The rising power of warlords, who the Hazara people perceive as a direct threat, has also been a matter of concern. There have been ethnic tensions and violent clashes with nomadic Kuchis over land access issues.[58] Taliban fighters continue to abduct and execute Hazaras traveling in vehicles. Furthermore, anti-Hazara sentiments became stronger when the former director of the National Directorate of Security, Amrullah Saleh, accused Iran of interfering in Afghan affairs through Shias.[62] Hazara activists still believe that the government does not serve their people's security needs sufficiently. Parts of central Afghanistan, like the unofficial Hazara capital Bamiyan, are among the country's poorest and often lack even basic necessities like water and electricity.[61] Hazara people held a protest in March 2016[citation needed] against the government's decision to move a proposed power line project out of Bamiyan, seeing it as another form of ethnic discrimination.

2010 Khas Urozgan attack

[edit]

In June 2010, at least nine Hazara men were killed in an ambush in Khas Urozgan District of Uruzgan Province. The Taliban took responsibility for the attack.[63]

2015 Zabul beheadings

[edit]
Main article: 2015 Zabul beheading

In November 2015, Afghan militants claiming loyalty to the Islamic State beheaded seven ethnic Hazara civilians who had been abducted in Zabul Province in southern Afghanistan. Their throats were cut with pieces of metal wire.[64] The victims were four men, two women, and a 9-year-old girl named Shukria Tabassum.[65] The killings sparked off the Tabassum movement of large-scale protests by women and men of multiple ethnicities in November 2015.[66][67]

2016 Dehmazang bombings

[edit]
Main article: July 2016 Kabul bombing

On July 23, 2016, two Islamic State suicide bombers blow themselves up during the peaceful protest 'Junbish Roshnaye' in Kabul killing 160 and wounding over 200 people.[68] The attackers were reportedly from the local affiliate of the so-called Islamic State, known as the "Khurasan Province" (IS-Khurasan).[69]

2016 Ashura attacks

[edit]

18 people were killed and 54 were injured in July 2016 at Kabul's landmark Sakhi Shrine by a gunman wearing an Afghan National Security Forces uniform. The attack took place on the eve of Ashura, the Shia mourning day. Responsibility for the attack was claimed by the Islamic State, or ISIS.[70] The next morning, an improvised electronic device (IED) killed at least 15 Hazara people in the Balkh province of northern Afghanistan. ISIS claimed responsibility for this attack as well. These attacks show the growing threat of the IS to the Hazara people.

2018 university preparatory academy bombing

[edit]

In August 2018, a bomb hit a university preparatory academy in a Hazara neighborhood of Kabul. The bombing, which left 48 dead and 67 others injured, was claimed by ISIS.[71]

2019 wedding bombing attack

[edit]

On August 17, 2019, a wedding of a Hazara couple in Kabul was bombed. Responsibility for the attack, which left 63 people dead and 182 injured, was claimed by ISIS.[72]

2020 mourning ceremony attack

[edit]

On March 6, 2020, a mourning ceremony was held in commemoration of the death of Abdul Ali Mazari, a Hazara leader, in 1995. The commemoration, held in the Dashte Barchi neighborhood of Kabul, was attacked by gunmen, with 32 people killed and between 58 and 81 people injured. According to Nasrat Rahimi, the interior ministry spokesman, all of the casualties were civilians. Responsibility for the attack was claimed by ISIS.[73]

2020 maternity hospital attack

[edit]

On May 12, 2020, gunmen stormed a maternity hospital in Dashte Barchi, a majority-Hazara neighborhood of Kabul. The attack left at least 24 people dead, including two newborns.[74][75][76]

2020 education center attack

[edit]

On October 25, 2020, a suicide bomber detonated in the street outside of the Kawsare Danish center, an education centre in a heavily Shia Hazara neighborhood in the Pule Khoshk area of Dashte Barchi in western Kabul. At least 30 were killed and 70[77] more were injured in the attack. Most of the victims were students between the age of 15 and 26. A Taliban spokesman on Twitter has denied responsibility for the attack. Islamic State, or ISIS, has said it was behind the attack in a statement on Telegram without providing evidence.[78][79]

