List of Romantic composers

This is a list of Romantic-era composers. Note that this list is purely chronological, and also includes a substantial number of composers, especially those born after 1860, whose works cannot be conveniently classified as "Romantic".

Classical-era/Romantic-era composers (born 1770–99)

Name	Date born	Date died	Nationality	Comments
Ludwig van Beethoven	1770	1827	German	Ludwig van Beethoven composer and pianist, regarded by many as the first Romantic-era composer, known for Symphony No. 5 and Für Elise among others.
Ferdinando Carulli	1770	1841	Italian	composer for the guitar, wrote concertos and chamber music.
Édouard Du Puy	1770	1822	Swiss	Édouard Du Puy composer, singer, director and violinist.
Peter Hänsel	1770	1831	German-Austrian	composer and violinist.
James Hewitt	1770	1827	American	composer, conductor and music publisher.
Anton Reicha	1770	1836	Czech-French	Anton Reicha composer who experimented with irregular time signatures in his keyboard fugues, composed a large number of significant works for wind quintet.
Christian Heinrich Rinck	1770	1846	German	composer and organist.
Jan August Vitásek	1770	1839	Bohemian	composer.
Adam Valentin Volckmar	1770	1851	German	composer.
Friedrich Witt	1770	1836	German	composer and cellist.
Johann Baptist Cramer	1771	1858	English	musician of German origin.
Ferdinando Paer	1771	1839	Italian	composer.
Maria Frances Parke	1772	1822	English	composer, pianist and soprano.
François-Louis Perne	1772	1832	French	composer and musicographer.
Josef Triebensee	1772	1846	Bohemian	composer and oboist.
Johann Wilhelm Wilms	1772	1847	Dutch-German	composer, best known for writing Wien Neêrlands Bloed, which served as the Dutch national anthem from 1815 to 1932.
Sophie Bawr	1773	1860	French	composer, writer and playwright.
Pietro Generali	1773	1832	Italian	composer of operas and vocal music.
Václav Tomáš Matějka	1773	1830	Czech	composer.
Bartolomeo Bortolazzi	1773	1820	Italian	mandolin and guitar virtuoso and composer.
Pierre Rode	1774	1830	French	composer and violinist.
Gaspare Spontini	1774	1851	Italian	opera composer and conductor.
Václav Tomášek	1774	1850	Czech	Václav Tomášek composer and music teacher.
Christoph Ernst Friedrich Weyse	1774	1842	Danish	composer in the Danish Golden Age.
Johann Anton André	1775	1842	German	composer and music publisher.
François-Adrien Boieldieu	1775	1834	French	François-Adrien Boieldieu composer.
João Domingos Bomtempo	1775	1842	Portuguese	composer, pianist and pedagogue.
Bernhard Crusell	1775	1838	Finnish	composer and clarinet player.
Sophia Dussek	1775	1847	Scottish	composer of Italian descent, singer, pianist and harpist.
François de Fossa	1775	1849	French	composer and guitarist.
Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann	1776	1822	German	composer, author of fantasy and horror, jurist, music critic, draftsman and caricaturist.
Joseph Küffner	1776	1856	German	composer and musician.
Philipp Jakob Riotte	1776	1856	German	composer.
Ignaz von Seyfried	1776	1841	Austrian	composer, musician and conductor.
Ludwig Berger	1777	1839	German	composer, pianist and piano teacher.
Pauline Duchambge	1778	1858	French	composer and pianist.
Johann Nepomuk Hummel	1778	1837	Austrian	Johann Nepomuk Hummel composer and pianist, his music bridged the Classical era of music and Romantic era of music.
Sigismund von Neukomm	1778	1858	Austrian	composer and pianist.
Fernando Sor	1778	1839	Spanish	composer for the classical guitar who is credited with elevating the guitar to the level of concert instrument.
William Knyvett	1779	1856	British	composer and singer.
Louise Reichardt	1779	1826	German	composer and songwriter.
Luigi Antonio Calegari	1780	1849	Italian	opera composer.
Conradin Kreutzer	1780	1849	German	composer and conductor.
Louis François Dauprat	1781	1868	French	composer, horn player and music professor at the Conservatoire de Paris.
Anton Diabelli	1781	1858	Austrian	composer, music publisher and editor.
Mauro Giuliani	1781	1828	Italian	Mauro Giuliani composer and virtuoso guitarist.
Anthony Heinrich	1781	1861	American	composer.
Sophie Lebrun	1781	1863	German	composer and pianist.
François Joseph Naderman	1781	1835	French	composer, harpist and teacher.
