François Truffaut

François Truffaut
File:François Truffaut.jpg Truffaut in 1984
Born	François Roland Truffaut (1932-02-06)6 February 1932 Paris, France
Died	21 October 1984(1984-10-21) (aged 52) Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hauts-de-Seine, France
Occupation(s)	Actor, film critic, filmmaker, producer, screenwriter
Years active	1955–1983
Spouse	Madeleine Morgenstern ​ ​ (m. 1957⁠–⁠1965)​

François Roland Truffaut (French pronunciation: [fʁɑ̃swa ʁɔlɑ̃ tʁyfo]; 6 February 1932 – 21 October 1984) was an influential film critic and filmmaker and one of the founders of the French New Wave. In a film career lasting over a quarter of a century, he remains an icon of the French film industry. He was also a screenwriter, producer, and actor working on over twenty-five films. Along with Jean-Luc Godard, Truffaut was one of the most influential figures of the French New Wave, inspiring directors such as Steven Spielberg, Quentin Tarantino, Brian De Palma, Martin Scorsese, & Wes Anderson.

Early life

Truffaut was born in Paris on 6 February 1932, out of wedlock. His mother was Janine de Monferrand, and he never met his biological father, Roland Lévy, a Jewish dentist. His mother's future husband Roland Truffaut accepted him as an adopted son and gave him his surname. He was passed around to live with various nannies and his grandmother for a number of years. It was his grandmother who instilled in him her love of books and music. He lived with his grandmother until her death when Truffaut was ten years old. It was only after his grandmother's death that he lived with his parents for the first time.

Truffaut would often stay with friends and try to be out of the house as much as possible. His best friend throughout his youth and until his death was Robert Lachenay, who was the inspiration for the character René Bigey in The 400 Blows and would work as an assistant on some of Truffaut's films. It was the cinema that offered him the greatest escape from an unsatisfying home life. He was eight years old when he saw his first movie, Abel Gance's Paradis Perdu from 1939. It was there that his obsession began. He frequently played truant from school and would sneak into theaters because he didn't have enough money for admission. After being expelled from several schools, at the age of fourteen he decided to become self-taught. Some of his academic "goals" were to watch three movies a day and read three books a week.

Truffaut frequented Henri Langlois' Cinémathèque Française where he was exposed to countless foreign films from around the world. It was here that he became familiar with American cinema and directors such as John Ford, Howard Hawks, Nicholas Ray as well as those of British director Alfred Hitchcock.

Career

After starting his own film club in 1948, Truffaut met André Bazin, who would have great effect on his professional and personal life. Bazin was a critic and the head of another film society at the time. He became a personal friend of Truffaut's and helped him out of various financial and criminal situations during his formative years.

Truffaut joined the French Army in 1950, aged 18, but spent the next two years trying to escape. Truffaut was arrested for attempting to desert the army. Bazin used his various political contacts to get Truffaut released and set him up with a job at his newly formed film magazine Cahiers du cinéma. Over the next few years, Truffaut became a critic (and later editor) at Cahiers, where he became notorious for his brutal, unforgiving reviews. He was called "The Gravedigger of French Cinema" and was the only French critic not invited to the Cannes Film Festival in 1958. He supported Andre Bazin in the development of one of the most influential theories of cinema itself, the auteur theory.

In 1954, Truffaut wrote an article called "Une Certaine Tendance du Cinéma Français" ("A Certain Trend of French Cinema"), in which he attacked the current state of French films, lambasting certain screenwriters and producers. The article resulted in a storm of controversy. Truffaut later devised the auteur theory, which stated that the director was the "author" of his work; that great directors such as Renoir or Hitchcock have distinct styles and themes that permeate all of their films. Although his theory was not widely accepted then, it gained some support in the 1960s from American critic Andrew Sarris. In 1967, Truffaut published his book-length interview of Hitchcock, Hitchcock/Truffaut (New York: Simon and Schuster).

After having been a critic, Truffaut decided to make films of his own. He started out with the short film Une Visite in 1955 and followed that up with Les Mistons in 1957. After seeing Orson Welles' Touch of Evil at the Expo 58, he was inspired to make his feature film debut Les Quatre Cent Coups (The 400 Blows).

Truffaut's grave

He was also notably one of the main stars in Steven Spielberg's 1977 film Close Encounters of the Third Kind, where he played scientist Claude Lacombe.

