Highways in Poland

Polish motorway and expressway network. Legend:

  Completed

  Under construction

  Planned

Full planned network of motorways (red) and expressways (orange)

Development of the motorway and expressway network in Poland since 1932. Legend:

  Completed

  Under construction

  Planned

Development of the motorway and expressway network in Poland

Highways in Poland are public roads designed to carry large amounts of traffic.

Limited-access highways are part of the national roads network and are divided into motorways and expressways. They feature physical separation of traffic, two-level interchanges with other roads, emergency lanes, feeder lanes, and dedicated roadside rest areas. Motorways differ from expressways in technical parameters, like designated speed, permitted road curvature or minimal distances between interchanges. Moreover, expressways might have single carriageway (as of 2020, about 5% of the highways are single-lane expressways) and might admit a one-level intersection with a minor public road in exceptional cases (in practice, reconstruction of the last such expressway has begun in May 2019).

Except for the single-carriageway expressways, both types of highways generally fulfill the definition of a motorway as characterized by OECD, WRA or Vienna Convention. Speed limits in Poland are 140 km/h on motorways and 120 km/h on dual-carriageway expressways.

As of January 2020, there are 4,214 km (2,618.46 mi) of motorways and expressways in operation (51% of the intended network), while contracts for construction of further 914 km (567.93 mi) of motorways and expressways (11% of the intended network) are ongoing.

A1 - A4 Gliwice-Sośnica Interchange

A1 - A2 Łódź Północ Interchange

A4 in Zabrze

A2 (Berlin - Poznań)

A8 in Wrocław

Express road S1 in Bielsko-Biała

Express road S5 near Bydgoszcz

Definitions of highways according to Polish law

The 21 March 1985 Public Roads Act, with later amendments, defines the motorways and expressways as follows:

• A motorway is a public road with limited access which is designated for motor vehicles only, and features at least two continuous lanes in each direction which are divided by a barrier. They have no one-level interchanges with all the intersecting roads with the land and water transport. They are equipped with roadside rest areas, which are intended only for users on the motorway.

Three motorways are intended to span the country: A1 (running from Gdańsk to Czech border), A2 (from German border to Belarusian border) and A4 (from German border to Ukrainian border), with three additional short motorway stretches: A6, A8 and A18. As of 2019, A4 and A8 are completed on the whole intended length. A6 is set to be fully completed by 2020, A1 by 2022, A18 by 2023 and A2 by 2025. Some motorway stretches are tolled, others are free of charge. Motorways are the only roads in Poland which use blue background on road signs - others use green road signs.

• An expressway is a public road with limited access which is designated for motor vehicles only, and is marked with one or two continuous divided lanes in each direction. They have no one-level interchanges with the intersecting roads with the land and water transport, intersections with minor public roads being allowed in exceptional cases. They are equipped with roadside rest areas, which are intended only for users on the expressway.

Major expressways (over 200 km of intended length) - in various stages of use, construction, or planning - are S3, S5, S7, S11, S17, S19 and S61 running north to south, and S6, S8, S10, S12, S16 and S74, running east to west. Several additional shorter expressways complete the planned network.

Technical parameters

The parameters of these roads are determined by the ministry ordinance of 2 March 1999 (with later amendments). Expressways are different from motorways mainly in that:

1. Expressways can have a single carriageway. As of 2019, 91% of expressways are dual carriageway, and 9% single carriageway.
2. Expressways can have narrower lanes (3.5 m vs 3.75 m). Emergency lanes can also be narrower, and in exceptional situations expressways might not have them at all.
3. Motorways can have interchanges only with main roads and the spacing between interchanges should not be less than 15 km (exceptionally 5 km); or not less than 5 km (exceptionally 3 km) within borders or near a big city or a group of cities. Expressways can have interchanges more often.
4. In exceptional situations, expressways can admit a one-level junction with minor public roads. As of 2019, the last such expressway in Poland is S3 east of Szczecin.
5. Expressways are designated for lower speed than the motorways (for example, the road curvature can be higher).
6. Expressways may be constructed as an upgrade of an existing national road (nonetheless, most modern projects are planned and built as a separate road rather than just as an addition of the lanes to the existing one). Motorways can't be built as an upgrade of a national road but only as a separate road, while the old road must be kept as an alternative.

Substandard highways

Motorways and expressways constructed before 1999 do not have to fulfill technical parameters listed in the ordinance. There are four notable cases of substandard highways in Poland:

• A4 on the section Krzyżowa – Wrocław (103 km (64 mi)) was constructed in years 1934 – 1937 (then the territory of Nazi Germany) and renovated in years 2002 – 2006. The road received new high quality surface but the geometry was kept unchanged and many overpasses above the motorway were kept. In effect, this part has no emergency lanes (which by current standards is only occasionally allowed on expressways and never on motorways) and speed limit is decreased to 110 km/h. A contract for preparing technical documentation for the section's full reconstruction (and widening to three lanes per direction) was signed in 2019.
• A6 near Szczecin was constructed by Nazi Germany and while most of it was reconstructed in years 1996 – 1999, a short fragment (5 km (3.11 mi)) still has the original surface from 1930s. Despite very low quality nowadays, this section formally retained an expressways status. Its reconstruction has started in 2017 and will finish in 2020.
• A18 (70 km (43 mi)) had its southern carriageway constructed by Nazi Germany. A high quality northern carriageway was constructed in 2006, but southern carriageway still has the original surface made of concrete slabs. Due to very low quality of this carriageway, the route is marked as national road 18 and will only receive a status of A18 after reconstruction scheduled for years 2020 – 2023.
• S3 near Szczecin (19 km (12 mi)) was opened in 1979 and has kept its expressway status despite having two at-grade road intersections. Its reconstruction has started in 2019 and will finish in 2021, which will mark the moment when no more expressways with at-grade intersections are left in Poland.

Maximum speed allowed on highways

Maximum speed (km/h)
Vehicle	Motorway	2-lane expressway	1-lane expressway
Private car, motorbike, van up to 3.5 t (does not apply if towing trailer)	140	120	100
Bus meeting additional technical requirements	100
Truck or van over 3.5 t, bus Vehicle signed as carrying e.g. dangerous, fragile articles Car, motorbike, van or bus towing trailer	80
Vehicle having equipment more than 1.5 m forward of the driver's seat	60
Motorbike (including towing trailer) carrying a child up to 7 years-old	40
Not allowed on motorways: pedestrians, bikes, mopeds, agricultural vehicles. Minimal speed on motorways is 40 km/h unless there are any extraordinary circumstances (e.g., snow, ice, or a car broken down). It is forbidden to stop except extraordinary situations, or travel backwards. Towing is not allowed on motorways, but is permitted on expressways. Roads are protected from animals crossing the road.