Daniel Auber	1782	1871	French	opera composer, noted for La muette de Portici.
Carlo Coccia	1782	1873	Italian	opera composer.
John Field	1782	1837	Irish	John Field composer and pianist, notable for cultivating the nocturne.
Niccolò Paganini	1782	1840	Italian	Niccolò Paganini composer and virtuoso violinist, wrote the 24 Caprices for violin, five concerti for violin, string quartets and works for violin and guitar.
Charlotta Seuerling	1782	1828	Swedish	composer, concert singer, harpsichordist and poet.
Friedrich Dotzauer	1783	1860	German	composer and cellist.
Teresa Belloc-Giorgi	1784	1855	Italian	composer and contralto.
Martin-Joseph Mengal	1784	1851	Belgian	composer and instructor.
Francesco Morlacchi	1784	1841	Italian	composer.
George Onslow	1784	1853	Anglo-French	composer.
Ferdinand Ries	1784	1838	German	Ferdinand Ries composer, friend and pupil of Ludwig van Beethoven.
Louis Spohr	1784	1859	German	Louis Spohr composer, violinist and conductor, renowned for chamber music and compositions for violin and harp.
Alexandre Pierre François Boëly	1785	1858	French	composer, organist and pianist.
Bettina von Arnim	1785	1859	German	composer, writer and novelist.
Catherina Cibbini-Kozeluch	1785	1858	Austrian	composer of Bohemian ancestry and pianist.
Isabella Colbran	1785	1845	Spanish	composer and opera singer.
Karol Kurpiński	1785	1857	Polish	composer, conductor and pedagogue.
Marie Bigot	1785	1820	French	composer and piano teacher.
Henry Bishop	1786	1855	English	composer.
Friedrich Kuhlau	1786	1832	German-Danish	Friedrich Kuhlau composer.
Pietro Raimondi	1786	1853	Italian	composer.
Carl Maria von Weber	1786	1826	German	Carl Maria von Weber composer, conductor, pianist, guitarist and critic, one of the first significant Romantic opera composers.
Alexander Alyabyev	1787	1851	Russian	composer, conductor and pianist.
Michele Carafa	1787	1872	Italian	opera composer.
Johann Peter Pixis	1788	1874	German	composer and pianist.
Simon Sechter	1788	1867	Austrian	prolific composer, renowned music theorist, teacher, organist and conductor.
Elena Asachi	1789	1877	Romanian	composer of Austrian birth, pianist and singer.
Nicolas-Charles Bochsa	1789	1856	French	composer and musician.
Friedrich Ernst Fesca	1789	1826	German	composer of instrumental music and violinist.
Maria Agata Szymanowska	1789	1831	Polish	composer and virtuoso pianist.
Harriet Browne	1790	1858	English	composer and writer.
Isaac Nathan	1790	1864	Anglo-Australian	composer, musicologist, journalist and self-publicist known as "the father of Australian music".
Carl Czerny	1791	1857	Austrian	Carl Czerny composer, teacher and pianist.
Ferdinand Hérold	1791	1833	French	Ferdinand Hérold operatic composer.
Giacomo Meyerbeer	1791	1864	German	Giacomo Meyerbeer composer for grand opera (Il crociato in Egitto, Les Huguenots, L'Africaine).
Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart	1791	1844	Austrian	Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart composer, pianist, conductor and teacher.
Carlo Evasio Soliva	1791	1853	Swiss-Italian	composer.
Jan Václav Voříšek	1791	1825	Czech	composer, pianist and organist.
Gioachino Rossini	1792	1868	Italian	Gioachino Rossini prolific opera composer, best known for The Barber of Seville.
Hedda Wrangel	1792	1833	Swedish	composer.
Cipriani Potter	1792	1871	English	composer, teacher and pianist.
Gertrude van den Bergh	1793	1840	Dutch	composer and pianist.
Bernhard Klein	1793	1832	German	composer.
Caroline Ridderstolpe	1793	1878	Swedish	composer and singer.
Princess Amalie of Saxony	1794	1870	German	composer.
Ignaz Moscheles	1794	1870	Czech	Ignaz Moscheles composer and piano virtuoso, head of the Leipzig Conservatory after Felix Mendelssohn.
Josif Šlezinger	1794	1870	Serbian	composer.
Heinrich Marschner	1795	1861	German	composer of opera between Carl Maria von Weber and Richard Wagner.
Saverio Mercadante	1795	1870	Italian	Saverio Mercadante composer.
Nikolaos Mantzaros	1795	1872	Italian-Greek	composer.
