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Khaleda Zia
খালেদা জিয়া
Begum Zia in 2010
9th Prime Minister of Bangladesh
In office
10 October 2001 – 29 October 2006
President
Preceded byLatifur Rahman (Acting)
Succeeded byIajuddin Ahmed (Acting)
In office
20 March 1991 – 30 March 1996
President
Preceded byKazi Zafar Ahmed
Succeeded byMuhammad Habibur Rahman (Acting)
President of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party
In office
30 May 1984 – 8 February 2018
Preceded byAbdus Sattar
Succeeded byTarique Rahman (Acting)
Leader of the Opposition
In office
29 December 2008 – 9 January 2014
Preceded bySheikh Hasina
Succeeded byRowshan Ershad
In office
23 June 1996 – 15 July 2001
Preceded bySheikh Hasina
Succeeded bySheikh Hasina
Personal details
Born
Khaleda Khanam Putul

See Birth date discrepancy
Jalpaiguri, Bengal Presidency, British India
Political partyBangladesh Nationalist Party (1979–present)
Other political
affiliations
Spouse
​
(m. 1960⁠–⁠1981)​
Children
Parents
Relatives

Khaleda Zia (IPA: kʰaled̪a dʒia; born Khaleda Khanam Putul[1][2] in 1945) is a Bangladeshi politician who served as the Prime Minister of Bangladesh from 1991 to 1996, and again from 2001 to 2006.[3] She was the first woman in the country's history and second in the Muslim majority countries (after Benazir Bhutto) to head a democratic government as prime minister. She was the wife of a former President of Bangladesh Ziaur Rahman. She is the current chairperson and leader of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) which was founded by Rahman in the late 1970s.

After a military coup in 1982, led by Army Chief General Hussain Muhammad Ershad, Zia helped lead the movement for democracy until the fall of Ershad in 1990. She became the prime minister following the BNP party win in the 1991 general election. She also served briefly in the short-lived government in 1996, when other parties had boycotted the first election. In the next round of general elections of 1996, the Awami League came to power. Her party came to power again in 2001. She has been elected to five separate parliamentary constituencies in the general elections of 1991, 1996 and 2001.

In its list of the 100 Most Powerful Women in the World, Forbes magazine ranked Zia at number 14 in 2004,[4] number 29 in 2005,[5] and number 33 in 2006.[6]

Following her government's term end in 2006, the scheduled January 2007 elections were delayed due to political violence and in-fighting, resulting in a bloodless military takeover of the caretaker government. During its interim rule, it charged Zia and her two sons with corruption.[7][8][9]

Since the 1980s, Zia's chief rival has been Awami League leader Sheikh Hasina. Since 1991, they have been the only two serving as the Prime Minister of Bangladesh.[10]

In February 2018, Zia was jailed for a total of 17 years for the Zia Orphanage Trust corruption case and Zia Charitable Trust corruption case.[11] She was found guilty of embezzling funds for the orphanage trusts set up while she had been serving as the prime minister.[12] She was transferred to a hospital for medical treatment in April 2019.[13] In March 2020, she was released for six months on humanitarian grounds with the conditions that she would stay at her home in Gulshan, Dhaka.[14]

Personal life and family

Early life and education

Khaleda Khanam "Putul"[15] was born in 1945 in Jalpaiguri in the then undivided Dinajpur District[note 1] in Bengal Presidency, British India (now in Jalpaiguri District, India).[3][16] She was the third of five children.[17] Her father, Iskandar Majumder, a tea-businessman, was from Fulgazi in Noakhali District (now in Feni District).[17] Her mother, Taiyaba Majumder (1920–2008), was from Chandbari (now in Uttar Dinajpur District).[18][17] After the partition of India in 1947, they migrated to Dinajpur town (now in Bangladesh).[3] Khanam first attended Dinajpur Missionary School and later completed her matriculation from Dinajpur Girls' School in 1960.[3] In the same year, she married Ziaur Rahman, then a captain in the Pakistan Army.[19] She then used the name "Khaleda Zia" or "Begum Khaleda Zia".[citation needed] Zia then studied at Dinajpur Surendranath College until 1965 when she went to West Pakistan to stay with her husband.[3] In March 1969, they moved from Karachi to Dhaka.[17] Following Rahman's posting, the family then moved to Sholoshohor area in Chittagong.[17]