Tolls

All expressways are free of payment for vehicles up to 3.5 tons, as are secondary motorways A6, A8 and A18.

Primary motorways A1, A2 and A4 are planned as tolled (some parts are already such). There are two systems of collecting tolls:

Open system

In this system money is only paid at the toll booths put across the road. Different payment is due according to the type of the vehicle. It is relatively cheap to operate, but it forces drivers to stop at each toll booth, thus lowering the capacity of a motorway. For example, the Greater Poland part of A2 has all of its toll booths spaced approx. 50 km apart.

Closed system

In this system, there are toll stations on every interchange both entering and exiting the motorway, as well as toll booths on the motorway at the ends of the tolled section. In this case the driver receives a ticket upon entering the motorway and pays at either toll station while exiting the motorway or at the toll booth at the end of the tolled section, with the price dependent on the distance driven. This system is more expensive at building and maintenance, but allows much larger distances between toll booths across the motorway.

Tolled sections

The following list of tolled sections is valid as of April 2019, and only applies to vehicles up to 3.5 tons. The prices listed apply to passenger cars driving the section's whole length.

Motorway with toll areas

Tolled motorways are indicated by the word 'Płatna'. Such a sign warns that one will meet a toll station if continuing along the motorway.

• Motorway A1:
  • Tolled: 152 km (94.45 mi) Gdańsk – Toruń (managed by Gdańsk Transport Company, closed system, 30 PLN ($8))
  • Free: 197 km (122.41 mi) Toruń – Piotrków Trybunalski
  • Under construction: 122 km (75.81 mi) Piotrków Trybunalski – Pyrzowice
  • Free: 93 km (57.79 mi) Pyrzowice – Gorzyczki

• Motorway A2:
  • Tolled: 133 km (82.64 mi) Rzepin – Poznań (managed by Autostrada Eksploatacja S.A., closed system, 38 PLN ($10))
  • Free: 26.07 km (16.20 mi) Poznań bypass
  • Tolled: 85.2 km (52.94 mi) Poznań – Sługocin (managed by Autostrada Eksploatacja S.A., open system, 40 PLN ($10))
  • Free: 19 km (11.81 mi) Sługocin – Konin as so-called "buffer zone" between two different systems
  • Tolled: 103 km (64.00 mi) Konin – Stryków (Łódź) (managed by the state, closed system, 10 PLN ($3))
  • Free: 94 km (58.41 mi) Stryków (Łódź) – Warsaw
  • Under construction: 15 km (9.32 mi) Warsaw – Mińsk Mazowiecki
  • Free: 21 km (13.05 mi) Mińsk Mazowiecki bypass
  • Planned: 135 km (83.89 mi) Mińsk Mazowiecki – Kukuryki

• Motorway A4:
  • Free: 153 km (95.07 mi) Zgorzelec – Bielany Wrocławskie,
  • Tolled: 163 km (101.28 mi) Bielany Wrocławskie – Gliwice-Sośnica (managed by the state, closed system, 16 PLN ($4))
  • Free: 34 km (21.13 mi) Gliwice-Sośnica – Mysłowice,
  • Tolled: 52 km (32.31 mi) Mysłowice – Kraków-Balice (managed by Stalexport Autostrada Malopolska S.A., open system, 20 PLN ($5))
  • Free: 268 km (166.53 mi) Kraków-Balice – Korczowa

viaTOLL payment system

This sign shows the cars weighing over 3.5 tons are obliged to pay on this road using the viaTOLL system

From 1.07.2011 all vehicles weighing more than 3.5 tons are obliged to have a special viaTOLL apparatus. On the chosen roads (some motorways, expressways and national roads) the special electronic readers are installed. They connect to the apparatus in the vehicle in a wireless way, and they also count the toll the vehicle has to pay. It is possible to buy it on some petrol stations or at the special points of selling. If the apparatus isn't at the place, fines are applied:

• 1500 PLN if the car is heavier than 12 tons
• 750 PLN if the car is heavier than 3.5 tons but lighter than 12 tons.

Planned Electronical Toll Collection System

In 2014 the Ministry of Infrastructure and Development has uncovered the plans to imply the Electronical Toll Collection System. The new plans were made because of the big problems concerning the Manual Toll Collection System. At the time while there is a huge flow of traffic (especially in the holiday period), there are long queues to the toll booths, which, according to some reports, reached up to 10 km. Drivers in these cases are forced to wait 2 hours to pay the toll at the toll booths. That was the reason the works to construct the toll booths on A4 were suspended, even though there were some stages of construction in progress.

The situation wasn't much relieved even after the toll booths had separated a special lane for those vehicles that have been registered into the ViaAuto system. It came out even worse. A lot of experts tell it is one lane less for those paying traditionally.

At those times a few simple solutions were introduced, for example the cashiers themselves giving the tickets. Next solution came from the Council of Ministers, which claimed that the motorway will be free from the day they gave out the decision (06.08.2014) to the end of the summer holidays (it only concerned the period from 4.00 p.m. on Friday to midnight from Sunday to Monday).

Now the ministry is working on the system new electronic system. According to different concepts, there are two options - either the full liquidation of the toll booths or their reconstruction. The reconstructed toll booths had then the toll applied via the viaTOLL system, so every vehicle must have had the viaTOLL apparatus, as the cars and trucks heavier than 3.5 tons have. Taking into account that not every driver drives regularly on the motorway, there must have been an online registration for light cars introduced. After that, when any car would arrive to such a toll booth, the registration plate will be scanned in order to recognise the car. The implication, however, will become true after signing of agreements with private concessionaires first.

List of Polish motorways and expressways with progress of construction

In May 2004, the Council of Ministers of Poland published a document including the planned highway network, the length of which was about 7,200 km (4,474 mi) and contained most of the highways in plans today. More notable among the changes introduced in later amendments include re-routing S8 and adding S61 instead (2009, a change related to the Rospuda Valley conflict), introducing S16 (2015, 2016), S52 (2016) and A50/S50 (2019), as well as extending S5 to Ostróda (2015) and to Bolków (2019), S10 to Wołomin (2015) and S8 to Kłodzko (2019).