Franz Berwald	1796	1868	Swedish	composer, little known in his lifetime, but his works, including his four symphonies are better known today.
Helene Liebmann	1796	1835	German	composer and pianist.
Carl Loewe	1796	1869	German	Carl Loewe composer, baritone singer and conductor.
Mathilda d'Orozco	1796	1863	Swedish	composer, noble, salonist, poet, writer, singer, amateur actress and harpsichordist.
Giovanni Pacini	1796	1867	Italian	composer.
Emilie Zumsteeg	1796	1857	German	composer, pianist, songwriter and choir conductor.
Luigi Castellacci	1797	1845	Italian	virtuoso on the mandolin and guitar, instrumental composer and author of popular French romances with guitar and piano accompaniments.
Gaetano Donizetti	1797	1848	Italian	Gaetano Donizetti opera composer, known for Lucia di Lammermoor and L'elisir d'amore among others.
Franz Schubert	1797	1828	Austrian	Franz Schubert composer, best known for his more than 600 lieder, chamber music, piano works and symphonies.
Annette von Droste-Hülshoff	1797	1848	German	composer and writer.
Antonio Rolla	1798	1837	Italian	composer and violin and viola virtuoso.
Olivia Buckley	1799	1847	English	composer, harpist and organist.
Maria Fredrica von Stedingk	1799	1868	Swedish	composer and courtier.
Fromental Halévy	1799	1862	French	Fromental Halévy composer.
Oscar I of Sweden	1799	1859	Swedish	Oscar I of Sweden composer and king of Sweden and Norway.

Repertoire key: B=In Classical Net's basic Timeline of Major Composers 1600–present

Early Romantic-era composers (born 1800–19)

Name	Date born	Date died	Nationality	Comments
Vincenzo Bellini	1801	1835	Italian	Vincenzo Bellini opera composer, known for I Puritani, Norma and La sonnambula among others.
Tomasz Padura	1801	1871	Ukrainian-Polish	Tomasz Padura poet of the so-called Ukrainian school, musician-torbanist and composer-songwriter.
Jean-Baptiste Duvernoy	1802	1880	French	composer and pianist.
Amédée Méreaux	1802	1874	French	composer, his works are somewhat known for their immense difficulties.
Cesare Pugni	1802	1870	Italian	prolific composer of ballet music.
Eliza Flower	1803	1846	English	composer.
Adolphe Adam	1803	1856	French	Adolphe Adam composer, best known for his ballet score, Giselle.
Hector Berlioz	1803	1869	French	Hector Berlioz composer, famous for his programmatic symphony, Symphonie Fantastique.
Henri Herz	1803	1888	Austrian	composer and pianist.
Franz Lachner	1803	1890	German	composer and conductor, brother of Ignaz Lachner and Vinzenz Lachner.
Louise Farrenc	1804	1875	French	composer of three symphonies and many chamber works including the earliest known sextet for piano and wind quintet (1852).
Mikhail Glinka	1804	1857	Russian	Mikhail Glinka nationalist composer whose works include the opera, A Life for the Tsar.
Johann Strauss I	1804	1849	Austrian	Johann Strauss I dance music composer, famous for Radetzky March.
Fanny Mendelssohn	1805	1847	German	composer and pianist, sister of Felix Mendelssohn, mainly known for her vocal compositions and chamber music.
Leopold von Zenetti	1805	1892	Austrian	composer, mainly known for being one of Anton Bruckner's masters.
Napoléon Coste	1805	1883	French	virtuoso guitarist, teacher and composer.
Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga	1806	1826	Spanish	composer who died at nineteen and by which time he had already been nicknamed the "Spanish Mozart" for his Symphony in D and three string quartets.
Johann Kaspar Mertz	1806	1856	Hungarian	composer, known for his guitar pieces.
Johann Friedrich Franz Burgmüller	1806	1874	German	composer and pianist, brother of Norbert Burgmüller.
Carlo Curti	1807	1872	Italian	cellist, performer and educator at Royal School of Music in Parma who composed cello and piano music.
Ignaz Lachner	1807	1895	German	conductor, composer and organist, a prolific composer, notable for his chamber music such as his string quartets and trios.
Michael William Balfe	1808	1870	Irish	conductor and composer, remembered for his opera, The Bohemian Girl.
Sebastián Iradier	1809	1865	Spanish	composer, best known for La Paloma.
Felix Mendelssohn	1809	1847	German	Felix Mendelssohn conductor, music-director, composer and pianist, brother of Fanny Mendelssohn, best known for Wedding March from A Midsummer Night's Dream.
Otto Lindblad	1809	1864	Swedish	composer.