2020 Bamyan bombing

[edit]

On November 24, 2020, two bombs hidden at the side of a road in the city of Bamyan killed 14 and injured 45 others.[80]

2021 Kabul school bombing

[edit]
Main article: 2021 Kabul school bombing
Gathering outside Afghan embassy in Tehran to condemn the 2021 Kabul school bombing

On 8 May 2021, a car bombing, followed by two more improvised explosive device blasts, occurred in front of Sayed al-Shuhada school in Dashte Barchi, leaving at least 90 people dead and 240 injured.[81] The majority of the casualties were girls between 11 and 15 years old.[82] Taliban spokesman condemned the attack and held the Islamic State responsible for the attack.[83] The Dashte Barchi district was frequently attacked by the Islamic State – Khorasan Province.[84]

Mundarakht massacre

[edit]
Main article: Mundarakht massacre

On 4–6 July 2021, Amnesty International reported that the Taliban tortured and killed nine Hazara men in the village of Mundarakht, Malistan District. Six of the victims were shot and three more were "tortured to death".[85]

Islamic Emirate (2021–present)

[edit]

On 6 September 2022, the Human Rights Watch reported that since the Taliban took over Afghanistan in August 2021, the ISIS–K has claimed responsibility for 13 attacks against Hazaras and has been linked to at least 3 more, killing and injuring at least 700 people. The Islamic State affiliate has repeatedly attacked Hazaras and other religious minorities at mosques, schools, and workplaces.[86]

Balkhab persecutions

[edit]
See also: Balkhab uprising § War crimes and human rights abuses

On 3 July 2022, in the rural areas around Balkhab District, the Taliban committed a series of war crimes against the local Shia Hazara population, those war crimes include the execution of 150 civilians after they were subjected to prolonged torture,[87] playing music and dancing in Shia Mosques, Shia seminaries, and schools before turning them into military bases,[88] killing Hazaras due to their ethnicity,[89] seizing homes and vehicles belonging to Hazara civilians,[90] causing hundreds of families to flee to the mountains and not allowing aid workers to reach them which led to the death of 3 infants.[91]

Pakistan

[edit]

The history of Hazara people in Pakistan dates back to the 1840s, when Hazara tribesmen from Hazarajat began migration to colonial India because of persecution by Pashtuns. Many Hazaras were enlisted in the British Indian Army, beginning with enlistment into the Presidency armies during the First Anglo-Afghan War. The mass-migration and permanent settlements started in the 1890s when Emir Abdul Rahman Khan started persecuting the Hazaras of Afghanistan.[92] The majority of Hazara are Shi'as with a sizable Sunni Muslims minority. 10% of Pakistan's population is Shia Muslim. Sectarian violence in Pakistan started in 1980s. The Pakistani province of Balochistan has witnessed violence against Hazaras for more than a decade and half by militants who consider them heretics.

Throughout the 2000s and early 2010s, Hazaras in Balochistan, Pakistan, faced attacks from militant groups like Lashkar-e-Jhangvi. In the mid-2010s, the security situation improved for Hazaras in Balochistan. However, the improved protection that resulted from the placement of walls and checkpoints around their city has also made their lives difficult.[93]

Quetta

[edit]
Main article: Persecution of Hazara people in Quetta
Hazara protest in Quetta, Pakistan, June 2021

In 2011 the persecution of Hazaras in Quetta has left at least 1300 dead and more than 1500 wounded. The victims include high-profile community members, laborers, women and children.[94] One third of the victims are children. The major attacks included assassinations of Hussain Ali Yousafi, Olympia Abrar Hussain, bombing of a Hazara mosque, Ashura massacre, Quds Day bombing, Play ground massacre, Mastung massacre, January 2013 Quetta bombings, February 2013 Quetta bombing, Hazara Pilgrims carnage, Akhtarabad massacre and other terrorist attacks on Hazara People in Quetta.[95][96]