The following table summarizes the progress of construction of the motorway and expressway network as of 1st January 2020:

Motorways
Sign	Route	Location	Total length	Existing		In realisation	Of which under active construction	Tender	In predesign	Comple­tion
	Gdańsk (S6) - Grudziądz (S5) - Toruń (S10) - Łódź (A2/S8) - Gliwice (A4) - / (Ostrava)		566.6 km	485.9 km	85.8%	64.8 km reconstruction of a dual carriageway highway from 1970s to motorway standard + 15.9 km upgrade of a substandard motorway from 1980s				2022
	/ (Berlin) - S3 - Poznań (S5/S11) - Łódź (A1/S14) - Warsaw (S7/S8/S17) - / (Minsk)		622.1 km	474.2 km	76.2%	14.8 km		37.5 km	95.6 km	2025
	/ (Dresden) - Legnica (S3) - Wrocław (A8) - Opole - Gliwice (A1) - Katowice (S1) - Kraków (S7) - Rzeszów (S19) - / (Lviv)		670 km	670 km (of these, 103 km substandard: no emergency lanes)	100%				(103 km) reconstruction to full motorway standard	2016
	/ (Berlin) – Rzęśnica (S3)	Szczecin (southern bypass)	29 km	24.4 km	84.1%	4.6 km reconstruction of an existing very bad quality section from 1930s				2020
	Bielany Wrocławskie (S8) – Wrocław (S8)	Wrocław (western bypass)	22.7 km	22.7 km	100%					2011
	/ (Berlin) – Krzyżowa (A4)		76.5 km	7 km + 69.5 km north carriageway	54.8%	22 km south carriageway		11.6 km south carriageway	35.9 km south carriageway	2023
						(reconstruction of an existing very bad quality carriageway from 1930s)
	CPK (A2) – Mińsk Mazowiecki (A2)	Warsaw 2nd ring, southern half	ca. 100 km							Not before 2029
In total, as of 1 January 2020			2,086.9 km (1,296.7 mi)	1,684.2 km (1,046.5 mi) + 69.5 km 1st carriageway	82.37%	100.1 km (62.2 mi) + 22 km 2nd carriageway		37.5 km (23.3 mi) + 11.6 km 2nd carriageway	95.6 km (59.4 mi) + 35.9 km 2nd carriageway

Expressways
1) Expressways and major sections completed
Sign	Route	Location	Total length	Existing
western section	Poznań (A2/S11) - Leszno - Wrocław (A8)		156.5 km	156.5 km	100%
main section	Wrocław (A8) - Łódź (A1) - Piotrków Trybunalski - Warsaw (A2/S7/S17) - Ostrów Maz. (S61) - Białystok (S19)		533.6 km	533.6 km	100%
	Elbląg – / (Kaliningrad Oblast)		48.6 km	48.6 km 1 carriageway	50%
	Olsztyn (S16) – Olsztynek (S7)		35.1 km	35.1 km	100%
	Warsaw – airport – S2	Warsaw	4.8 km	4.8 km	100%
	Katowice – Sosnowiec	Upper Silesia	5.9 km	5.9 km	100%
2) Expressways in development
Sign	Route	Location	Total length	Existing		In realisation	Of which under active construction	Contracted completion date	Tender	In predesign
	Konotopa (A2) – Majdan (A2)	Warsaw (southern bypass)	34.8 km	14.6 km	42%	20.2 km		2020
	Świnoujście - Szczecin (A6) - Gorzów Wielkopolski - Jordanowo (A2) - Zielona Góra - Lubin - Legnica (A4) - / (Prague)		454.9 km	352.2 km + 5.4 km 1st carriageway (of these, 19 km substandard: at‑grade intersections)	78%	68.2 km	36.8 km	2021 Szczecin – Legnica 2023 to Czech Republic 2024? to Świnoujście	29.1 km + 5.4 km 2nd carriageway
						+ 19 km upgrade of a substandard expressway from 1970s
middle section	Grudziądz (A1) - Bydgoszcz (S10) - Gniezno - Poznań (A2/S11)		181.8 km	88.1 km + 12.8 km 1st carriageway	52%	32.8 km		2020	48.1 km + 12.8 km 2nd carriageway Impresa Pizzarotti ejected from three contracts for extensive delays. Tenders for completion.
	Gdańsk (A1) - Elbląg (S22) - Olsztynek (S51) - Warsaw (A2/S8) - Radom (S12) - Kielce (S74) - Kraków (A4) - Rabka-Zdrój		ca. 674 km	438.8 km + 7.6 km 1st carriageway	65.7%	105.8 km + 7.6 km 2nd c/w	87.5 km + 7.6 km 2nd c/w	2024?	18.7 km	5.3 km
				(+ 97 km) non‑expressway dual carriageway	(80.1%)	+ 5 km (reconstruction) + 17.7 km (new route)	2025?	+ 21.5 km (reconstruction)	+ 22.1 km (reconstruction + new route)
								+ 6.6 km for completion (new route)
							—		+ ca. 25 km No progress
	S8 - Pabianice - Zgierz - A2	Łódź (western bypass)	41.4 km	12.9 km	31.2%	28.5 km	12.2 km	2023
middle section	Warsaw (A2) – Lublin (S12/S19)		109.3 km	80.9 km	74%	28.4 km		2020
middle section	Lublin (S12/S17) - Stalowa Wola - Rzeszów (A4) (part of Via Carpathia)		158 km	12.9 km + 16.3 km 1st carriageway	13.3%	128.8 km	89.6 km	2022		16.3 km 2nd carriageway
part 2	Kraków-Balice (A4) – Kraków‑Mistrzejowice (S7)	Kraków (northern bypass)	18.3 km	5.8 km	31.4%	12.5 km + 2.3 km to be upgraded		2023
	Ostrów Mazowiecka (S8) - Łomża - Ełk (S16) - Suwałki - / (Kaunas) (Via Baltica)		211.8 km	24.8 km + 13.3 km 1st carriageway	15.3%	130 km + 13.3 km 2nd carriageway	67 km + 13.3 km 2nd carriageway	2021	43.7 km Impresa Pizzarotti ejected from the contract for extensive delays. Rubau's contract aborted. Tenders for completion.