Frédéric Chopin	1810	1849	Polish	Frédéric Chopin composer and virtuoso pianist, his output includes nocturnes, ballade, scherzos, etudes and a number of Polish dances such as mazurkas, polonaises and waltzes (including Minute Waltz).
Ferenc Erkel	1810	1893	Hungarian	composer of grand opera.
Otto Nicolai	1810	1849	German	opera composer and conductor, best known for The Merry Wives of Windsor.
Norbert Burgmüller	1810	1836	German	composer, praised by Robert Schumann.
Robert Schumann	1810	1856	German	Robert Schumann composer and pianist, husband of Clara Schumann, a significant lieder writer, a prolific composer, wrote many short piano pieces, four symphonies, concerti and chamber music.
Ludwig Schuncke	1810	1834	German	composer and pianist.
Ferdinand David	1810	1873	German	composer and violinist.
Vinzenz Lachner	1811	1893	German	composer, brother of Franz Lachner and Ignaz Lachner.
Franz Liszt	1811	1886	Hungarian	Franz Liszt composer and virtuoso pianist, wrote a number of tone poems and extended piano technique, best known for his Hungarian Rhapsodies and other solo piano works, one of the most influential and distinguished piano composers of the Romantic era.
Ferdinand Hiller	1811	1885	German	composer, conductor, writer and music-director, close friend of Felix Mendelssohn.
Wilhelm Taubert	1811	1891	German	pianist, composer and conductor whose early works received praise from Felix Mendelssohn.
Ambroise Thomas	1811	1896	French	Ambroise Thomas composer, best known for his two operas, Mignon and Hamlet.
Spyridon Xyndas	1812	1896	Greek	opera composer and guitarist.
Sigismond Thalberg	1812	1871	Austrian	composer and one of the most distinguished pianists of the Romantic era.
Louis-Antoine Jullien	1812	1860	French	conductor and composer of light music, king of promenade concerts in England.
Emilie Mayer	1812	1883	German	Emilie Mayer composer of eight symphonies as well as overtures, lieder and numerous chamber works.
Friedrich von Flotow	1812	1883	German	Friedrich von Flotow composer, chiefly remembered for his opera, Martha.
Alexandre Dubuque	1812	1898	Russian-French	composer, known for teaching.
Joaquín Espín y Guillén	1812	1881	Spanish	major opera and zarzuela composer and musician, best known for Padilla, Carlo Broschi and El encogido y el estirado.
Johann Rufinatscha	1812	1893	Austrian	composer.
Alexander Dargomyzhsky	1813	1869	Russian	Alexander Dargomyzhsky composer.
Semen Hulak-Artemovsky	1813	1873	Ukrainian	Semen Hulak-Artemovsky opera composer, singer (baritone), actor and dramatist.
George Alexander Macfarren	1813	1887	English	major opera composer, best known for Robin Hood, She Stoops to Conquer and Helvellyn, also known as a teacher.
Stephen Heller	1813	1888	Hungarian	composer, highly affected the late Romantic composers.
Richard Wagner	1813	1883	German	Richard Wagner major opera composer, best known for his cycle of four operas, Der Ring des Nibelungen.
Ernst Haberbier	1813	1869	German	composer.
Giuseppe Verdi	1813	1901	Italian	Giuseppe Verdi major opera composer, best known for Nabucco, Rigoletto, La Traviata and Aida.
Charles-Valentin Alkan	1813	1888	French	composer and virtuoso pianist.
Andonios Liveralis	1814	1842	Greek	opera composer and conductor.
Giuseppe Lillo	1814	1863	Italian	composer, best known for his operas among which is worth noting Odda di Bernaver and Caterina Howard.
Adolf von Henselt	1814	1889	German	composer and pianist.
Philipp Fahrbach der Ältere	1815	1885	Austrian	composer, father of Philipp Fahrbach der Jüngere
Josephine Lang	1815	1880	German	composer and pianist.
Ferdinand Praeger	1815	1891	German	composer and pianist.
Robert Volkmann	1815	1883	German	composer, companion of Johannes Brahms.
William Sterndale Bennett	1816	1875	English	composer, conductor and editor.
Charles Dancla	1817	1907	French	violinist, composer and teacher.
Émile Prudent	1817	1863	French	pianist and composer.
Károly Thern	1817	1886	Hungarian	composer, conductor and teacher.
Niels Gade	1817	1890	Danish	composer, violinist and organist.
Henry Litolff	1818	1891	British	pianist, composer and music publisher, best known for his Concerto Symphoniques.