The Al-Qaeda affiliated Pakistani Sunni Muslim extremist militant group Lashkar-e-Jhangvi, has claimed responsibility for most of these attacks.[97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104]

In response to these killings, worldwide demonstrations were held to condemn the persecution of Hazaras in Quetta. The Hazara diaspora all over the world, namely in Australia, Western Europe, North America as well as the Hazara in Afghanistan, have protested against these killings and against the silence of international community.[105][106] Haji Mohammad Mohaqiq, the political leader of the Hazara in Afghanistan, has also expressed solidarity with the Hazara community in Quetta.[107][108] The persecutions have been documented by the United Nations, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, Asian Human Rights Commission, Human Rights Commission of Pakistan and Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission.[109][110][111][112][113][114] EU parliamentarian Rita Borsellino has urged the international community to address the plight of Hazara people in Quetta.[115] British MPs Alistair Burt, Mark Lancaster, Alan Johnson, and Iain Stewart asked the British government to pressure Pakistani authorities concerning the absence of justice for Hazara community in Pakistan.[95][116]

As a consequence of the attacks, there has been a recent exodus of Hazaras trying to flee the violence. They are headed mainly to Australia and other Western countries, where thousands of them have taken shelter and successfully relocated after obtaining refugee status. To get there, they complete an illegal and treacherous journey across Southeast Asia through air, land and sea that has already left hundreds of them dead.[117][118]

On October 10, 2017, two unidentified attackers on a motorcycle opened fire on a van heading for a nearby vegetable market, killing the driver and four others, continuing the trend of attacks against Hazaras in Quetta. This series of bombings, attacks and assassinations have forced Hazaras to retreat to two heavily protected enclaves on either side of the city: Marriabad and Hazara Town.[119]

An attack occurred on the night of 3 to 4 January 2021, in which terrorists slaughtered 17 Hazara persons who were working as miners at Mach.[120][citation needed]

Response

[edit]

In response, many members and leaders of Lashkar-e Jhangvi (LeJ) have been killed in military operations conducted by the Pakistan army and the police. This has led to a significant drop in violence and restoration of law and order in recent times.[121][122][123][124][125]

