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Haplogroup R (mtDNA)

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For the Y-chromosome haplogroup, see Haplogroup R (Y-DNA).
Haplogroup R
Possible time of origin66,000 YBP [1]
Possible place of originIndian subcontinent[2]
AncestorN
DescendantsR0, R1, R2'JT, R3, R5, R6'7, R8, R9, R11'B, R12'21, R14, R22, R23, R30, R31, P, U
Defining mutations12705, 16223[3]

Haplogroup R is a widely distributed human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is the most common macro-haplogroup in West Eurasia.

Haplogroup R is a descendant of macro-haplogroup N. Among its descendant haplogroups are B, U (and thus K), F, R0 (and thus HV, H, and V), and JT (the ancestral haplogroup of J and T).

Origin

As of June 2009, the most recent study dates the origin of haplogroup R to 66.8kya (thousand years ago) with a 95% confidence interval of 52.6-81kya.[1]

South Asia lies on the way of earliest dispersals from Africa and is therefore a valuable well of knowledge on early human migrations.[4] The analysis of the indigenous haplogroup R lineages in India points to a common first spread of the root haplotypes of M, N, and R along the southern route some 60–70 kya.[5]

Haplogroup R has wide diversity and antiquity among varied ethnic status and different language families in South Asia. In Indian western region among the castes and southern region among the Adivasi show higher haplogroup diversity than the other regions, possibly suggesting their autochthonous status.[2]

Distribution

Haplogroup R and its descendants are distributed all over Europe, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Near East, the Indian Subcontinent, Oceania and the Americas.

The basal R* clade is found among the Socotri (1.2%), as well as in Northeast Africa (1.5%), the Middle East (0.8%), the Near East (0.8%), and the Arabian peninsula (0.3%).[6]

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup R subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[3] and subsequent published research.

  • R
    • R0 (formerly pre-HV)
      • R0a
        • R0a1
        • R0a2
      • HV
        • HV0 (formerly pre-V)
          • HV0a
        • H
    • R1
      • R1a
        • R1a1
          • R1a1a
    • R2'JT
    • R5
      • R5a
        • R5a1
          • R5a1a
        • R5a2
          • R5a2a
          • R5a2b
            • R5a2b1
            • R5a2b2
            • R5a2b3
            • R5a2b4
    • R6'7
      • R6
        • R6a
          • R6a1
            • R6a1a
      • R7
        • R7a
          • R7a1
            • R7a1a
            • R7a1b
              • R7a1b1
              • R7a1b2
        • R7b
          • R7b1
            • R7b1a
    • R8
      • R8a
        • R8a1
          • R8a1a
            • R8a1a1
            • R8a1a2
            • R8a1a3
          • R8a1b
        • R8a2
      • R8b
        • R8b1
        • R8b2
    • (16304)
      • R9
        • R9b
          • R9b1
          • R9b2
        • R9c
        • F
        • R22
    • R11'B (16189)
      • R11
        • R11a
      • B
      • R24
    • R12'21
      • R12
      • R21
    • R14
    • R23
    • R30
      • R30a
      • R30b
        • R30b1
    • R31
      • R31a
        • R31a1
      • R31b
    • P
    • U

References

  1. ^ a b Soares, Pedro; Ermini, Luca; Thomson, Noel; Mormina, Maru; Rito, Teresa; Röhl, Arne; Salas, Antonio; Oppenheimer, Stephen; MacAulay, Vincent (2009). "Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 84 (6): 740–59. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001. PMC 2694979. PMID 19500773.
  2. ^ a b Maji, Suvendu; Krithika, S.; Vasul, T.S. (2008). "Distribution of Mitochondrial DNA Macrohaplogroup N in India with Special Reference to Haplogroup R and its Sub-Haplogroup U" (PDF). International Journal of Human Genetics. 8 (1–2): 85–96.
  3. ^ a b Van Oven, Mannis; Kayser, Manfred (2009). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation. 30 (2): E386–94. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID 18853457.
  4. ^ a b Karmin, Monika (2005). Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup R in India: dissecting the phylogenetic tree of South Asian-specific lineages (M.Sc. Thesis). University of Tartu. OCLC 692161090. hdl:10062/567.[page needed]
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  6. ^ Černý, Viktor; et al. (2009). "Out of Arabia—the settlement of island Soqotra as revealed by mitochondrial and Y chromosome genetic diversity" (PDF). American journal of Physical Anthropology. 138 (4): 439–447. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
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  13. ^ oxfordancestors.com Maternal Ancestry
  14. ^ Mannis van Oven's PhyloTree.org – mtDNA subtree R
  15. ^ a b c Metspalu, Mait; Kivisild, Toomas; Metspalu, Ene; Parik, Jüri; Hudjashov, Georgi; Kaldma, Katrin; Serk, Piia; Karmin, Monika; Behar, Doron M; Gilbert, M Thomas P; Endicott, Phillip; Mastana, Sarabjit; Papiha, Surinder S; Skorecki, Karl; Torroni, Antonio; Villems, Richard (2004). "Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in south and southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans". BMC Genetics. 5: 26. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-5-26. PMC 516768. PMID 15339343.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
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  17. ^ a b c "Figure 4. The frequency distribution of R7a and R7b clades in Indian subcontinent". in Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Karmin, Monika; Metspalu, Ene; Metspalu, Mait; Selvi-Rani, Deepa; Singh, Vijay; Parik, Jüri; Solnik, Anu; Naidu, B Prathap; Kumar, Ajay; Adarsh, Niharika; Mallick, Chandana; Trivedi, Bhargav; Prakash, Swami; Reddy, Ramesh; Shukla, Parul; Bhagat, Sanjana; Verma, Swati; Vasnik, Samiksha; Khan, Imran; Barwa, Anshu; Sahoo, Dipti; Sharma, Archana; Rashid, Mamoon; Chandra, Vishal; Reddy, Alla G; Torroni, Antonio; Foley, Robert A; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Singh, Lalji (2008). "Phylogeography of mtDNA haplogroup R7 in the Indian peninsula". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 8: 227. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-227. PMC 2529308. PMID 18680585.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  18. ^ Figure 4. Isofrequency map of mtDNA haplogroup R8  in Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Nandan, Amrita; Sharma, Vishwas; Sharma, Varun Kumar; Eaaswarkhanth, Muthukrishnan; Patra, Pradeep Kumar; Singh, Sandhya; Rekha, Sashi; Dua, Monika; et al. (2009). Ahmed, Niyaz (ed.). "Deep Rooting In-Situ Expansion of mtDNA Haplogroup R8 in South Asia". PLoS ONE. 4 (8): e6545. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.6545T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006545. PMC 2718812. PMID 19662095.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  19. ^ Ian Logan 2009, Haplogrupo R9b, Mitochondrial DNA Site
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  24. ^ Tanaka, M.; Cabrera, VM; González, AM; Larruga, JM; Takeyasu, T; Fuku, N; Guo, LJ; Hirose, R; Fujita, Y (2004). "Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan". Genome Research. 14 (10a): 1832–50. doi:10.1101/gr.2286304. PMC 524407. PMID 15466285.
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  27. ^ Haplogroup R14, Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
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Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)    
L0 L1–6  
L1 L2   L3     L4 L5 L6
M N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT   P   U
HV JT K
H V J T
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