Charles Gounod	1818	1893	French	Charles Gounod composer, best known for his two operas, Faust and Roméo et Juliette.
Antonio Bazzini	1818	1897	Italian	violinist, composer and teacher, best known for The Dance of the Goblins.
Jacques Offenbach	1819	1880	French	Jacques Offenbach opera and operetta composer, known for The Tales of Hoffmann and Orpheus in the Underworld.
Franz von Suppé	1819	1895	Austrian	Franz von Suppé composer and conductor, notable for his operettas.
Stanisław Moniuszko	1819	1872	Polish	composer, best known as the Father of Polish National Opera.
Clara Schumann	1819	1896	German	composer and pianist, wife of Robert Schumann, one of the leading pianists of the Romantic era.

Middle Romantic-era composers (born 1820–39)

Name	Date born	Date died	Nationality	Comments
Henri Vieuxtemps	1820	1881	Belgian	Henri Vieuxtemps composer and violinist.
Giovanni Bottesini	1821	1889	Italian	conductor, composer and double bass virtuoso.
Josip Runjanin	1821	1878	Croatian	composer.
Emilie Hammarskjöld	1821	1854	Swedish	composer, concert pianist and organist.
Joachim Raff	1822	1882	Swiss-born German	Joachim Raff composer, best known for eleven symphonies, most of them program music.
César Franck	1822	1890	Belgian-born French	César Franck composer, noted for his Symphony in D minor, also a significant composer for the organ.
Luigi Arditi	1822	1903	Italian	composer, violinist and conductor.
Édouard Lalo	1823	1892	French	Édouard Lalo composer, remembered for his Symphonie Espagnole for violin and orchestra and his Cello Concerto.
Theodor Kirchner	1823	1903	German	composer and pianist, he wrote over 1,000 piano pieces.
Kurmangazy Sagyrbayuly	1823	1896	Kazakhstani	composer.
Anton Bruckner	1824	1896	Austrian	Anton Bruckner composer of nine large-scale symphonies (one incomplete) and two more unacknowledged.
Bedřich Smetana	1824	1884	Czech	Bedřich Smetana nationalist composer, best known for his cycle of six symphonic poems, Má vlast and his opera, The Bartered Bride.
Carl Reinecke	1824	1910	German	composer, conductor and pianist, best known for his attachment to classical forms and conducted Gewandhausorchester for nearly 35 years.
Jean-Baptiste Arban	1825	1889	French	composer and virtuoso cornetist, wrote the "Grande méthode complète pour cornet à pistons et de saxhorn" now referred to as the "Trumpeter's Bible".
Johann Strauss II	1825	1899	Austrian	Johann Strauss II composer known as "The Waltz King", son of Austrian dance music composer Johann Strauss I and elder brother of Josef Strauss and Eduard Strauss, best known for Blue Danube Waltz and his opera, Die Fledermaus.
Richard Hol	1825	1904	Dutch	organ composer.
Stephen Foster	1826	1864	American	composer and songwriter known as "the father of American music", best known for "Oh! Susanna", "Camptown Races", "Old Folks at Home", "My Old Kentucky Home", "Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair", "Old Black Joe" and "Beautiful Dreamer".
Ivar Hallström	1826	1901	Swedish	opera composer.
Ludwig Minkus	1826	1917	Austrian	composer of ballet music.
Prince Gustav, Duke of Uppland	1827	1852	Swedish	composer and the second son of Oscar I of Sweden.
Josef Strauss	1827	1870	Austrian	composer and younger brother of Johann Strauss II.
Adolphe Blanc	1828	1885	French	composer of chamber music.
Adrien Barthe	1828	1898	French	composer.
Johann Dubez	1828	1891	Austrian	composer and mandolinist.
Jacques Blumenthal	1829	1908	German	composer.
Louis Moreau Gottschalk	1829	1869	American	composer, famous for performing his own romantic piano works.
Anton Rubinstein	1829	1894	Russian	conductor, composer and pianist.
Karl Goldmark	1830	1915	Hungarian	Karl Goldmark composer.
Hans von Bülow	1830	1894	German	conductor, composer and virtuoso pianist.
Theodor Leschetizky	1830	1915	Polish	pianist, professor and composer.
Ivan Larionov	1830	1889	Russian	composer, writer and folklorist.
Kornelije Stanković	1831	1865	Serbian	composer.
Jan Gerard Palm	1831	1906	Curaçaoan	composer, best known for his mazurkas, waltzes, danzas, tumbas, fantasies and serenades.
Hiromori Hayashi	1831	1896	Japanese	composer, known for the Japanese national anthem, Kimigayo.