3) Expressways partially in development
Sign	Route	Location	Total length	Existing		In reali­sation	Of which under active construction	Tender	Pre­design complete	In predesign	Planned comple­tion
	Pyrzowice (A1) - Mysłowice (A4) - Bielsko-Biała (S52) - Zwardoń - / (Žilina)		144 km	62.3 km + 26.7 km 1st carriageway	52.5% (61.8%)	4.8 km + 3.7 km 1st c/w + 9.7 km 2nd c/w	9.7 km 2nd carriageway				2023
				(+ 44 km) non‑expressway dual carriageway	(94.1%)			46.5 km (reconstruction + new route)
	Szczecin (A6) - Goleniów (S3) - Koszalin (S11) - Słupsk - Gdańsk (A1)		432.6 km	181.9 km + 9.4 km 1st carriageway	43.1%	40.9 km			142.4 km + 9.4 km 2nd c/w	58 km	2027
	Koszalin (S6) - Piła (S10) - Poznań (A2/S5) - Ostrów Wielkopolski - Kępno (S8) - Tarnowskie Góry - A1		ca. 565 km	79.7 km + 8.6 km 1st carriageway	14.8%	28 km + 3.6 km 1st carriageway	3.2 km + 3.6 km 1st carriageway	47.7 km	3.8 km 1st c/w	ca. 393.6 km + 16 km 2nd carriageway	Not before 2027

4) Planned expressways
Sign	Route	Total length	Existing		In reali­sation	Of which under active construction	Tender	Pre­design complete	In predesign	Preliminary works	Planned comple­tion
	Eastern extension: Ostróda (S7) – Grudziądz (A1)	ca. 104.3 km	8.7 km	8.4%			5.6 km			ca. 90 km	Not before 2029
	Western extension: Bolków (S3) – Świdnica – S8	ca. 55 km	0 km	0%						ca. 55 km	Not before 2029
	Southern extension: Kłodzko – Wrocław (A8)	ca. 82.4 km	5.1 km	6.2%					ca. 77.3 km		Not before 2026
	Szczecin (A6) - Piła (S11) - Bydgoszcz (S5) - Toruń (A1) - Płock - Płońsk / Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki (S7)	ca. 440.5 km	29.6 km + 24.6 km 1st carriageway	9.5%	6.4 km 2nd carriageway		17.8 km Energopol Szczecin ejected from the contract for extensive delays. Tender for completion.		148 km	ca. 140 km	Not before 2028
									+ ca. 80.5 km + 18.2 km 2nd carriageway
	Piotrków Trybunalski (A1) - Sulejów (S74) - Radom (S7) - Puławy - Lublin (S17/S19)	ca. 330.5 km	58 km + 6.3 km 1st carriageway	27%					103.8 km		Not before 2026
									+ ca. 58.5 km + 6.3 km 2nd c/w
	Lublin (S17/S19) - Chełm - / (Kyiv)		29.4 km	28.3%					74.5 km		2025
	Olsztyn (S51) - Ełk (S61) - Białystok (S19)	ca. 223 km	20.4 km + 18.5 km 1st carriageway	13.3%	3.5 km		13 km		ca. 167.6 km + 18.5 km 2nd carriageway		Not before 2027
	Warsaw eastern bypass	17.3 km	0 km	0%	3.5 km				13.8 km		2025
	Eastern section: Lublin (S12/S19) - Zamość - / (Lviv)	126 km	2 km 1st carriageway	0.78%	9.6 km 1st carriageway				92 km		2025
									+ 22.4 km
									+ 9.6 km 2nd c/w
Via Carpathia	Northern section: / (Minsk) - Białystok (S8) - Lublin (S12/S17)	ca. 327 km	14.5 km 1st carriageway	2.2%					164.4 km		2025
									+ 81.4 km + 14.5 km 2nd c/w
									+ ca. 66.7 km
	Southern section: Rzeszów (A4) - / (Košice)	96.6 km	11.4 km	11.8%			10.2 km		75 km		2025
	CPK (A2) – Mińsk Mazowiecki (A2) (Warsaw 2nd ring, northern half)	ca. 140 km	0 km	0%						ca. 140 km	Not before 2029
part 1	/ (Brno/Ostrava) - Cieszyn - Bielsko-Biała (S1) - Wadowice - Głogoczów (S7)	98 km	37 km	37.8%					61 km		Not before 2026
	Sulejów (S12) - Kielce (S7) - Sandomierz - Nisko (S19)	ca. 206.6 km	6.2 km	3%					124.4 km		Not before 2028
									+ ca. 76 km
In total, as of 1 January 2020		ca. 6,057.7 km (3,764.1 mi)	2,296.6 km (1,427.0 mi) + 214.6 km 1st carriageway	39.68%	774.8 km (481.438 mi) + 16.9 km 1st carriageway + 49.8 km 2nd carriageway	441.3 km (274.2 mi) + 13.2 km 1st carriageway + 37 km 2nd carriageway	192.3 km (119.5 mi) + 5.4 km 2nd c/w	142.4 km (88.5 mi) + 3.8 km 1st c/w + 9.4 km 2nd c/w	1,966.3 km (1,221.8 mi) + 99.4 km 2nd carriageway	425 km (264 mi)	No progress: 25 km (16 mi) + 71.3 km 2nd c/w

Highway type	Planned length	Existing		In realisation	Of which under active construction	Tender	Predesign complete	In predesign	Pre­li­minary works	No progress
Motorways as of 1 January 2020	ca. 2,086.9 km (1,296.7 mi)	1,684.2 km (1,046.5 mi) + 69.5 km 1st carriageway	82.37%	100.1 km (62.2 mi) + 22 km 2nd carriageway		37.5 km (23.3 mi) + 11.6 km 2nd carriageway		95.6 km (59.4 mi) + 35.9 km 2nd carriageway	100 km (62 mi)
Expressways as of 1 January 2020	ca. 6,057.7 km (3,764.1 mi)	2,296.6 km (1,427.0 mi) + 214.6 km 1st carriageway	39.68%	774.8 km (481.438 mi) + 16.9 km 1st c/w + 49.8 km 2nd c/w	441.3 km (274.2 mi) + 13.2 km 1st c/w + 37 km 2nd c/w	192.3 km (119.5 mi) + 5.4 km 2nd carriageway	142.4 km (88.5 mi) + 3.8 km 1st c/w + 9.4 km 2nd c/w	1,966.3 km (1,221.8 mi) + 99.4 km 2nd carriageway	425 km (264 mi)	25 km (16 mi) + 71.3 km 2nd carriageway
Total	ca. 8,144.5 km (5,060.8 mi)	3,980.8 km (2,473.6 mi) + 284.1 km 1st carriageway	50.62%	874.9 km (543.6 mi) + 88.7 km 1 carriageway	541.4 km (336.4 mi) + 72.2 km 1 carriageway	229.8 km (142.8 mi) + 17 km 2nd carriageway	142.4 km (88.5 mi) + 13.2 km 1 carriageway	2,061.9 km (1,281.2 mi) + 135.3 km 2nd carriageway	525 km (326 mi)	25 km (16 mi) + 71.3 km 2nd carriageway