Truffaut was married to Madeleine Morgenstern from 1959 to 1965, and they had two daughters, Laura (born 1959) and Eva (born 1961). Madeleine was the daughter of Ignace Morgenstern, managing director of one of France's largest film distribution companies, and was largely responsible for securing funding for Truffaut's first films. While he had affairs with almost all of his leading ladies - in 1968 he was fiancé of Claude Jade - Truffaut and actress Fanny Ardant lived together from 1981 to 1984 and had a daughter, Joséphine Truffaut (born 28 September 1983).

Death

In 1983, Truffaut was diagnosed with a brain tumor. He died on 21 October 1984, aged 52. At the time of his death, he still had numerous films in preparation. His goal was to make thirty films and then retire to write books for his remaining days. He was five films short of his personal goal. He is buried in Paris's Montmartre Cemetery.

Work

The 400 Blows was released in 1959 to much critical and commercial acclaim. Truffaut received a Best Director award from the Cannes Film Festival, the same festival that had banned him only one year earlier. The film follows the character of Antoine Doinel through his perilous misadventures in school, an unhappy home life and later reform school. The film is highly autobiographical. Both Truffaut and Doinel were only children of loveless marriages; they both committed petty crimes of theft and truancy from the military. Truffaut cast Jean-Pierre Léaud as Antoine Doinel. Léaud was seen as an ordinary boy of 13 who auditioned for the role after seeing a flyer, but interviews filmed after the film's release (one is included on the Criterion DVD of the film) reveal Léaud's natural sophistication and an instinctive understanding of acting for the camera. Léaud and Truffaut collaborated on several films over the years. Their most noteworthy collaboration was the continuation of the Antoine Doinel character in a series of films called "The Antoine Doinel Cycle".

The primary focus of The 400 Blows is centered on the life of a young character by the name of Antoine Doinel. This film follows this character through his troubled adolescence. He is caught in between an unstable parental relationship and an isolated youth. The film focuses on the real life events of the director, François Truffaut. From birth Truffaut was thrown into an undesired situation. As he was born out of wedlock, his birth had to remain a secret because of the social stigma associated with illegitimacy. He was registered as "A child born to an unknown father" in the hospital records. He was looked after by a nurse for an extended period of time. His mother eventually married and her husband Roland gave his surname, Truffaut, to François.

Although he was legally accepted as a legitimate child, his parents did not accept him. The Truffauts had another child who died shortly after birth. This experience saddened them greatly and as a result they despised François because of the memory of regret that he represented (Knopf 4). He was an outcast from his earliest years, dismissed as an unwanted child. François was sent to live with his grandparents. It wasn’t until François's grandmother's death before his parents took him in, much to the dismay of his own mother. The experiences with his mother were harsh. He recalled being treated badly by her but he found comfort in his father, Ronald Truffaut's laughter and overall spirit. The relationship with Ronald was more comforting than the one with his own mother. François had a very depressing childhood after moving in with his parents. They would leave him alone whenever they would go on vacations. He even recalled memories of being alone during Christmas. Being left alone forced François into a sense of independence, he would often do various tasks around the house in order to improve it such as painting or changing the electric outlets. Sadly, these kind gestures often resulted in a catastrophic event causing him to get scolded by his mother. His father would mostly laugh them off.

The 400 Blows marked the beginning of the French New Wave movement, which gave directors such as Jean-Luc Godard, Claude Chabrol and Jacques Rivette a wider audience. The New Wave dealt with a self-conscious rejection of traditional cinema structure. This was a topic on which Truffaut had been writing for years.

Following the success of The 400 Blows, Truffaut featured disjunctive editing and seemingly random voice-overs in his next film Shoot the Piano Player (1960) starring Charles Aznavour. Truffaut has stated that in the middle of filming, he realized that he hated gangsters. But since gangsters were a main part of the story, he toned up the comical aspect of the characters and made the movie more attuned to his liking. Even though Shoot the Piano Player was much appreciated by critics, it performed poorly at the box office. While the film focused on two of the French New Wave's favorite elements, American Film Noir and themselves, Truffaut never again experimented as heavily.

In 1962, Truffaut directed his third movie, Jules and Jim, a romantic drama starring Jeanne Moreau. Over the next decade, Truffaut had varying degrees of success with his films. In 1965 he directed the American production of Ray Bradbury's classic sci-fi novel Fahrenheit 451. It showcased Truffaut's love of books. His only English-speaking film was a great challenge for Truffaut, because he barely spoke English himself. This was also his first film shot in color. The larger scale production was difficult for Truffaut, who had worked only with small crews and budgets.