Joseph Joachim	1831	1907	Hungarian	composer, violinist, conductor and teacher.
Eduardo Mezzacapo	1832	1898	Italian	mandolin virtuoso, composer and teacher, known for Aubade for Mandolin, Violin and Guitar and Tarantella "Napoli".
August Söderman	1832	1876	Swedish	composer, best known for his lieder and choral works.
Francis Edward Bache	1833	1858	English	composer and organist.
Alexander Borodin	1833	1887	Russian	chemist and nationalist composer, part of the Russian Five, wrote the opera, Prince Igor.
Johannes Brahms	1833	1897	German	Johannes Brahms composer, one of the leading musicians of the Romantic period, best known for his four symphonies, Violin Concerto, two piano concertos, and A German Requiem.
Amilcare Ponchielli	1834	1886	Italian	Amilcare Ponchielli opera composer, known for La Gioconda.
Tekla Bądarzewska-Baranowska	1834	1861	Polish	Tekla Bądarzewska-Baranowska composer.
Julius Reubke	1834	1858	German	Julius Reubke piano and organ composer, known for Sonata on the 94th Psalm.
Peter Benoit	1834	1901	Flemish	composer.
Giuseppe Branzoli	1835	1909	Italian	mandolinist, violinist, composer and music historian.
Felix Draeseke	1835	1913	German	composer.
Camille Saint-Saëns	1835	1921	French	Camille Saint-Saëns music critic, composer, pianist and an exceptional organist, best known for his biblical opera, Samson et Dalila.
Henryk Wieniawski	1835	1880	Polish	Henryk Wieniawski composer and violinist, famous for two concertos and character pieces of exceptional difficulty.
Eduard Strauss	1835	1916	Austrian	composer and younger brother of Johann Strauss II and Josef Strauss.
César Cui	1835	1918	Russian	César Cui army officer, music critic and composer of the Russian Five.
Davorin Jenko	1835	1914	Slovenian-born Serbian	composer and conductor.
Friedrich Baumfelder	1836	1916	German	piano, choral, and orchestra composer, in his day known for his 'Tirocinium musicae' and today known for his 'Melody in F major'.
Léo Delibes	1836	1891	French	composer, one of the first significant ballet composers since the Baroque music, known for Coppélia, Sylvia, and Lakmé.
Antônio Carlos Gomes	1836	1896	Brazilian	opera composer, praised by Franz Liszt and Giuseppe Verdi whose Il Guarany premiered at La Scala in 1870, a first opera ballo for the composer from the New World.
Bertha Tammelin	1836	1915	Swedish	composer, concert pianist and opera singer.
Julius Weissenborn	1837	1888	German	bassoonist, composer and music teacher, famous for his Practical Bassoon School.
Émile Waldteufel	1837	1915	French	Émile Waldteufel composer of light music.
Mily Balakirev	1837	1910	Russian	Mily Balakirev nationalist composer and the leader of the Russian Five.
Georges Bizet	1838	1875	French	Georges Bizet composer, best known for his final opera, Carmen.
Max Bruch	1838	1920	German	Max Bruch composer, known for his Violin Concerto No. 1, Scottish Fantasy and Kol Nidrei for cello and orchestra.
Modest Mussorgsky	1839	1881	Russian	Modest Mussorgsky nationalist composer and the member of the Russian Five, best known for his piano suite, Pictures at an Exhibition.
John Knowles Paine	1839	1906	American	first native-born American composer to acquire international fame for his large-scale orchestral music.
Josef Rheinberger	1839	1901	German	composer and organist, born in Liechtenstein, primarily noted for his organ music including 20 sonatas.

Late Romantic-era composers (born 1840–59)

Name	Date born	Date died	Nationality	Comments
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky	1840	1893	Russian	Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky composer, best known for his three ballets, The Nutcracker, Swan Lake and The Sleeping Beauty, his opera, Eugene Onegin, his 1812 Overture, his Piano Concerto No. 1, his Violin Concerto and his seven symphonies.
John Stainer	1840	1901	English	composer and organist.
Louis-Albert Bourgault-Ducoudray	1840	1910	French	composer.
Johan Svendsen	1840	1911	Norwegian	composer, conductor and violinist.
Louis Brassin	1840	1884	Belgian	pianist, composer and music educator, best known for his piano transcription of the Magic Fire Music from Wagner's Die Walküre.
Emmanuel Chabrier	1841	1894	French	Emmanuel Chabrier composer who influenced Maurice Ravel, Les Six, Jean Françaix and many other French composers, known for the opera, L'étoile and the rhapsody, España.