Annual average daily traffic on Polish highways

The last general measurement of annual average daily traffic in Poland was conducted in 2015. The following highways recorded highest and lowest traffic volumes:

No	Section	Vehicles / day	Notes
Most busy highways in Poland
1	S8 in Warsaw	142k	S8 serves both the transit and local traffic, and long traffic jams form on it during rush hours. Section with 3 lanes per direction.
2	S86	112k	S86 serves mainly local traffic between Sosnowiec and Katowice and is not part of Poland's transit network. 3 lanes per direction.
3	A4 in Katowice	101k	A4 serves both the transit traffic (2 lanes per direction) and local traffic (2 lanes per direction).
Least busy highways in Poland
1	S1 near / (12 km)	1.0k – 2.4k	Single carriageway section, not intended for widening due to low traffic.
2	A4 from / to Jarosław-Zachód (47 km)	1.9k – 4.0k
3	S22 (whole, i.e. from / to Elbląg, 48.6 km)	2.6k – 5.8k	Single carriageway expressway, not intended for widening due to low traffic.
4	bypasses (or parts thereof) of Słupsk (S6), Stargard (S10), Wyrzysk (S10), Kock (S19) and Międzyrzec Podlaski (S19)	5.8k – 6.5k	Single carriageway bypasses constructed with allocated space for widening in the future, Stargard bypass constructed as dual carriageway.

In 2015, the following single carriageway national roads recorded highest traffic volumes:

No	Section	Vehicles / day	Notes
Most busy single carriageway national roads in Poland
1	DK92 at the western entrance to Warsaw	36k
—	DK5 south of Poznań	30k	In 2019, S5 was opened on this section.
—	DK4 east of Rzeszów	28k	In 2016, A4 was opened on this section.
—	DK91 between Łódź and Zgierz	28k	In 2016, A1 (Łódź eastern bypass) was opened. S14 (Łódź western bypass) is under construction.
2	DK44 in Oświęcim	26k	Oświęcim bypass is planned (under tender).
3	DK5 north of Bydgoszcz	25k	S5 (Bydgoszcz bypass) is under construction.
4	DK19 north of Lublin	25k	S19 is planned.

New general measurement is being conducted throughout 2020.

History

The network planned prior to WWII

Before World War II

The first plans of creation of a national highway network in Poland were conceived in the interwar period. The main promoter of this concept was Professor Melchior Wladyslaw Nestorowicz of the Warsaw University of Technology, who organized three Road Congresses, during which a group of specialists discussed the creation of the network. On March 5, 1939, in the trade magazine Drogowiec, Professor Nestorowicz proposed a very ambitious plan for the construction of almost 5,000 kilometres of category I and II roads, based on similar programmes in Germany and Italy. Nestorowicz sketched a map of the future system with the following routes:

First class roads would, according to the plans, consist of the following motorways (totalling some 2,500 km (1,553.43 mi):

• Warsaw - Łódź - 100 km
• Warsaw – Poznań - Polish-German border - 350 km
• Warsaw beltway - 130 km
• Poznań beltway - 80 km
• Gdynia – Bydgoszcz – Łódź – 500 km
• Łódź beltway - 90 km
• Bytow - Free City of Danzig border - 50 km
• Katowice – Kraków – Lwów - 375 km
• Warsaw – Lublin - Lwów – Sniatyn - Polish-Romanian border - 550 km
• Puławy – Sandomierz – Przemyśl - 175 km

Second class roads would consist of the following motorways, totalling another 2,295 km (1,430 mi):

• Piotrków Trybunalski - Kielce - Sandomierz - 180 km
• Warsaw – Kielce – Kraków - 180 km
• Łódź - Kalisz - Polish-German border north of Wrocław - 130 km
• Warsaw – Grodno – Vilnius – Polish - Lithuania - Latvian border near Daugavpils - 575 km
• Grodno - Nowogrodek - Polish-Soviet border near Minsk - 190 km
• Bydgoszcz – Poznań – Częstochowa - 350 km
• Katowice – Cieszyn – Polish-Czechoslovak border - 60 km
• Ostrołęka - Polish-East Prussian border - 50 km
• Grodno - Polish-Lithuanian border - 40 km
• Grodno - Brzesc nad Bugiem - Krasnystaw - 300 km
• Warsaw – Brzesc nad Bugiem - 170 km

Between 1937 and 1939, a 28 km part between Warlubie and Osiek was built in the time's motorway standard (today not considered as a highway) with a concrete surface, which was designed by Italian engineer Piero Puricelli. This section is now part of voivodeship road 214. The motorway was planned to reach Gdynia, but the outbreak of the Second World War halted the plans.

At the same time, Nazi Germany started the construction of parts of their motorway system, which today form A18 and A4 to Wrocław (Breslau), A6 as the Szczecin bypass (part of the planned motorway to Königsberg) and S22 (also part of the same road to Königsberg). These sections were constructed between 1934 and 1938, about half of them as single-carriageway with the intention of adding a second carriageway later. After 1938, warfare expenses meant little money would be invested into any infrastructure. Only one 9 km single-carriageway piece of what is now A4 motorway west of Gliwice was constructed.