See also

[edit]
Part of a series on
Hazaras
WikiProject
Category Commons

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Ebrahim, Zofeen T. "Going to a graveyard: Afghan Hazaras dread Pakistan expulsion | Context". www.context.news. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
  2. ^ Baloch, Shah Meer (April 5, 2021). "'Every year we dig mass graves': the slaughter of Pakistan's Hazara". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
  3. ^ a b c Alessandro Monsutti (December 15, 2003). "HAZĀRA ii. HISTORY". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
  4. ^ a b "Who are the Hazara". Pak Tribune. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
  5. ^ "Afghanistan: Information on situation of Hazaras in post-Taliban Afghanistan". Refworld. April 4, 2003.
  6. ^ "Hazaras in Afghanistan". Minority Rights Group. Retrieved June 11, 2024.
  7. ^ "Hazaras and Shias: Violence, Discrimination, and Exclusion Under the Taliban". www.jurist.org. May 14, 2024. Retrieved June 11, 2024.
  8. ^ "The Plight of Hazaras Under the Taliban Government". thediplomat.com. Retrieved June 11, 2024.
  9. ^ "Hazaras (Afghanistan and Pakistan) - Hansard - UK Parliament".
  10. ^ "Afghanistan: ISIS Group Targets Religious Minorities | Human Rights Watch". September 6, 2022. Retrieved June 11, 2024.
  11. ^ "Deliberate Attacks On Civilians And Hazaras Are War Crimes, Says HRW". Afghanistan International. Retrieved June 11, 2024.
  12. ^ "Afghanistan: ISIS Group Targets Religious Minorities | Human Rights Watch". September 6, 2022. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
  13. ^ Taj, Zareen (April 10, 2024). "Taliban Gender Apartheid: Genocide of Hazara Women". genocidewatch. Retrieved June 11, 2024.
  14. ^ Times, Zan (January 22, 2024). "'I was arrested for the crime of being a Hazara and a woman': The Taliban's 'bad hijab' campaign targets Hazara women". Zan Times. Retrieved June 11, 2024.
  15. ^ "one-experience-two-perspectives-inside-the-lives-of-women-in-talibans-detention-centers-in-kabul". April 6, 2024.
  16. ^ Manish, Abdul Wahed (September 18, 2023). "The Taliban Abducted a Hazara Girl from Islamic Darul Uloom for Forced Marriage". Voice of Citizen News. Retrieved June 11, 2024.
  17. ^ "Strange Exiles; Taliban Tortured Hazara Girls under the Name of Unbelievers and Rejectionists | Jade Abresham". October 16, 2023. Retrieved June 20, 2024.
  18. ^ "Land Seizure Allegations: Taliban Declare Hazara Neighborhood Property Documents Invalid in Ghazni Province". Hasht-e Subh Daily. June 9, 2024.
  19. ^ rmasumi1 (October 13, 2023). "Taliban Confiscate Hazara Land". genocidewatch. Retrieved June 12, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ "Afghanistan: Taliban Forcibly Evict Minority Shia | Human Rights Watch". October 22, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
  21. ^ "#6: Life under the Taliban". www.vidc.org. Retrieved June 11, 2024.
  22. ^ Iltaf, Maisam (January 23, 2024). "Taliban's Disruption of Aid Programs Push Hazaras To the Brink". KabulNow. Retrieved June 11, 2024.
  23. ^ "Unfair Distribution of Humanitarian Aid in Afghanistan". Bamyan Foundation. Retrieved June 11, 2024.
  24. ^ Qazi, Shereena. "Why are Hazaras being evicted from their homes in Afghanistan's Daikundi?". Why are Hazaras being evicted from their homes in Afghanistan's Daikundi?. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
  25. ^ Mehran, Moqim (September 27, 2023). "The Massacre of Hazaras in Oruzgan; Ethnic Prejudice and Land Grab Politics". Hasht-e Subh Daily.
  26. ^ "Law of the Gun". KabulNow. January 23, 2024. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
  27. ^ "Kuchi Land-Grabbers Speed Up Construction Works on Hazara Settlements in Ghazni's Jaghatu District". Hasht-e Subh Daily. December 17, 2022.
  28. ^ "Opinion: The gradual genocide of Hazara in Afghanistan". www.massey.ac.nz. Retrieved June 11, 2024.
  29. ^ "Between a rock and a hard place: The Hazaras in Afghanistan". orfonline.org. Retrieved June 11, 2024.
  30. ^ "Who are the Hazaras and what are they escaping By Reuters". Reuters.
  31. ^ Baloch, Shah Meer (August 29, 2021). "Hazara Shias flee Afghanistan fearing Taliban persecution". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
  32. ^ a b "Hazara People". National Geographic - GeoPedia. 2008. Archived from the original on March 2, 2008. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
