Haplogroup L-M20
Haplogroup L-M20 | |
---|---|
Possible time of origin | 25,000-30,000 years BP[1] |
Possible place of origin | South Asia |
Ancestor | LT |
Defining mutations | M11, M20, M61, M185, L656, L863, L878, L879 (Krahn & FTDNA 2013) |
Highest frequencies | South Asians, Burusho, Kalash, Pashtuns, Tamil Kallars, Afshar village, Al-Raqqah, east Balochistan, northern Afghanistan, Chechens, South Tyrol |
Haplogroup L-M20 is a human Y-DNA haplogroup. It is most commonly found in populations native to South Asia – especially Afghanistan, Pakistan and South India. The clade also occurs in Tajikistan and Anatolia, as well as at lower frequencies in Iran, the Caucasus and Central Asia.
The subclade L2 (L-L595), while it is extremely rare, is seldom found outside Western Europe.
L-M20 is defined by SNPs M11, M20, M61 and M185.
Phylogenetic tree
There are several confirmed and proposed phylogenetic trees available for haplogroup L-M20. The scientifically accepted one is the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) one published in Karafet 2008 and subsequently updated. A draft tree that shows emerging science is provided by Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center in Houston, Texas. The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) also provides an amateur tree.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2013) |
This is Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center's Draft tree Proposed Tree for haplogroup L-M20 (Krahn & FTDNA 2013) .
- L-M20 M11, M20, M61, M185, L656, L863, L878, L879
- L-M22 M22, M295, PAGES00121
- L-M317 M317, L655
- L-M349 M349
- L-M274 M274
- L-L1310 L1310
- L-L1304 L1304
- L-M27 M27, M76, P329.1, L1318, L1319, L1320, L1321
- L-M357 M357
- L-PK3 PK3
- L-L1305 L1305, L1306, L1307
- L-M317 M317, L655
- L-L595 L595
- L-L864 L864, L865, L866, L867, L868, L869, L870, L877
- L-M22 M22, M295, PAGES00121
Origins
Haplogroup L-M20 is strongly associated with South Asia, especially the Indus Valley area.
It has also been found at low frequencies among populations of Central Asia and South West Asia (including Arabia, Iraq, Syria, Turkey, Lebanon, Egypt, and Yemen) as well as in Southern Europe (especially areas adjoining the Mediterranean Sea).
L-M20 is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup K-M9, and is believed to have first appeared approximately 30,000 years ago.[citation needed] Gareth Henson, administrator of the Haplogroup T project at FTDNA, has theorized "I think both T and L originated in the Iraq/Iran region...the branches of L all went in different directions (L1 southeast, L2 west and L3 northeast)."[citation needed]
Geographical distribution
Sengupta 2006 discovered three subbranches of haplogroup L: L-M76, L-M317, and L-M357. All three are found mostly in South Asia. In Pakistan, it has highest frequency in Baluchistan.[2] In India, it has higher frequency among Dravidian castes, but is somewhat rarer in Indo-Aryan castes.[3] They make a case for an indigenous origin of L-M76 in India, by arguing that the spatial distributions of both L-M76 HG frequency and associated microsatellite variance show a pattern of spread emanating from southern India. By linking haplogroup L-M76 to the Dravidian speakers, they simultaneously argue for an Indian origin of Dravidian languages (Sengupta 2006).
Preliminary evidence gleaned from non-scientific sources, such as individuals who have had their Y-chromosomes tested by commercial labs (Henson, Hrechdakian & FTDNA 2013), suggests that most European examples of Haplogroup L-M20 might belong to the subclade L-M317, which is, among South Asian populations, generally the rarest of the subclades of Haplogroup L.(Henson, Hrechdakian & FTDNA 2013)
South Asia
India
It has higher frequency among Dravidian castes (ca. 17-19%) but is somewhat rarer in Indo-Aryan castes (ca. 5-6%).[3] It reaches up to 68% in some tribes and castes of Karnataka[4] 38% in some castes and tribes of Gujarat and reaches up to 48% in some castes in Tamil Nadu.[3][4] Earlier studies (e.g. Wells 2001) report a very high frequency (approaching 80%) of Haplogroup L-M20 in Tamil Nadu appear to have been due to extrapolation from data obtained from a sample of 84 Kallars, a Tamil-speaking higher ruler caste of Tamil Nadu, among whom 40 (approx. 48%) displayed the M20 mutation that defines Haplogroup L. The presence of haplogroup L-M20 is rare among tribal groups (ca. 5,6-7%) (Cordaux 2004 , Sengupta 2006, and Thamseem 2006).