Felip Pedrell	1841	1922	Spanish	composer of opera, zarzuela and church music who taught and influenced Isaac Albéniz, Enrique Granados and Manuel de Falla.
Giovanni Sgambati	1841	1914	Italian	composer, conductor and pianist.
Antonín Dvořák	1841	1904	Czech	Antonín Dvořák composer, best known for New World Symphony.
Giuseppe Silvestri	1841	1921	Italian	composer and mandolin virtuoso.
Arrigo Boito	1842	1918	Italian	Arrigo Boito composer and librettist, known as a composer for his opera, Mefistofele.
Mykola Lysenko	1842	1912	Ukrainian	Mykola Lysenko composer, pianist, conductor and ethnomusicologist.
Johann Nepomuk Fuchs	1842	1899	Austrian	composer, conductor, teacher and editor.
Jules Massenet	1842	1912	French	Jules Massenet composer, best known for his two operas, Manon and Werther and the Méditation for violin from the opera, Thaïs.
Arthur Sullivan	1842	1900	English	Arthur Sullivan composer, known for his operettas in collaboration with William Schwenck Gilbert.
Calixa Lavallée	1842	1891	Canadian	composer, known for the Canadian national anthem, O Canada.
Émile Bernard	1843	1902	French	composer and organist, known for his Divertissement For Doubled Wind Quintet.
Philipp Fahrbach der Jüngere	1843	1894	Austrian	composer, son of Philipp Fahrbach der Ältere.
Edvard Grieg	1843	1907	Norwegian	Edvard Grieg composer, known for his 1875 incidental music, Peer Gynt.
David Popper	1843	1913	Czech	composer and virtuoso cellist, known for his 40 etudes, 4 concerti and Hungarian Rhapsody for cello and orchestra.
Georg Hendrik Witte	1843	1929	Dutch	composer, professor, royal and municipal music-director and conductor of the 'Musikverein' in Essen.
Claude-Paul Taffanel	1844	1908	French	Claude-Paul Taffanel flautist, conductor and instructor regarded as the founder of the French Flute School.
Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov	1844	1908	Russian	Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov composer and the member of the Russian Five, best known for Flight of the Bumblebee from The Tale of Tsar Saltan.
Pietro Armanini	1844	1895	Italian	composer, virtuoso mandolinist and teacher, known for his performances and two dances, La cigale polka pour (The Grasshopper Polka) and L'éventail polka-mazurka (The Range Mazurka).
Pablo de Sarasate	1844	1908	Spanish	virtuoso violinist and composer, best known for Zigeunerweisen, Carmen Fantasy and his showpieces for the violin.
Charles-Marie Widor	1844	1937	French	composer, known for his works for the organ.
Friedrich Nietzsche	1844	1900	German	philologist, philosopher, cultural critic, poet and composer.
Ion Ivanovici	1845	1902	Serbian-born Romanian	composer, known for his waltz, Waves of the Danube.
Gabriel Fauré	1845	1924	French	Gabriel Fauré composer, known for his chamber music and a requiem among other pieces.
Ignaz Brüll	1846	1907	Austrian	composer and pianist.
Luigi Denza	1846	1922	Italian	opera composer, composed and played for mandolin and guitar.
Ferdinando de Cristofaro	1846	1890	Italian	mandolin virtuoso, pianist, composer and music teacher.
Zygmunt Noskowski	1846	1909	Polish	composer, conductor and teacher.
Robert Fuchs	1847	1927	Austrian	composer and music teacher.
Chiquinha Gonzaga	1847	1935	Brazilian	composer, pianist, and conductor.
Augusta Holmès	1847	1903	French	composer of Irish descent.
Philipp Scharwenka	1847	1917	German-Polish	composer and music teacher, brother of Xaver Scharwenka.
Henri Duparc	1848	1933	French	composer, noted for seventeen melodies.
Hubert Parry	1848	1918	English	Hubert Parry composer, wrote choral song, Jerusalem.
Benjamin Godard	1849	1895	French	composer and violinist.
Ernesto Köhler	1849	1907	Italian	flautist and composer, known by flautists for his instructional work, Progress In Flute Playing.
C. A. Bracco	1850	1903	Italian	mandolinist, violinist, composer and conductor, known for I mandolini a congresso.
Zdeněk Fibich	1850	1900	Czech	Zdeněk Fibich composer, best known for his two operas, Šárka and The Bride of Messina.
Xaver Scharwenka	1850	1924	German-Polish	composer, pianist and music teacher, brother of Philipp Scharwenka.