  33. ^ Askary, Sitarah Mohammadi,Sajjad. "Why the Hazara people fear genocide in Afghanistan". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved October 28, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  34. ^ a b "HAZĀRA". Arash Khazeni, Alessandro Monsutti, Charles M. Kieffer. United States: Encyclopædia Iranica. December 15, 2003. Retrieved December 17, 2012.
  35. ^ a b The history of Hazara people.
  36. ^ a b "EScholarship@McGill".
  37. ^ a b Caroll, Rory (April 7, 2002). "Pits reveal evidence of massacre by Taliban". The Guardian. Archived from the original on October 31, 2019. Retrieved October 30, 2019.
  38. ^ John Lee Anderson (2002). The Lion's Grave. Atlantic Books. p. 224. ISBN 1-84354-118-1.
  39. ^ "Ittihad". Human Rights Watch. 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
  40. ^ Phil Rees (December 2, 2001). "A personal account". BBC News. Retrieved April 21, 2008.
  41. ^ a b Ibrahimi, Niamatullah (January 2009). "DIVIDE AND RULE: STATE PENETRATION IN HAZARAJAT (AFGHANISTAN) FROM THE MONARCHY TO THE TALIBAN" (PDF). Crisis States Research Center. Working Paper 42 - Development as State Making -: 14.
  42. ^ "Afghan powerbrokers: Who's who". BBC News. November 19, 2001. Retrieved April 1, 2011.
  43. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Cooper, Kenneth J. (November 28, 1998). "TALIBAN MASSACRE BASED ON ETHNICITY". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 31, 2019.
  44. ^ "The Massacre in Mazar-I Sharif". Human Rights Watch. November 1998.
  45. ^ Rashid, Ahmed (2002). "Mazar-e-Sharif 1997: Massacre in the north". Taliban: Islam, Oil and the New Great Game in Central Asia. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 55–75. ISBN 9781860648304. Retrieved 30 September 2018.
  46. ^ "Incitement of violence against Hazaras by governor Niazi". Afghanistan, the massacre in Mazar-e-Sharif. Human Rights Watch. November 1998. Retrieved September 29, 2018.
  47. ^ Rashid,Taliban (2000), p.73.
  48. ^ Goodson, Afghanistan's Endless War, (2001), p.79.
  49. ^ THE MASSACRE IN MAZAR-I SHARIF, THE FIRST DAY OF THE TAKEOVER.
  50. ^ a b c "THE MASSACRE IN MAZAR-I SHARIF". Human Rights Watch. November 1998 Vol. 10, No. 7 (C). Archived from the original on June 5, 2019.
  51. ^ a b Gizabi, Akram. "Opinion: US–Taliban peace talks betray the trust of the Afghan people". Military Times. Archived from the original on October 31, 2019.
  52. ^ "Massacre at Robatak Pass, May 2000". Human Rights Watch. 2006. Retrieved April 12, 2012.
  53. ^ a b "Fact Sheet: The Taliban's Betrayal of the Afghan People". Office of International Information Programs. 2001. Retrieved April 12, 2012.
  54. ^ "Massacre in yakaolang". Human Rights Watch. 2006. Retrieved April 12, 2012.
  55. ^ Maley, William (November 3, 2020). The Afghanistan Wars (3rd ed.). Bloomsbury Academic. p. 309.
  56. ^ "Refworld | Afghanistan: Information on situation of Hazaras in post-Taliban Afghanistan".
  57. ^ "Afghanistan: Who are the Hazaras?".
  58. ^ a b "Afghanistan Hazaras". minorityrights.org. June 19, 2015. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
  59. ^ Sappenfield, Mark (August 6, 2007). "Afghanistan's success story: The liberated Hazara minority". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
  60. ^ Levinson, Charles (March 7, 2012). "Since Skiing Came to Afghanistan, It Has Been Pretty Much All Downhill". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
  61. ^ a b Hucal, Sarah. "Afghanistan: Who are the Hazaras?". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on June 27, 2016. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
  62. ^ Ali Seerat, Rustam. "Peril and Persecution in Afghanistan". foreignpolicy.com. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
  63. ^ Alissa J. Rubin (June 26, 2010). "Taliban Kill 9 Members of Minority in Ambush". The New York Times. p. A6.
  64. ^ Mujib Mashal; Taimoor Shahnov (November 10, 2015). "Afghan Fighters Loyal to ISIS Beheaded 7 Hostages, Officials Say". The New York Times. p. A10.
  65. ^ Ishaan Tharoor (November 12, 2015). "The beheading of a 9-year-old girl prompted huge protests in Afghanistan". The Washington Post.
  66. ^ Alizada, Nazifa (November 30, 2016). "One Year After Tabassum, Afghan Women Search for Their Own Voice". The New Humanitarian. Archived from the original on June 4, 2021. Retrieved June 4, 2021.
  67. ^ van Bijlert, Martine (November 12, 2015). "The 'Zabul Seven' Protests: Who speaks for the victims?". Afghanistan Analysts. Archived from the original on January 31, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2021.