L-M20 was found 68% in the Korova tribe from Karnataka, 38% in the Bharwad caste from Junagarh district in Gujarat, 21% in Charan caste from Junagarh district in Gujarat and 17% in the Kare Vokkal tribe from Uttara Kannada in Karnataka.(Shah 2011) Also found at low frequency in other populations from Junagarh district and Uttara Kannada. It is found at 16.33% among the Gujar's of Jammu and Kashmir.[5] It also occurs at 18.6% among the Konkanastha Brahmins of the Konkan region[6] and at 15% among the Maratha's of Maharashtra.[7] L-M20 is also found at 32.35% in the Vokkaligas and at 17.82% in the Lingayats of Karnataka.[8] L-M20 is also found at 20.7% among the Ambalakarar, 16.7% among the Iyengar and 17.2% among the Iyer castes of Tamil Nadu.[7] L-M11 is found in frequncies of 8-16% among Indian Jews.[9] 2% of Siddis have also been reported with L-M11.(Shah 2011) Haplogroup L-M20 is currently present in the Indian population at an overall frequency of ca. 7-15%.[Footnote 1]
Pakistan
L-M357 highest frequency and diversity is found in Balochistan at 28%.[2] with a moderate distribution among the general Pakistani population at 11.6% (Firasat 2007)). Many of these are found in their Afghanistan counterparts as well, such as with the Pashtuns and Balochis. L-M357 is found frequently among Burusho (approx. 12% (Firasat 2007)) and Pashtuns (approx. 7% (Firasat 2007)),
L1a and L1c-M357 are found at 24% among Balochis, L1a and L1c are found at 8% among the Dravidian-speaking Brahui, L1c is found at 25% among Kalash, L1c is found at 15% among Burusho, L1a-M76 and L1b-M317 are found at 2% among the Makranis, and L1c is found at 3.6% of Sindhis according to Julie di Cristofaro et al. 2013.[10] L3a is found at 23% among the Nuristanis in both Pakistan and Afghanistan.[11]
L-PK3 is found in approximately 23% of Kalash in northwest Pakistan(Firasat 2007).
Afghanistan
A study on the Pashtun male lineages in Afghanistan, found that Haplogroup L-M20, with an overall frequency of 9.5%, is the second most abundant male lineage among them.[12] It exhibits substantial disparity in its distribution on either side of the Hindu Kush range, with 25% of the northern Afghan Pashtuns belonging to this lineage, compared with only 4.8% of males from the south.[13] Specifically, paragroup L3*-M357 accounts for the majority of the L-M20 chromosomes among Afghan Pashtuns in both the north (20.5%) and south (4.1%). [14] An earlier study involving a lesser number of samples had reported that L1c comprises 12.24% of the Afghan Pashtun male lineages.[15] L1c-M357 occurs significantly in the Burusho and Kalash(15% and 25%), as well.[16] L1c is also found at 7.69% among the Balochs of Afghanistan.[17] However L1a-M76 occurs in a much more higher frequency among the Balochs (20[18] to 61.54%),[19] and is found at lower levels in Kyrgyz, Tajik, Uzbek and Turkmen populations.[20]
Caucasus & Middle East
L-M20 was found in 51% of Syrians from Al-Raqqah, a northern Syrian city in which its previous inhabitants have been wiped out by the Mongols and repopulated in recent times by local Bedouin populations and Chechen war refugees (El-Sibai 2009). In a small sample of Israeli Druze haplogroup L-M20 was found in 7 out of 20 (35%). However, studies done on bigger samples showed that L-M20 averages 5% in Israeli Druze,[Footnote 2] 8% in Lebanese Druze,[Footnote 3] and it was not found in a sample of 59 Syrian Druze. Haplogroup L-M20 has been found in 2.0% (1/50) (Wells 2001) to 5.25% (48/914) of Lebanese (Zalloua 2008).