Truffaut worked on projects with varied subjects. The Bride Wore Black (1968), a brutal tale of revenge, is a stylish homage to the films of Alfred Hitchcock (once again starring Jeanne Moreau). Mississippi Mermaid (1969), with Catherine Deneuve, is an identity-bending romantic thriller. Stolen Kisses (1968) and Bed and Board (1970) are continuations of the Antoine Doinel Cycle. And The Wild Child (1970) included Truffaut's acting debut in the lead role of 18th century physician Jean Marc Gaspard Itard.

Two English Girls (1971) is the yin to the Jules and Jim yang. It is based on a story written by Henri-Pierre Roche, who also wrote Jules and Jim. It is about a man who falls equally in love with two sisters, and their love affair over a period of years.

Day for Night won Truffaut a Best Foreign Film Oscar in 1973. The film is probably his most reflective work. It is the story of a film crew trying to finish their film while dealing with all of the personal and professional problems that accompany making a movie. Truffaut plays the director of the fictional film being made. This film features scenes shown in his previous films. It is considered to be his best film since his earliest work. Time magazine placed it on their list of 100 Best Films of the Century (along with The 400 Blows).

In 1975, Truffaut gained more notoriety with The Story of Adele H. Isabelle Adjani in the title role earned a nomination for a Best Actress Oscar. Truffaut's 1976 film Small Change gained a Golden Globe Nomination for Best Foreign Film.

One of Truffaut's final films gave him an international revival. In 1980, his film The Last Metro garnered twelve César Award nominations with ten wins, including Best Director.

Truffaut's final movie was shot in black and white. It gives his career almost a sense of having bookends. In 1983 Confidentially Yours is Truffaut's tribute to his favorite director, Alfred Hitchcock. It deals with numerous Hitchcockian themes, such as private guilt vs. public innocence, a woman investigating a murder, anonymous locations, etc.

Among Truffaut's films, a series features the character Antoine Doinel, played by the actor Jean-Pierre Léaud. He began his career in The 400 Blows at the age of fourteen, and continued as the favorite actor and "double" of Truffaut. The series continued with Antoine and Colette (a short film in the anthology Love at Twenty), Stolen Kisses (in which he falls in love with Christine Darbon alias Claude Jade), Bed and Board about the married couple Antoine and Christine—and, finally, Love on the Run, where the couple go through a divorce.

In the last movies, Léaud's partner was played by Truffaut's favorite actress Claude Jade as his girlfriend (and then wife), "Christine Darbon." During the filming of "Stolen Kisses, Truffaut himself fell in love with, and was briefly engaged to, Claude Jade.

A keen reader, Truffaut adapted many literary works, including two novels by Henri-Pierre Roché, Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451, Henry James' "The Altar of the Dead", filmed as The Green Room, and several American detective novels.

Truffaut's other films were from original screenplays, often co-written by the screenwriters Suzanne Schiffman or Jean Gruault. They featured diverse subjects, the sombre The Story of Adele H., inspired by the life of the daughter of Victor Hugo, with Isabelle Adjani; Day for Night, shot at the Studio La Victorine describing the ups and downs of film-making; and The Last Metro, set during the German occupation of France, a film rewarded by ten César Awards.

Known as being a lifelong cinephile, Truffaut once (according to the documentary François Truffaut: Stolen Portraits) threw a hitchhiker he had picked up out of his car after learning that the hitchhiker didn't like films.

Truffaut is admired among other filmmakers and several tributes to his work have appeared in other films such as Almost Famous, Face and The Diving Bell and the Butterfly, as well as novelist Haruki Murakami book Kafka on the Shore.

Attitude towards other filmmakers

Truffaut expressed his admiration for filmmakers such as Luis Buñuel, Ingmar Bergman, Robert Bresson, Martin Scorsese, and Steven Spielberg. He once called German New Wave filmmaker Werner Herzog "the most important film director alive." In 1973, Jean-Luc Godard accused Truffaut of making a movie that was a “lie,” and Truffaut replied with a 20-page letter in which he nailed Godard for being the incredible radical-chic hypocrite he had become, a man who believed everyone to be “equal” in theory only. The two never saw each other again.