  68. ^ "Kabul explosion: Islamic State 'admits attack on Hazara protest'". BBC Asia. July 23, 2016. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
  69. ^ Rafiq, Arif (July 28, 2016). "The Persecution of Afghanistan's Hazaras Has Less to Do with Religion Than You Think". nationalinterest.org. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
  70. ^ Shuja, Ahmad (October 13, 2016). "Afghanistan's Shia Hazara Suffer Latest Atrocity". hrw.org. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
  71. ^ "Bombing kills 48 Afghan college hopefuls in Kabul". NBC News. August 16, 2018. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  72. ^ "'It's inhumane': Hazara react after 63 killed in targeted ISIS attack". The World from PRX. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  73. ^ "Dozens killed in attack on political rally in Kabul". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media Limited. March 6, 2020. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  74. ^ "Babies among 24 killed as gunmen attack maternity ward in Kabul". Al Jazeera. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
  75. ^ Axelrod, Tal (May 13, 2020). "Death toll rises to 24 in attack on Afghan maternity hospital". The Hill. Capital Hill Publishing Corp. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
  76. ^ "Babies killed as gunmen storm maternity ward". BBC News. BBC. May 12, 2020. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
  77. ^ "Latest: At Least 30 Killed in Saturday's Blast in Western Kabul".
  78. ^ "Suicide bombing at Kabul education centre kills 24, students among the victims". Reuters. Archived from the original on April 22, 2023.
  79. ^ "Afghan bombing: Kabul education centre attack kills at least 24". BBC News. October 25, 2020.
  80. ^ "Officials: Roadside bomb attack in Afghanistan kills 14". ABC News.
  81. ^ "Death toll rises to 85 in Afghanistan girls' school bomb attack". CNN. May 10, 2021.
  82. ^ Janjua, Haroon; Ray, Saptarshi (May 10, 2021). "Kabul attack: Dozens of schoolgirls die in triple bombings in Afghanistan". The Times. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
  83. ^ "Bomb kills at least 30 near girls' school in Afghan capital". NBC News. May 8, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
  84. ^ "Blasts kill dozens near school in Afghan capital Kabul". Al Jazeera English. May 8, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
  85. ^ "Afghanistan: Taliban responsible for brutal massacre of Hazara men – new investigation". Amnesty International. August 19, 2021.
  86. ^ "Afghanistan: ISIS Group Targets Religious Minorities". Human Rights Watch. September 6, 2022. Retrieved September 6, 2022.
  87. ^ "Taliban Fighters Execute 150 Civilians in Balkhab - Hasht-e Subh Daily". 8am.af. Archived from the original on July 13, 2022. Retrieved July 6, 2022.
  88. ^ "Taliban Turns Shiite Mosques, Religious Schools and Schools into Military Bases in Deserted Balkhab District - Hasht-e Subh Daily". 8am.af. Retrieved July 6, 2022.[permanent dead link]
  89. ^ "Massive Human Rights Violations Against Hazaras in Balkhab: Reports - Hasht-e Subh Daily". 8am.af. Retrieved July 6, 2022.[permanent dead link]
  90. ^ "Taliban Seize Private Properties As War Booty in Balkhab District, Sar-e Pol - Hasht-e Subh Daily". 8am.af. Retrieved July 6, 2022.[permanent dead link]
  91. ^ "Infant Desperately Dies in Balkhab District As IDP's Needs for Basic Necessities Increase - Hasht-e Subh Daily". 8am.af. Retrieved July 6, 2022.[permanent dead link]
  92. ^ http://minoritysupportpakistan.com/The_Hazara_Shia_of_PakistanvApril_16_edited.pdf[permanent dead link]
  93. ^ "Quetta's Hazara: The community caged in its own city". BBC News. December 12, 2017.
  94. ^ "International commission demanded to probe Hazara killings". Samaa Tv. October 1, 2011. Archived from the original on October 29, 2011. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
  95. ^ a b "Pakistan Needs to make Sure Minorities Rights: Alistair". The Daily Outlook Afghanistan. Archived from the original on March 12, 2012. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
  96. ^ Editorial (September 2, 2011). "Death and joy". The Express Tribune. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
  97. ^ "LeJ blamed for killing Hazaras in Quetta". Central Asia Online. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