Populations | Distribution | Source |
---|---|---|
Syria | 51.0% (33/65) of Syrians in Al-Raqqah, 31.0% of Eastern Syrians | El-Sibai 2009 |
Iran | 22.2% L1b and L1c in South Iran (2/9) %8 to 16% L2-L595, L1a, L1b and L1c of Kurds in Kordestan (2-4/25) 9.1% L-M20 (7/77) of Persians in Eastern Iran 3.4% L-M76 (4/117) and 2.6% L-M317 (3/117) for a total of 6.0% (7/117) haplogroup L-M20 in Southern Iran 3.0% (1/33) L-M357 in Northern Iran 4.2% L1c-M357 of Azeris in East Azeris (1/21) 4.8% L1a and L1b of Persians in Esfahan (2/42) |
Regueiro 2006Cristofaro 2013Malyarchuk 2013 |
Turkey | 57% in Afshar village, 12% (10/83) in Black Sea Region, 6.6% (7/106) of Turks in Turkey, 4.2% (1/523 L-M349 and 21/523 L-M11(xM27, M349)) | Cinnioğlu 2004, Gokcumen 2008 and Karafet 2016 |
Georgians | 20% (2/10) of Georgians in Gali, 14.3% (2/14) of Georgians in Chokhatauri, 12.5% (2/16) of Georgians in Martvili, 11.8% (2/17) of Georgians in Abasha, 11.1% (2/18) of Georgians in Baghdati, 10% (1/10) of Georgians in Gardabani, 9.1% (1/11) of Georgians in Adigeni, 6.9% (2/29) of Georgians in Omalo, 5.9% (1/17) of Georgians in Gurjaani, 5.9% (1/17) of Georgians in Lentekhi and 1.5% (1/66) L-M357(xPK3) to 1.6% (1/63) L-M11 | Battaglia 2008, Semino 2000 and Tarkhnishvili 2014 |
Saudi Arabians | 15.6% ( 4/32 of L-M76 and 1/32 of L-317 ) 1.91% (2/157=1.27% L-M76 and 1/157=0.64% L-M357) | Karafet 2016 and AbuAmero 2009 |
Daghestan | 10% of Chechens, 9.5% (4/42) of Avars, 8.3% (2/24) of Tats, 3.7% (1/27) of Chamalins | Yunusbaev 2006 , Caciagli 2009 and Karafet 2016 |
Balkarians | 5.3% (2/38) L-M317 | Battaglia 2008 |
Southeastern Turkey | 3.2% in Kurds | Flores 2005 |
Iraq | 3.1% (2/64) L-M22 | Sanchez 2005 |
Armenians | 1.63% (12/734) to 4.3% (2/47) | Weale 2001 and Wells 2001 |
Omanis | 1% L-M11 | Luis 2004 |
Qataris | 2.8% (2/72 L-M76) | Cadenas 2008 |
UAE Arabs | 3.0% (4/164 L-M76 and 1/164 L-M357) | Cadenas 2008 |
Central Asia
East Asia
Researchers studying samples of Y-DNA from populations of East Asia have rarely tested their samples for any of the mutations that define Haplogroup L. However, mutations for Haplogroup L have been tested and detected in samples of Balinese (13/641 = 2.0% L-M20), Dolgans from Sakha and Taymyr (1/67 = 1.5% L-M20) and Koreans (3/506 = 0.6% L-M20).[21][22][23]
Europe
An article by O. Semino et al. published in the journal Science (Volume 290, 10 November 2000) reported the detection of the M11-G mutation, which is one of the mutations that defines Haplogroup L, in approximately 1% to 3% of samples from Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Calabria, and Andalusia. The sizes of the samples analyzed in this study were generally quite small, so it is possible that the actual frequency of Haplogroup L-M20 among Mediterranean European populations may be slightly lower or higher than that reported by Semino et al., but there seems to be no study to date that has described more precisely the distribution of Haplogroup L-M20 in Southwest Asia and Europe.