Filmography

Director

Year	Title	Original title	Notes
1955	A Visit	Une Visite
1957	The Mischief Makers	Les Mistons
1959	The 400 Blows	Les Quatre Cents Coups	Antoine Doinel series
1960	Shoot the Piano Player	Tirez sur le pianiste
1961	A Story of Water	Une Histoire d'eau	Co-directed with Jean-Luc Godard
1962	Jules and Jim	Jules et Jim
1962	Antoine and Colette	Antoine et Colette	Antoine Doinel series, segment from Love at Twenty
1964	The Soft Skin	La Peau douce
1966	Fahrenheit 451	Fahrenheit 451	Filmed in English
1968	The Bride Wore Black	La Mariée était en noir
1968	Stolen Kisses	Baisers volés	Antoine Doinel series; nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
1969	Mississippi Mermaid	La sirène du Mississipi
1970	The Wild Child	L'Enfant sauvage
1970	Bed and Board	Domicile conjugal	Antoine Doinel series
1971	Two English Girls	Les Deux anglaises et le continent
1972	Such a Gorgeous Kid Like Me	Une belle fille comme moi
1973	Day for Night	La Nuit américaine	Winner of the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
1975	The Story of Adele H.	L'Histoire d'Adèle H.
1976	Small Change	L'Argent de poche	Called Pocket Money in English-speaking countries outside North America. Entered into the 26th Berlin International Film Festival.
1977	The Man Who Loved Women	L'Homme qui aimait les femmes	Entered into the 27th Berlin International Film Festival.
1978	The Green Room	La Chambre verte
1979	Love on the Run	L'Amour en fuite	Antoine Doinel series, entered into the 29th Berlin International Film Festival.
1980	The Last Metro	Le Dernier métro
1981	The Woman Next Door	La Femme d'à côté
1983	Confidentially Yours	Vivement dimanche!

Screenwriter only

Year	Title	Original title	Notes
1960	Breathless	À bout de souffle	Directed by Jean-Luc Godard
1988	The Little Thief	La Petite voleuse	Directed by Claude Miller
1995	Belle Époque	Belle Époque	Miniseries, with Jean Gruault; directed by Gavin Millar

Actor

Year	Title	Role	Notes
1959	The 400 Blows	Man in Funfair (uncredited)
1970	The Wild Child	Dr. Jean Itard
1970	Bed & Board	Newspaper vendor - voice (uncredited)
1973	Day for Night	Ferrand, the film director
1975	The Story of Adele H.	Officer (uncredited)
1976	Small Change	Martine's Father (uncredited)
1977	Close Encounters of the Third Kind	Claude Lacombe	Directed by Steven Spielberg
1978	The Green Room	Julien Davenne
1981	The Woman Next Door	Cameo (uncredited)

Producer only

Year	Title	Original title	Notes
1958	Good Anna	Anna la bonne	Directed by Harry Kümel
1960	Testament of Orpheus	Le testament d'Orphée	Directed by Jean Cocteau
1961	The Gold Bug	Le scarabée d'or	Directed by Robert Lachenay
1968	Naked Childhood	L'Enfance Nue	Directed by Maurice Pialat

Bibliography

• Les 400 Coups (1960) with M. Moussy (English translation: The 400 Blows)
• Le Cinéma selon Alfred Hitchcock (1967, second edition 1983) (English translation: Hitchcock and Hitchcock/Truffaut with the collaboration of Helen G. Scott)
• Les Aventures d'Antoine Doinel (1970) (English translation: Adventures of Antoine Doinel; translated by Helen G. Scott)
• Jules et Jim (film script) (1971) (English translation: Jules and Jim; translated by Nicholas Fry)
• La Nuit américaine et le Journal de Fahrenheit 451 (1974)
• Le Plaisir des yeux (1975)
• L'Argent de poche (1976) (English title: Small change: a film novel; translated by Anselm Hollo)
• L'Homme qui aimait les femmes (1977)
• Les Films de ma vie (1981) (English translation: Films in my life; translated by Leonard Mayhew)
• Correspondance (1988) (English translation: Correspondence, 1945–1984; translated by Gilbert Adair)
• Le Cinéma selon François Truffaut (1988) edited by Anne Gillain
• Belle époque (1996) with Jean Gruault

See also

• List of notable brain tumor patients
• François Truffaut Award
• François Truffaut: Stolen Portraits, a 1993 documentary film
• Two in the Wave, a 2010 documentary film about Truffaut's relationship with Jean-Luc Godard

External links

• François Truffaut at IMDb
• New Wave Film Encyclopedia: "François Truffaut" an extensive biography
• François Truffaut bibliography via the UC Berkeley Media Resources Center
• Francois Truffaut at The Guardian Film
• Francois Truffaut at The New York Times Movies
• François Truffaut collected news and commentary at The New York Times
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• Legendary interview with Truffaut from 1970
• An article on Truffaut and his influence by director Martin Scorsese as he commemorates him as one of the 60 greatest heroes from Europe as selected by Time magazine
• AllMovie.com Biography