Family

Zia with husband Ziaur Rahman in 1979
Zia in 1979

Zia's first son, Tarique Rahman (b. 1967), got involved into politics and went on to become the acting chairman of Bangladesh Nationalist Party.[20] Her second son, Arafat Rahman "Koko" (b. 1969), died of a cardiac arrest in 2015.[21] Zia's sister, Khurshid Jahan (1939–2006) served as the Minister of Women and Children Affairs during 2001–2006.[22] Her younger brother, Sayeed Iskander (1953–2012), was also a politician who served as a Jatiya Sangsad member from the Feni-1 constituency during 2001–2006.[23] Her second brother, Shamim Iskandar, is a retired flight engineer of Bangladesh Biman.[24][25] Her second sister is Selina Islam.[26]

Involvement in politics

On 30 May 1981, Zia's husband, the-then President of Bangladesh Ziaur Rahman, was assassinated.[27] After his death, on 2 January 1982, she got involved into politics by first becoming a member of Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) - the party which was founded by Rahman.[28] She took charge of the vice-chairman position in March 1983.[28] Under her leadership, BNP formed a 7-party alliance in 1983 during the rule of Hussain Muhammad Ershad.[3] Due to ill-health condition of justice Abdus Sattar, she became the acting chairperson of the party on 12 January 1984.[28] When Sattar was ousted from the presidency by the 1982 military coup, Zia replaced him as the chairperson on 10 May.[3] She was detained under house arrest in 1983, 1984 and 1987. In 1987, police detained her during a meeting at the Hotel Purbani in Dhaka.[29]

Prime Minister

First term

File:Khaleda Clinton.JPG
Zia with US President Bill Clinton.

A neutral caretaker government in Bangladesh oversaw elections on 27 February 1991[30] following eight years of Ershad presidency. BNP won 140 seats - 11 short of simple majority.[30][31] Zia was sworn in as the country's first female prime minister on 20 March 1991 with the support of a majority of the deputies in parliament. With a unanimous vote, the parliament passed the 12th amendment to the constitution in August 1991. The acting president Shahabuddin Ahmed granted Zia nearly all of the powers that were vested in the president at the time, effectively returning Bangladesh to a parliamentary system in September.

Zia's administration abolished the Upazila system in November 1991. It formed the Local Government Structure Review Commission, which recommended a two-tier system of local government, district and union councils. Also the Thana Development and Coordination Committee was formed to coordinate development activities at the thana level.[32]

Second term

When the opposition boycotted the 15 February 1996 election, Zia's party BNP had a landslide victory in the 6th Jatiya Sangshad.[33] Other major parties demanded a neutral caretaker government to be appointed to oversee the elections. The short-lived parliament hastily introduced the caretaker government by passing the 13th amendment to the constitution. The parliament was dissolved to pave the way for parliamentary elections within 90 days.

In the 12 June 1996 elections, BNP lost to Sheikh Hasina's Awami League. Winning 116 seats,[33] BNP emerged as the largest opposition party in the country's parliamentary history.

Third term

Zia with the President of Brazil Lula da Silva (2004)
Zia with the Indian Leader of Opposition L. K. Advani in New Delhi (2006)

The BNP formed a four-party alliance[34] on 6 January 1999 to increase its chances to return to power in the next general elections. These included its former political foe the Jatiya Party, founded by President Ershad after he led a military government, and the Islamic parties of Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh and the Islami Oikya Jot. It encouraged protests against the ruling Awami League.

Many residents[according to whom?] strongly criticized Zia and BNP for allying with Jamaat-e-Islami,[35] which had opposed the independence of Bangladesh in 1971. The four-party alliance participated in the 1 October 2001 general elections, winning two-thirds of the seats in parliament and 46% of the vote (compared to the principal opposition party's 40%). Zia was sworn in as the Prime Minister of Bangladesh.

She worked on a 100-day programme to fulfill most of her election pledges to the nation. During this term, the share of domestic resources in economic development efforts grew. Bangladesh began to attract a higher level of international investment for development of the country's infrastructure, energy resources and businesses, including from the United States, Great Britain, and Japan. Restoration of law and order was an achievement during the period.