Subclade distribution
L1 (M295)
L-M295 is found from Western Europe to South Asia.[Footnote 5]
The L1 subclade is also found at low frequencies on the Comoros Islands.[24]
L1a1 (M27)
L-M27 is found in 14,5% of Indians and 15% of Sri Lankans, with a moderate distribution in other populations of Pakistan, southern Iran, and European but more in Middle East Arab populations.[citation needed]Karafet 2016 . There is a very minor presence among Siddi's(2%),[25] as well.
L1a2 (M357)
L-M357 is found frequently among Burushos, Kalashas, Chechens and Pashtuns, with a moderate distribution among other populations in Pakistan, Georgia, northern Iran, India, the UAE, and Saudi Arabia.[citation needed]
- L-PK3
L-PK3, which is downstream of L-M357,[26] is found frequently among Kalash.[citation needed]
L1b (M317)
L-M317 is found at low frequency in Central Asia, Southwest Asia, and Central Europe.[citation needed]
L1b1 (M349)
L-M349 is principally found in Europe.[citation needed]
L2 (L595)
L-L595 is found only in Europe from Ireland, Iberian Peninsula and Sardinia to Eastern Europe and their highest frequency is found in Estonia,[Footnote 5] Scozzari 2001, Lappalainen 2008.
Ancient DNA
Areni-1 cave ("Bird's Eye cave"), Vayots-Dzor Province, Armenia, c. 4161 BCE
Areni-1 Cave L1a1 | Areni-I | Areni-II | Areni-III |
ID | AR1/44 I1634 | AR1/46 I1632 | ARE12 I1407 |
Y DNA | L1a | L1a1-M27 | L1a |
Population | Chalcolithic (Horizon III) | Chalcolithic (Horizon III) | Chalcolithic (Horizon II) |
Language | |||
Culture | Early Late Chalcolithic | Early Late Chalcolithic | Middle Late Chalcolithic |
Date (YBP) | 6161 ± 89 | 6086 ± 72 | 6025 ± 325 |
Burial / Location | Burial 2, / Areni-1 Cave | Burial 3, / Areni-1 Cave | Trench 2A, Unit 7, Square S33/T33, Locus 9, Spit 23 / Areni-1 Cave |
Members / Sample Size | 1/3 | 1/3 | 1/3 |
Percentage | 33.3% | 33.3% | 33.3% |
mtDNA | H2a1 | K1a8 | H* |
Isotope Sr | |||
Eye color (HIrisPlex System) | Likely Blue | ||
Hair color (HIrisPlex System) | Likely Red | ||
Skin pigmentation | Likely light | ||
ABO Blood Group | Likely O or B | ||
Diet (d13C%0 / d15N%0) | |||
FADS activity | |||
Lactase Persistence | Likely lactose-intolerant | ||
Oase-1 Shared DNA | |||
Ostuni1 Shared DNA | |||
Neanderthal Vi33.26 Shared DNA | |||
Neanderthal Vi33.25 Shared DNA | |||
Neanderthal Vi33.16 Shared DNA | |||
Ancestral Component (AC) | |||
puntDNAL K12 Ancient | |||
Dodecad [dv3] | |||
Eurogenes [K=36] | |||
Dodecad [Globe13] | |||
Genetic Distance | |||
Parental Consanguinity | |||
Age at Death | 11 ± 2.5 | 15 ± 2.5 | |
Death Position | |||
SNPs | |||
Read Pairs | |||
Sample | |||
Source | [27] | ||
Notes | World’s earliest evidence of footwear and wine making |
Elite Hunnic skeleton remains, Hungary, Pannonian Basin
Elite Hunnic L-M20 | Elite Hunnic |
ID | |
Y DNA | L-M20 |
Population | Huns |
Language | Hunnic language |
Culture | |
Date (YBP) | 1540–1500 ybp |
Burial / Location | Hungary |
Members / Sample Size | 1/1 |
Percentage | |
mtDNA | D4j12 |
Isotope Sr | |
Eye color (HIrisPlex System) | |
Hair color (HIrisPlex System) | |
Skin pigmentation | |
ABO Blood Group | |
Diet (d13C%0 / d15N%0) | |
FADS activity | |
Lactase Persistence | |
Oase-1 Shared DNA | |
Ostuni1 Shared DNA | |
Neanderthal Vi33.26 Shared DNA | |
Neanderthal Vi33.25 Shared DNA | |
Neanderthal Vi33.16 Shared DNA | |
Ancestral Component (AC) | |
puntDNAL K12 Ancient | |
Dodecad [dv3] | |
Eurogenes [K=36] | |
Dodecad [Globe13] | |
Genetic Distance | |
Parental Consanguinity | |
Age at Death | |
Death Position | |
SNPs | |
Read Pairs | |
Sample | |
Source | Laboratory of population genetics of Kazakhstan |
Notes |
Nomenclature
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) | (α) | (β) | (γ) | (δ) | (ε) | (ζ) | (η) | YCC 2002 (Longhand) | YCC 2005 (Longhand) | YCC 2008 (Longhand) | YCC 2010r (Longhand) | ISOGG 2006 | ISOGG 2007 | ISOGG 2008 | ISOGG 2009 | ISOGG 2010 | ISOGG 2011 | ISOGG 2012 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L-M20 | 28 | VIII | 1U | 27 | Eu17 | H5 | F | L* | L | L | L | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
L-M27 | 28 | VIII | 1U | 27 | Eu17 | H5 | F | L1 | L1 | L1 | L1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