Put in service before 1972

Signage	Section	Length	Date of the beginning of construction	Date of opening	Notes
	Krzywa-Bielany Wrocławskie	91 km (56.54 mi)	1934	27 September 1936
	Krzywa-Krzyżowa	12.3 km (7.64 mi)		17 October 1937
	Bielany-Wrocławskie-Brzeg(Owczary)	34.1 km (21.19 mi)		1938	Southern carriageway only
	Ujazd(Nogowczyce)-Łany	9.1 km (5.65 mi)	1940	1942
	Łany-Kleszczów	8.8 km (5.47 mi)	1936	1938
	-Szczecin-Zachód	2.6 km (1.62 mi)	1934	27 September 1936
	Szczecin-Zachód-Rzęśnica	26.6 km (16.53 mi)		1938
	Krzyżowa-Golnice(bridge over Bóbr)	5.9 km (3.67 mi)	1936	1938
	Krzyżowa-Iłowa	37.9 km (23.55 mi)	1935	17 October 1937	Southern carriageway only
	Iłowa-Olszyna	37.2 km (23.12 mi)	1936	1938
	Elbląg-Grzechotki	51.4 km (31.94 mi)	1934		Western carriageway only
Total		138.4 km (86.00 mi) + 178.5 km (110.91 mi) first carriageway	Note: Signage of the roads at the time of opening was different.

After 1945

Situation

The Potsdam conference defined the new borders for Poland, which were completely different from the 1939 ones. It received the so-called Regained Territories from the former Third Reich with the following parts of motorways (some of them with first carriageway only, some of them destroyed because of the warfare):

• "Berlinka" (the road to Königsberg (Kaliningrad)) at the sections between Kołbaskowo and Łęczyca (now A6 and DW142) and between Elbląg and Grzechotki (now S22), in total 106 km
• Silezian, between Olszyna and Brzeg (now A18 and A4, ca. 220 km) and the Ujazd-Gliwice-Zabrze part (about 40 km, now DK88)

Most of the motorway bridges were destroyed by the armies, but only a few were repaired or rebuilt in the first post-war years. The bridge over Ina river was reconstructed in 1972, and those on S22 only between 1996 and 2003.

Apart from the bridges, almost all the motorways and expressways were left in the same condition as they were in 1945 until the mid-1990s. The only road left from Nazi times that was completed by the People's Republic of Poland (PRP) was a one-carriageway small section between Łęczyca and Lisowo (15 km of what is now DW142) in the powiat stargardzki, which was built on the previous works of Nazis.

Plans

At the post-war year there were very ambitious plans to make a motorway network for the whole Poland. For example, engineer Eugeniusz Buszma has published his propositions to the network in the magazine "Drogowiec" (1946, issue 1):

1. East – West (Słubice – Warsaw – Białystok) – 680 km
2. North – South (Gdynia – Warsaw – Balkans) – 650 km
3. Silesia – Baltic I (Gdańsk – Łódź – Katowice) – 460 km
4. Pomeranian (Gdańsk – Szczecin) – 280 km
5. Silesian (Wrocław – Katowice – Kraków) – 190 km
6. Mazurian (Kaliningrad – Elbląg – Malbork) – 20 km
7. Silesia – Baltic II (Bydgoszcz – Wrocław) – 260 km
8. Łódź – Wrocław – (Prague) – 310 km
9. Katowice – (Vienna) – 60 km
10. Poznań – Szczecin – 200 km
11. Radom – Lublin – (Lviv) – 220 km

In total, the mileage, according to the proposal, would total more than 3,300 km (2,050 mi).

After the addition of the sections built by the Third Reich the total network length had to be ca. 3700 km. In 1963 the Motorization Council at the Council of Ministers had prezented the similar plan plus the motorways: Warsaw-Kraków-Zakopane, Kraków-Przemyśl, Warsaw-Bydgoszcz-Koszalin, Poznań-Koszalin i Warsaw-Terespol (ca. 1250 km). None of those plans were realized, however.

Despite announcing such pompous plans, no motorway was opened in the meantime.

In the 1970s

Express road S6 in Gdynia, part of Tricity bypass which was opened (at first as single carriageway) in 1977, making it the oldest expressway in Poland.

Only in the 1970s did any works start. In 1972 it was planned to build:

• the Gliwice-Kraków motorway (now A4)
• The second carriageway of the Wrocław-Gliwice motorway (also A4)
• the Warsaw-Katowice motorway (so-called "Gierkówka", now the S8/A1 road), in the near future

The plans were expanded in 1976 by the following sections:

• Tarnów – Kraków (now A4),
• Eastern GOP (Górnośląski Okręg Przemysłowy) bypass (now S1, northern part),
• Bielsko-Biała – Cieszyn (now S1, southern part),
• Warszawa – Poznań (so-called Olimpijka, now A2),
• Łódź – Piotrków Trybunalski (now A1).

In 1973 – 1976, "Gierkówka" dual carriageway from Warsaw to Katowice (281 km (175 mi)) was built. Originally planned as a motorway, it was in the end constructed by adding another carriageway to the existing road, hence going through many villages and crossing with local roads. However, the part from Piotrków Trybunalski to Częstochowa (78 km (48 mi)) was constructed on a new route in a semi-motorway standard: road geometry matched this of a motorway and viaducts and overpasses were built for some of the local roads crossing its path, however all the intersections between the highway and the other roads were constructed as one-level with no viaducts or overpasses.

Motorways opened in the 1970s

Signage	Section	Length	Start of construction	Opening
DK1	Piotrków Trybunalski – Częstochowa semi-motorway standard (one-level intersections)	[78 km (48 mi)]	1973	1976
	Tri-city bypass (eastern carriageway) substandard (two one-level intersections, then reconstructed when adding a second carriageway in 1980s)	37.7 km (23.43 mi)	1973	1977
	Rzęśnica – Goleniów substandard (one-level intersections)	19.3 km (11.99 mi)	1976	1979
Total		57 km (35.42 mi)

In the 1980s

A4 as the southern bypass of Kraków, opened in 1988

In the 1980s the first construction of motorways started.

In 1985 the government already planned to build the expressways apart from the motorways. The only roads left in plans as motorways were A1, A2 and A4. (Additionally, A6 to Rzęśnica and A18 were signed as motorways because they had been built by the motorway standards of the 1930s). The realization of these plans however came at a very slow pace. In the 1980s only the following sections of motorways were put in service: Jaworzno (Byczyna) – Kraków (Balice I) of A4 (35.7 km (22.18 mi)), Września – Konin (Modła), i.e. part of Poznań – Łódź section of A2 (49.2 km (30.57 mi)) and Tuszyn (near Łódź) – Piotrków-Trybunalski of A1 (16.1 km (10.00 mi)).

The roads opened in 1980s were the first motorways and expressways which generally meet the contemporary standards at least with respect to the more important attributes.