Zia promoted neighbourly relations in her foreign policy. In her "look-east policy," she worked to bolster regional cooperation in South Asia and adherence to the UN Charter of Human Rights. She negotiated settlement of international disputes, and renounced the use of force in international relations. Bangladesh began to participate in United Nations international peacekeeping efforts. In 2006, Forbes magazine featured her administration in a major story praising her achievements. Her government worked to educate young girls (nearly 70% of Bangladeshi women were illiterate) and distribute food to the poor (half of Bangladesh's 135 million people live below the poverty line). Her government promoted strong GDP growth (5%) based on economic reforms and support of an entrepreneurial culture.

When Zia became prime minister for the third time, the GDP growth rate of Bangladesh remained above 6 percent. The Bangladesh per capita national income rose to 482 dollars. Foreign exchange reserve of Bangladesh had crossed 3 billion dollars from the previous 1 billion dollars. The foreign direct investments of Bangladesh had risen to 2.5 billion dollars. The industrial sector of the GDP had exceeded 17 percent at the end of Zia's office.[3]

On 29 October 2006, Zia's term in office ended. In accordance with the constitution, a caretaker government would manage in the 90-day interim before general elections. On the eve of the last day, rioting broke out on the streets of central Dhaka due to uncertainty over who would become Chief Advisor (head of the Caretaker Government of Bangladesh). Under the constitution, the immediate past Chief Justice was to be appointed. But, Chief Justice Khondokar Mahmud Hasan (K M Hasan) declined the position.[36][37][38][39] President Iajuddin Ahmed, as provided for in the constitution, assumed power as Chief Advisor on 29 October 2006.[40] He tried to arrange elections and bring all political parties to the table during months of violence; 40 people were killed and hundreds injured in the first month after the government's resignation in November 2006.

Mukhlesur Rahman Chowdhury, the presidential advisor, met with Zia and Sheikh Hasina, and other political parties to try to resolve issues and schedule elections. Negotiations continued against a backdrop of political bickering, protests and polarisation that threatened the economy.[41][42] Officially on 26 December 2006, all political parties joined the planned 22 January 2007 elections. The Awami League pulled out at the last minute, and in January the military intervened to back the caretaker government for a longer interim period. It held power until holding general elections in December 2008.

Foreign policy

Talks in China related to trade and prospective Chinese investment in Bangladesh,[45] particularly the issue of financing Padma Bridge. At the beginning of 2012, the World Bank, a major prospective financier, had withdrawn, accusing government ministers of graft.[44][46] The BNP announced that the Chinese funding for a second Padma Bridge was confirmed during her visit.[47][48]

Zia's India visit was considered notable as BNP had been considered to have been anti-India compared to its rival Awami League.[50] At her meeting with Prime Minister Singh, Zia said her party wanted to work with India for mutual benefit, including the fight against extremism.[51] Indian officials announced they had come to agreement with her to pursue a common geopolitical doctrine in the greater region to discourage terrorists.[52]

Post-premiership (since 2007)

Detention during the caretaker government

Former Bangladesh Bank governor Fakhruddin Ahmed became the Chief Adviser to the interim caretaker government on 12 January 2007. In March, Zia's eldest son, Tarique Rahman, was arrested for corruption. Enforcing the suppression of political activity under the state of emergency, from 9 April, the government barred politicians from visiting Zia's residence.[53] Her other son, Arafat Rahman (Coco), was arrested for corruption on 16 April.[7] On 17 April, The Daily Star reported that Zia had agreed to go into exile with Arafat.[54] Her family said, the Saudi Arabian government reportedly declined to allow her into the kingdom - apparently because "it was reluctant to take in an unwilling guest".[55] Based on an appeal, on 22 April the High Court issued a ruling for the government to explain that she was not confined to her house. On 25 April, the government lifted restrictions on both Zia and Sheikh Hasina.[55] On 7 May, the High Court ordered the government to explain continuing restrictions on Zia.[56]

On 17 July, the Anti Corruption Commission Bangladesh (ACC) sent notices to both Zia and Hasina, requesting that details of their assets be submitted to the commission within one week.[57] Zia was asked to appear in court on 27 September in connection with a case for not submitting service returns for Daily Dinkal Publications Limited for years.[58] On 2 September, the government filed charges of corruption against Zia related to the awarding of contracts to Global Agro Trade Company in 2003.[8] She was arrested on 3 September.[59][9] She was detained in a makeshift prison on the parliament building premises.[60] On the same day, Zia expelled her party Secretary General Abdul Mannan Bhuiyan and Joint Secretary General Whip Ashraf Hossain for breaching party discipline.[61]