- The Y-Chromosome Consortium tree
This is the official scientific tree produced by the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). The last major update was in 2008 (Karafet 2008) . Subsequent updates have been quarterly and biannual. The current version is a revision of the 2010 update.[28]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2013) |
- Original research publications
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
See also
References
- Footnotes
- ^ see Basu 2003, Cordaux 2004 , Sengupta 2006, and Thamseem 2006.
- ^ 12/222 Shlush et al. 2008
- ^ 1/25 Shlush et al. 2008
- ^ In Hammer 2005, see the Supplementary Material.
- ^ a b FTDNA lab results, May 2011
- Works cited
- ^ http://www.dnaexplain.com/Publications/PDFs/Y-LineDNAHaplogroups.pdf
- ^ a b Qamar 2002.
- ^ a b c Sengupta 2006.
- ^ a b Shah 2011.
- ^ "The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1* substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system".
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - ^ "The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations".
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - ^ a b "Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists".
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(help) - ^ "Analysis of Y-chromosome Diversity in Lingayat and Vokkaliga Populations of Southern India".
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(help) - ^ "Genetic affinities of the Jewish populations of India".
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(help) - ^ http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0076748
- ^ "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan".
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - ^ "Afghanistan from a Y-chromosome perspective".
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - ^ "Afghanistan from a Y-chromosome perspective".
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - ^ "Afghanistan from a Y-chromosome perspective".
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - ^ "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events".
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - ^ "Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge".
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - ^ "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events".
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ "Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge".
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ "Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge".
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - ^ "Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge".
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - ^ Fedorova 2013.
- ^ Karafet 2010.
- ^ Kim 2011.
- ^ Msaidie, Said; et al. (2011). "Genetic diversity on the Comoros Islands shows early seafaring as major determinant of human biocultural evolution in the Western Indian Ocean" (PDF). European Journal of Human Genetics. 19: 89–94. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.128.
{{cite journal}}
: Explicit use of et al. in:|last1=
(help) - ^ "Indian Siddis: African Descendants with Indian Admixture".
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - ^ ISOGG 2016.
- ^ Lazaridis, Iosif; et al. (2016). "The genetic structure of the world's first farmers". BioR XIV.
- ^ "Y-DNA Haplotree". Family Tree DNA uses the Y-Chromosome Consortium tree and posts it on their website.
Journals
- Abu-Amero, K. K.; Hellani, A.; González, A. M.; Larruga, J. M.; Cabrera, V. M.; Underhill, P. A. (2009). "Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions". BMC Genetics. 10: 59. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-10-59. PMC 2759955. PMID 19772609.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - Basu, A.; Mukherjee, N.; Roy, S.; Sengupta, S.; Banerjee, S.; Chakraborty, M.; Dey, B.; Roy, M.; Roy, B.; Bhattacharyya, N. P.; Roychoudhury, S.; Majumder, P. P. (2003). "Ethnic India: A Genomic View, with Special Reference to Peopling and Structure". Genome Research. 13 (10): 2277–90. doi:10.1101/gr.1413403. PMC 403703. PMID 14525929.