Motorways opened in 1980s

Signage	Section	Length	Date of beginning of the construction	Date of opening	Notes
	Tuszyn-Piotrków Trybunalski	16.1 km (10.00 mi)	1978	18 December 1989	DŚU issued for reconstruction
	Września-Sługocin (Golina)	35.7 km (22.18 mi)	1977	9 October 1985
	Sługocin-Konin West (Modła)	13.5 km (8.39 mi)	1986	10 November 1988
	Chrzanów-Kraków (Balice I)	29.6 km (18.39 mi)	1976	3 January 1983
	Chrzanów-Jaworzno (Byczyna)	6.1 km (3.79 mi)	1978	22 November 1986
	Kraków (Balice I)-Kraków (Tyniec)	7.8 km (4.85 mi)	1979	8 December 1988
	Dąbrowa Górnicza-Tychy	34.7 km (21.56 mi)	1978	1983	After completion of Lędziny-Biesko-Biała section of S1 the Lędziny-Tychy road will be signed as S1A
	Obwodnica Trójmiasta (to Straszyn)	32.4 km (20.13 mi)	1978	1984	Only western carriageway
	Kielce bypass	22.9 km (14.23 mi)	1974	1984	Only eastern carriageway
	Katowice (węzeł Roździeńskiego)-Sosnowiec (węzeł Pogoń)	6.8 km (4.23 mi)	1978	1985	First completely done expressway
Total		150.3 km (93.39 mi) + 55.3 km (34.36 mi) single carriageway

In the 1990s

In the III Republic of Poland the plans started to change again. The following expressways were promoted to motorway standards, temporarily however: A3 on the planned length became S3, and A8 was shortened to the Wrocław bypass instead of the Łódź-Wrocław-Bolków motorway, in 2001, There are some changes that survived, however: the Szczecin bypass(A6) and the Krzywa-Olszyna roads were promoted to motorways at that time, and still are ones. The signage of Krzywa-Olszyna section was A12, however, instead of the A4 at Krzywa-Krzyżowa and A18 at Krzyżowa-Olszyna.

Motorways opened in the 1990s

Signage	Section	Length	Date of beginning of the construction	Date of opening	Notes
	Mysłowice (Brzęczkowice)-Jaworzno(Byczyna)	15.9 km (9.88 mi)	1986	29 November 1990	Northern carriageway only
				4 September 1991	Southern carriageway only
	Kraków (Tyniec)-Kraków (Sidzina)	3.5 km (2.17 mi)	1988	1993
	Jędrzychowice-Zgorzelec	1.8 km (1.12 mi)	1992	15 July 1994
	Kraków Skawina (Sidzina)-Kraków (ul.Kąpietowa)	5.4 km (3.36 mi)	1993	27 October 1995	A4 had a crossroads with ul. Kąpielowa(ca. 750 m (820.2 yd) from Kraków Zakopiańska) till 2002, when the bridge was built over it.
	Katowice Francuska-Mysłowice (Brzęczkowice)	11.1 km (6.90 mi)	1989	30 October 1996
	Katowice Mikołowska-Katowice Francuska	1.9 km (1.18 mi)	?	10 November 1999
	Krzyżowa - Krzywa	[10.2 km (6.34 mi)]		1995	Renovated
	-Podjuchy	[12.7 km (7.89 mi)]	1996	1999	Renovated
	Olszyna-Królów	9.6 km (5.97 mi)	?	1993	Northern carriageway only, southern renovated to Olszyna interchange(350 m (382.76 yd))
	Golnice - Krzyżowa	[5.9 km (3.67 mi)]		1995	Renovated both carriageways
	Cieszyn-Cieszyn-East	5.2 km (3.23 mi)	1991	1995
	Sulechów-Zielona Góra (Niedoradz)	26.8 km (16.65 mi)	1985	1995	Western carriageway only
	Świecie (West)-Świecie (North)	7 km (4.35 mi)	?	1996	Single carriageway only, 6.9 km (4.29 mi) were built as double carriageway(mostly near the interchanges)
	Świecie (West)-Świecie (South)	6 km (3.73 mi)	1996	1998
	Zakroczym-Czosnów (Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki bypass)	14.6 km (9.07 mi)	1990	1999
	Miłomłyn North-Miłomłyn South	5.1 km (3.17 mi)	1995	1997	Single carriageway only
	Radzymin North-Radzymin South	8.15 km (5.06 mi)	1996	1998
Total		74.8 km (46.48 mi) + 47.6 km (29.58 mi) single carriageway + 5.9 km (3.67 mi)modernized + 350 m (382.76 yd) single carriageway modernized

At the end of 1999, only about 276 km (171 mi) of modern dual-carriageway motorways and expressways were present - only 3.5% of the network as planned nowadays, followed by about 90 km (56 mi) of single-carriageway expressways and about 280 km (174 mi) (more than half of them single-carriageway) not-yet-resurfaced Nazi German motorways from 1930s.

At the beginning of the new millennium

Before Poland received the EU membership

Express road S7 near Białobrzegi, opened in 2003

A few years before Poland entered the EU the tempo of motorway construction increased significantly. The main focus was yet on the east-west motorway A4, although the A2 around Poznań was built, too. Thanks to that by 2005 a direct motorway connection to Kraków from Berlin was established. It was the time when most of the bridges that the World War II destroyed were rebuilt or renovated, especially on A4.

However, the pieces of the motorways couldn't have been yet called a network, as only A4 could have been considered as an intercity highway, as it was in 2004. The rest of the constructed highways were mostly the bypasses of cities. These years a focus to build comfortable and quick connections between major cities started. This is also a period when Poland started introducing motorway tolls, first in 2000 for the A4 section between Mysłowice and Kraków (Balice I).