BNP standing committee members chose former Minister of Finance Saifur Rahman and former Minister of Water Resources Hafizuddin Ahmed to lead the party. Bangladesh Election Commission subsequently invited Hafizuddin's faction, rather than Zia's, to participate in talks, effectively recognizing the former as the legitimate BNP. Zia challenged this in court, but her appeal was rejected on 10 April 2008.[62]

Zia was released on bail on 11 September 2008 from her yearlong detention.[63]

In December 2008, the caretaker government organized general elections where Zia's party lost to the Awami League and its Grand Alliance (with 13 smaller parties) which took a two-thirds majority of seats in the parliament. Sheikh Hasina became the prime minister, and her party formed government in early 2009. Zia became the opposition leader of the parliament.[citation needed]

Further information: 2006-2008 Bangladeshi political crisis

Eviction from the cantonment house

Zia's family had been living for 38 years in the 2.72-acre plot house at 6 Shaheed Mainul Road house in Dhaka Cantonment.[64] It was the official residence of her husband, Ziaur Rahman, when he was appointed as the Deputy Chief of Staff (DCS) of the Bangladesh Army.[65] After he became the President of Bangladesh, he kept the house as his residence. Following his assassination in 1981, the acting President Abdus Sattar, leased the house "for life" to Zia, for a nominal ৳101. When the army took over the government in 1983, Hussain Mohammad Ershad confirmed this arrangement.

On 20 April 2009, the Directorate of Military Lands and Cantonments handed a notice asking Zia to vacate the cantonment residence.[66][67] Several allegations and irregularities mentioned in the notice - first, Zia had been carrying out political activities from the house – which went against a condition of the allotment; second, one cannot get allotment of two government houses in the capital; third, a civilian cannot get a resident lease within a cantonment.[67] Zia vacated the house on 13 November 2010.[68] She then moved to the residence of her brother, Sayeed Iskandar, at the Gulshan neighborhood.[69]

British Foreign Office Minister Henry Bellingham meeting Zia (2011)

Boycotting 2014 election

Zia's party took a stance on not participating in the 2014 Bangladeshi general election unless it was administered under a nonpartisan caretaker government, but the then Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina rejected the demand.[70][71] The Bangladesh Awami League, led by Hasina, won the election in 232 seats (out of 300).[72] The official counts from Dhaka suggested that the turnout here averaged about 22 percent.[73]

In 2016, BNP announced its new National Standing Committee, in which Zia retained her position as the chairperson.[74][75][76]

US Secretary John Kerry greets Zia at the US Embassy Dhaka (2016)

In 2017, the police conducted a raid on Zia's house search for "anti-state" documents.[77]

Charges and imprisonment in 2018

On 3 July 2008, during the 2007–08 caretaker government rule, ACC had filed a graft case, accusing Zia and five others of misappropriating over Tk 2.1 crore that had come from a foreign bank as grants for orphans.[78] According to the case, on 9 June 1991, $1.255M (Tk 4.45 crore) grant was transferred from United Saudi Commercial Bank to Prime Minister's Orphanage Fund - a fund that was created by then Prime Minister Zia shortly before the transfer of the grant as part of the embezzlement scheme.[78] On 5 September 1993, she issued a Tk 2.33 crore cheque from the Prime Minister's Orphanage Fund to the Zia Orphanage Trust on the pretext of building an orphanage in Bogra.[78] By April 2006, the deposited amount grew to Tk 3.37 crore with accrued interest. In April, June and July 2006, some of the money was transferred to bank accounts of three other accused – Salimul, Mominur and Sharfuddin – through different transactions.[79] On 15 February 2007, Tk 2.10 crore was withdrawn through pay orders from two of the FDR accounts.[78] Zia was accused of misappropriating that money by transferring the amount from a public fund to a private one.[79]