  98. ^ chandru. "Pakistan: Another Massacre of Hazaras in Balochistan By Pro Al-Qaeda Elements". Southasiaanalysis.org. Archived from the original on January 1, 2012. Retrieved May 2, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  99. ^ "The Quetta Shura Taliban: An Overlooked Problem | International Affairs Review". Iar-gwu.org. November 23, 2009. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
  100. ^ "A threat to the world". The Spectator. August 19, 2006. Retrieved May 2, 2012.[permanent dead link]
  101. ^ "Pakistan should crack down on Taliban, UN official says". International Herald Tribune. January 9, 2007.
  102. ^ "Genocide of Hazaras – A Reality Check". Hazara People International Network. April 4, 2012. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
  103. ^ "A Victim of Being Hazara and Shia in Pakistan". Wahdat News. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
  104. ^ Raza, Ahmed (November 24, 2010). "Top Balochistan minister alleges extrajudicial killings". BBC News. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
  105. ^ "World Wide Protest Against Genocide in Pakistan and Afghanistan". Kabul Press. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
  106. ^ "International Day of Protest against killing of Hazaras in Pakistan". MelbourneProtests 2007-2011. October 1, 2011. Archived from the original on March 12, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
  107. ^ "Speech of Ustad Haji Mohaqiq | Against the targeted Killings and genocides of Hazaras in Pakistan". YouTube. October 10, 2011. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
  108. ^ "There can be no peace without peace in Afghanistan: Gilani". DAWN. APP. October 21, 2011. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
  109. ^ "Pakistan: Authorities must tackle brazen attacks on Hazara Shi'a". Amnesty International. October 3, 2011. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
  110. ^ Phillips, Denise (August 2010). "Hazaras' Persecution Worsens: Will the New Government show Leadership by lifting the Suspension on Afghani Asylum Claims?". Australian Policy and History. Archived from the original on February 25, 2011.
  111. ^ "Pakistan: Protect Shia Muslims". Human Rights Watch. December 3, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
  112. ^ Qadir, Manzoor (February 9, 2012). "HRW urges US to pressure Pak govt on Balochistan situation". Daily Times. Archived from the original on February 13, 2012.
  113. ^ Yusuf, Zohra (October 5, 2011). "Hazara's killings: HRCP urges Zardari & Gillani to step in". Human Rights Commission of Pakistan. Archived from the original on February 6, 2012.
  114. ^ "How the Taliban slaughtered thousands of people". RAWA. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
  115. ^ "Il Genocidio Dimenticato Degli Hazara In Pakistan, Solidarieta' Di Rita Borsellino". Ritaborsellino.it. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
  116. ^ "UK House of Commons debates Hazaras of Quetta". Wahdat News. March 1, 2012. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
  117. ^ Walsh, Declan (April 27, 2013). "Fleeing Violence in Pakistan, Hazaras Brave Uncertain Journey". The New York Times.
  118. ^ Zofeen T. Ebrahim. "Hazaras: Exodus to the land down under". DAWN. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
  119. ^ Hashim, Asad. "Hazara Shia Muslims attacked in Pakistan's Quetta". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on October 9, 2017. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
  120. ^ "Breaking News, World News and Video from Al Jazeera". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on July 29, 2023.
  121. ^ "Pakistani forces kill five Lashkar-e-Jhangvi militants: Officials". The New Indian Express. Retrieved December 5, 2016.
  122. ^ "Two suicide bombers belonging to Lashkar-e-Jhangvi killed in operation". Daily times. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
  123. ^ "Over 860 Terrorists, Criminals Killed by Pakistan Security Forces in Karachi Operations". NDTV. Retrieved November 3, 2015.
  124. ^ "Pakistan's Army Kills Commander Of Islamist Militant Group In Balochistan". RFERL. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
  125. ^ "New LeJ leader killed in encounter with Punjab CTD". Express Tribune. Retrieved January 18, 2017.

Bibliography

[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persecution_of_Hazaras&oldid=1253722429"