Motorways opened in 2000–2004

Signage	Section	Length	Date of beginning of the construction	Date of opening	Notes
	Poznań Komorniki-Poznań Krzesiny	11.2 km (6.96 mi)	1998	13 September 2003
	Poznań Krzesiny-Września	37.3 km (23.18 mi)	2002	27 November 2003
	Bielany Wrocławskie-Brzeg (Owczary)	34.1 km (21.19 mi)	1997	16 December 2000	North carriageway built
	Brzeg (Owczary)-Przylesie	6.6 km (4.10 mi)
	Prądy-Dąbrówka Górna	21.4 km (13.30 mi)
	Przylesie-Prądy	28.6 km (17.77 mi)		30 September 2000
	Dąbrówka Górna-Nogowczyce	34.3 km (21.31 mi)		26 July 2001
	Nogowczyce-Kleszczów	17.9 km (11.12 mi)	2001	4 December 2003	South carriageway built
	ul.Kąpielowa-Kraków (Wielicka)	1.1 km (0.68 mi)	?	19 December 2002
				3 September 2003	North carriageway built
	Krzywa - Bielany Wrocławskie	93 km (57.79 mi)	2002	2004–2006 (in sections)	Renovated both carriageways
	Śmigiel bypass	4.1 km (2.55 mi)	?	2002	One carriageway only
	Straszyn-Pruszcz Gdański (Rusocin)	5.4 km (3.36 mi)	2000	2001	Second carriageway built
	Białobrzegi bypass	7.7 km (4.78 mi)	2001	2003
	Podborze-Brok	7.6 km (4.72 mi)	2000
Total		173.7 km (107.93 mi) + 61.5 km (38.21 mi) one carriageway

Poland in EU

Express road S8 near Oleśnica, opened in 2006

1 May 2004 was a crucial day for the history of motorway construction, and that is when the highway boom started. The main advantage of signing the document is that Poland from the day on request money from the funds in the European Union, so the money could help build, renovate and upgrade the existing road infrastructure(and not only). Under the government of Prime Minister Marek Belka, the Council of Ministers regulations issued in May 2004 detailed plans for a network of motorways and expressways totaling to 7,200 km (4,473.87 mi) across the republic, including 2,033 km (1,260 mi) of designated motorways (A1, A2 (at that times the S2 section was planned as A2), A4, A6, and A18), and the rest being the expressways (S1, S3, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 (now S19), S10, S11, S12, S14, S17, S22, S51, S69, and S74). S86 existed, but it was not shown in the legal documents until 2015 as part of network. That plan is now the basis of the whole highway network, with only small amendments added in later years.

The current planned network consists of six motorways (A1, A2, A4, A6, A8, A18) and 21 expressways (S1-S3, S5-S8, S10-12, S14, S16, S17, S19, S22, S51-52, S61, S74, S79 and S86).

Motorways opened from 1 May 2004 to 31 October 2009

Signage	Section	Length	Date of beginning of the construction	Date of opening	Notes
	Rusocin-Swarożyn	24.2 km (15.04 mi)	2005	2007
	Swarożyn-Nowe Marzy	64.7 km (40.20 mi)		2008
	Sośnica-Bełk	15.6 km (9.69 mi)	22 January 2007	20 October 2009
	Bełk-Świerklany	14.3 km (8.89 mi)	7 August 2008	2009
	Kleszczów-Sośnica	19.1 km (11.87 mi)	2003	October 2005
	Wieliczka-Targowisko	19.5 km (12.12 mi)	2007	2009
	Miłówka-Szare	2.9 km (1.80 mi)	30 June 2004	14 November 2006	Single carriageway
	Szare-Laliki	4.9 km (3.04 mi)	26 October 2007	18 November 2009
	Laliki-Zwardoń	1.8 km (1.12 mi)	12 June 2007	26 December 2008
	Zwardoń-border with Slovakia	1.4 km (0.87 mi)	15 November 2002	22 December 2004
	Gorzów Wielkopolski bypass	11.85 km (7.36 mi)	2003	2007	Single carriageway
	Międzyrzecz bypass	6.37 km (3.96 mi)	2004	2006
	Nowa Sól bypass	18 km (11.18 mi)	2006	2008
	Szubin bypass	4.5 km (2.80 mi)	2004	2006	Single carriageway
	Jędrzejów bypass	5.8 km (3.60 mi)	2003	2005	3.1 km (1.93 mi) double-carriageway; rest single carriageway
	Myślenice-Lubień	16.2 km (10.07 mi)	2004	2009
	Nowy Dwór Gdański bypass	2.5 km (1.55 mi)	2005	2007
	Elbląg southern bypass	4.2 km (2.61 mi)
	Płońsk bypass	4.7 km (2.92 mi)	28 September 2007	3 June 2009
	Grójec bypass	8.3 km (5.16 mi)	18 October 2006	19 September 2008
	Białobrzegi-Jedlińsk	15.7 km (9.76 mi)	6 July 2006	30 June 2008
	Kielce bypass (northern part)	7.1 km (4.41 mi)	2007	2009
	Oleśnica bypass	7.21 km (4.48 mi)	2004	2006
	Wyszków bypass	12.8 km (7.95 mi)	27 February 2006	14 November 2008
	Wyszków-Radzymin	17.3 km (10.75 mi)	8 December 2006	31 July 2009
	Elbląg -	51.6 km (32.06 mi)	April 2006	December 2008	Reconstructed (single carriageway)
	Bielsko-Biała (Komorowice)-Jasienica	9.5 km (5.90 mi)	4 June 2003	27 October 2006

Total length of motorways and expressways in Poland (end of the year)

Year	Highways, total length
1936 (then Nazi Germany)	92 km
1937 (then Nazi Germany)	104 km and 38 km first carriageway
1938–1945 (then Nazi Germany)	133 km and 135 km first carriageway (further below not considered as a motorway until addition of the second carriageway)
1939–1945 (Poland)	28 km (today not considered as a highway)
1945–1976	133 km
1977	169 km
1978	169 km
1979	190 km
1980	190 km
1981	190 km
1982	190 km
1983	255 km
1984	278 km
1985	321 km
1986	327 km
1987	327 km
1988	348 km
1989	366 km
1990	381 km
1991	399 km
1992	399 km
1993	403 km
1994	405 km
1995	440 km
1996	453 km
1997	456 km
1998	490 km
1999	502 km
2000	592 km
2001	630 km
2002	639 km
2003	727 km
2004	781 km
2005	848 km
2006	1013 km
2007	1083 km
2008	1282 km
2009	1454 km
2010	1560 km
2011	1865 km
2012	2495 km
2013	2805 km
2014	3100 km
2015	3131 km
2016	3252 km
2017	3510 km
2018	3811 km
2019	4214 km
2020	4376 km (forecast)
2021	4893 km (forecast)
2022	5104 km (forecast)
2023	5354 km (plans)
2024	5862 km (plans)
2025	6305 km (plans)
2026	6532 km (plans)
20??	8000 km (year unknown; according to plans)

See also

• Classes and categories of public roads in Poland
• Transport in Poland § Road transport
• List of controlled-access highway systems
• Evolution of motorway construction in European nations

External links

• General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways (in Polish, some information also in English)