On 8 February 2018, during the Awami League government rule, Zia was sentenced to prison for five years in that corruption case.[12] Mobile phone jammers were installed at Bakshibazar court premises ahead of the verdict.[80] Her party claimed that the verdict was politically biased.[81] Zia was sent to the Old Dhaka Central Jail after the verdict.[82] She was imprisoned as the sole inmate at the jail since all the inmates had been transferred to the newly built Dhaka Central Jail in Keraniganj in 2016.[83][84] On 11 February 2018, Dhaka Special Judge's Court 5 directed the authorities of Dhaka Central Jail to provide first class division to Zia.[85] On 31 October 2018, the High Court raised her jail term to 10 years after ACC pleaded for a revision.[86]

On 30 October 2018, in another case, Zia Charitable Trust Graft Case, Zia was sentenced to 7 years of rigorous imprisonment.[87] Khaleda is also accused in other 32 cases including Gatco Graft Case, Niko Graft Case, Barapukuria Coalmine Graft Case, Darussalam Police Station Cases, Jatrabari Police Station Cases, Sedition Case, Bomb Attack on Shipping Minister Case, Khulna Arson Case, Comilla Arson Case, Celebrating Fake Birthday Case, Undermining National Flag Case and Loan Default Case.[88]

Zia's nomination papers to contest for Feni-1, Bogra-6 and Bogra-7 constituencies at the 2018 general election were rejected.[89] She was not able to contest because according to article 66 (2) (d) of the constitution, "a person shall be disqualified for election as, or for being, a member of parliament who has been, on conviction for a criminal offence involving moral turpitude, sentenced to imprisonment for a term of not less than two years, unless a period of five years has elapsed since his/her release".[90] Her party lost that general election to Awami League.[91]

Zia was admitted to Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University for medical treatment on 1 April 2019.[13] The High Court and the Supreme Court rejected her bail plea on humanitarian grounds a total four times.[14] On 25 March 2020, she was released for six months, conditioned she would stay at her home in Gulshan and not leave the country.[14] The government issued this executive decision as per section 401 (1) of the Criminal Code of Procedure (CrPC).[14]

Birth date discrepancy

Zia claims 15 August as her birthday, which is a matter of controversy in Bangladesh politics.[92][93] 15 August is the day many immediate family members of Zia's political rival, Sheikh Hasina, including her father Sheikh Mujibur Rahman were killed. As a result of the deaths, 15 August is officially declared National Mourning Day of Bangladesh.[92][94][95] None of Zia's government issued identification documents show her birthday on 15 August.[94][96] Her matriculation examination certificate lists a birth date of 9 August 1945. Her marriage certificate lists 5 September 1945. Zia's passport indicates a birth date of 19 August 1945.[94][96] Kader Siddiqui, a political ally of Zia, urged her not to celebrate her birthday on 15 August.[93] The High Court filed a petition against Zia on this issue.[97][98]

Awards and honours

  • On 24 May 2011, the New Jersey State Senate honoured Zia as a "Fighter for Democracy". It was the first time the state Senate had so honoured any foreign leader and reflects the state's increasing population of immigrants and descendants from South Asia.[99][100]

Eponyms

Deshnetri Begum Khaleda Zia Hall at the University of Chittagong.

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ In 1947, Dinajpur district was split into West Dinajpur District in India and Dinajpur District in the then East Bengal.

Citations

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  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir, eds. (2012). "Zia, Begum Khaleda". Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 13 November 2024.
  4. ^ "#14: Begum Khaleda Zia, Prime Minister of Bangladesh". Forbes 100 Most Powerful Women in the World. 2004. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  5. ^ "#29 Khaleda Zia, Prime minister, Bangladesh". The 100 Most Powerful Women. 2005. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
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  22. ^ "Khurshid Jahan dies at CMH, 3rd Lead". bdnews24.com. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
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  32. ^ Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir, eds. (2012). "Decentralisation". Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 13 November 2024.
  33. ^ a b Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann (2001). Elections in Asia: A data handbook. Vol. Volume I. p. 525. ISBN 978-0-19-924958-9. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
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  50. ^ "India and Bangladesh Embraceable you". The Economist. 30 July 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2012. Mrs Zia's family dynasty ... is as against India as Sheikh Hasina's is for it.
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  52. ^ ভারতবিরোধী কর্মকাণ্ডে বাংলাদেশের মাটি ব্যবহার করতে দেওয়া হবে না: খালেদা জিয়া [Khaleda Zia: No anti-India activity would be allowed to use the soil of Bangladesh]. BBC Bangla (in Bengali). 29 October 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
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