- Battaglia, V.; Fornarino, S.; Al-Zahery, N.; Olivieri, A.; Pala, M.; Myres, N. M.; King, R. J.; Rootsi, S.; Marjanovic, D.; Primorac, D.; Hadziselimovic, R.; Vidovic, S.; Drobnic, K.; Durmishi, N.; Torroni, A.; Santachiara-Benerecetti, A. S.; Underhill, P. A.; Semino, O. (2008). "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics. 17 (6): 820–30. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.249. PMC 2947100. PMID 19107149.
- Beleza, S.; Gusmao, L.; Lopes, A.; Alves, C.; Gomes, I.; Giouzeli, M.; Calafell, F.; Carracedo, A.; Amorim, A. (2006). "Micro-Phylogeographic and Demographic History of Portuguese Male Lineages". Annals of Human Genetics. 70 (2): 181–94. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00221.x. PMID 16626329.
- Caciagli, L.; Bulayeva, K.; Bulayev, O.; Bertoncini, S.; Taglioli, L.; Pagani, L.; Paoli, G.; Tofanelli, S. (2009). "The key role of patrilineal inheritance in shaping the genetic variation of Dagestan highlanders". Journal of Human Genetics. 54 (12): 689–94. doi:10.1038/jhg.2009.94. PMID 19911015.
- Cadenas, A. M.; Zhivotovsky, L. A.; Cavalli-Sforza, L. L.; Underhill, P. A.; Herrera, R. J. (2007). "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman". European Journal of Human Genetics. 16 (3): 374–86. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934. PMID 17928816.
- Cinnioğlu, C.; King, R.; Kivisild, T.; Kalfoglu, E.; Atasoy, S.; Cavalleri, G. L.; Lillie, A. S.; Roseman, C. C.; Lin, A. A.; Prince, K.; Oefner, P. J.; Shen, P.; Semino, O.; Cavalli-Sforza, L. L.; Underhill, P. A. (2004). "Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia". Human Genetics. 114 (2): 127–48. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4. PMID 14586639.
- Cordaux, R.; Aunger, R.; Bentley, G.; Nasidze, I.; Sirajuddin, S. M.; Stoneking, M. (2004). "Independent Origins of Indian Caste and Tribal Paternal Lineages". Current Biology. 14 (3): 231–5. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.01.024. PMID 14761656.
- El-Sibai, M.; Platt, D. E.; Haber, M.; Xue, Y.; Youhanna, S. C.; Wells, R. S.; Izaabel, H.; Sanyoura, M. F.; Harmanani, H.; Bonab, M. A.; Behbehani, J.; Hashwa, F.; Tyler-Smith, C.; Zalloua, P. A.; Genographic, Consortium (2009). "Geographical Structure of the Y-chromosomal Genetic Landscape of the Levant: A coastal-inland contrast". Annals of Human Genetics. 73 (6): 568–81. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00538.x. PMC 3312577. PMID 19686289.
- Fedorova, S. A.; Reidla, M.; Metspalu, E.; Metspalu, M.; Rootsi, S.; Tambets, K.; Trofimova, N.; Zhadanov, S. I.; Kashani, B. H.; Olivieri, A.; Voevoda, M. I.; Osipova, L. P.; Platonov, F. A.; Tomsky, M. I.; Khusnutdinova, E. K.; Torroni, A.; Villems, R. (2013). "Autosomal and uniparental portraits of the native populations of Sakha (Yakutia): implications for the peopling of Northeast Eurasia". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13 (127). doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-127.
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Websites
- Genebase (2006). "Genebase Tutorials: Learn about Y-chromosome Haplogroup L".
{{cite web}}
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{{cite web}}
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(help) - Henson, G.; Hrechdakian, P.; FTDNA (2013). "L – The Y-Haplogroup L Project". Retrieved 2013.
{{cite web}}
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