Alexandre Luigini	1850	1906	French	composer and conductor.
Max Josef Beer	1851	1908	Austrian	composer.
Josif Marinković	1851	1931	Serbian	composer.
Vincent d'Indy	1851	1931	French	Vincent d'Indy composer, teacher of Erik Satie and Darius Milhaud among others.
Francisco Tárrega	1852	1909	Spanish	composer and virtuoso classical guitarist, known as 'the Father of modern classical guitar playing'.
Hans Huber	1852	1921	Swiss	composer.
Charles Villiers Stanford	1852	1924	Irish	Charles Villiers Stanford composer.
Ciprian Porumbescu	1853	1883	Romanian	composer.
Teresa Carreño	1853	1917	Venezuelan	composer and pianist.
Engelbert Humperdinck	1854	1921	German	opera composer, influenced by Richard Wagner, famous for Hänsel und Gretel.
Leoš Janáček	1854	1928	Czech	composer, known for his two operas, Káťa Kabanová and Jenůfa and his two orchestral pieces, Sinfonietta and Taras Bulba.
Alfredo Catalani	1854	1893	Italian	Alfredo Catalani composer, known for his two operas, Loreley and La Wally.
Moritz Moszkowski	1854	1925	German	composer and pianist who wrote prolifically for the piano, also composed a piano concerto and a violin concerto.
John Philip Sousa	1854	1932	American	John Philip Sousa composer and conductor known as "The March King", best known for The Stars And Stripes Forever.
Bernard Zweers	1854	1924	Dutch	Bernard Zweers composer.
George Whitefield Chadwick	1854	1931	American	composer.
Ernest Chausson	1855	1899	French	Ernest Chausson composer, influenced by César Franck and Richard Wagner, seen as a bridge from them to Claude Debussy.
Jean Pietrapertosa	1855	1940	Italian-French	composer and mandolin virtuoso.
Julius Röntgen	1855	1932	German-Dutch	composer, influenced by Johannes Brahms, close friend to Edvard Grieg.
Anatoly Lyadov	1855	1914	Russian	Anatoly Lyadov composer, teacher and conductor.
Arnold Mendelssohn	1855	1933	German	composer and music teacher.
Stevan Mokranjac	1856	1914	Serbian	composer.
Giuseppe Martucci	1856	1909	Italian	composer and music teacher.
Sergei Taneyev	1856	1915	Russian	Sergei Taneyev composer, pianist and music teacher.
Christian Sinding	1856	1941	Norwegian	Christian Sinding composer.
Edward Elgar	1857	1934	English	Edward Elgar composer, wrote oratorios, chamber music, concerti and symphonies, best known for his Enigma Variations, Salut d'Amour, Cello Concerto and his Pomp and Circumstance Marches.
Cécile Chaminade	1857	1944	French	composer and pianist.
Ruggero Leoncavallo	1857	1919	Italian	Ruggero Leoncavallo opera composer, known almost exclusively for Pagliacci.
Giacomo Puccini	1858	1924	Italian	Giacomo Puccini opera composer, known for La bohème, Tosca and Madama Butterfly.
Jenő Hubay	1858	1937	Hungarian	violinist, composer and music teacher, also known by his German name Eugen Huber.
Eugène Ysaÿe	1858	1931	Belgian	Eugène Ysaÿe composer and virtuoso violinist, known for his solo sonatas for violin.
Carlo Curti	1859	1926	Italian	Carlo Curti composer, conductor and instrumentalist on xylophone and mandolin, wrote mandolin method. Also, he conducted the first Mexican Typical Orchestra (Orquesta Típica Mexicana).
Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov	1859	1935	Russian	composer, conductor and teacher.
Victor Herbert	1859	1924	Irish-born American	composer, cellist and conductor, best known for his 1903 operetta, Babes in Toyland.
Sergei Lyapunov	1859	1924	Russian	composer and pianist.
Per Lasson	1859	1883	Norwegian	composer, brother of Norwegian painter, Oda Krohg.
Robert Tolinger	1859	1911	Czech-born Serbian	composer and conductor.

Romantic-era/20th-century classical composers (born 1860–79)

Name	Date born	Date died	Nationality	Comments
Isaac Albéniz	1860	1909	Spanish	Isaac Albéniz composer, known for nationalist piano works such as Iberia and a 'set of 12 piano pieces'.
Valborg Aulin	1860	1928	Swedish	pianist and composer.
Gustave Charpentier	1860	1956	French	File:Gustave charpentier.jpg Gustave Charpentier composer, best known for his opera, Louise.
Gustav Mahler	1860	1911	Austrian	Gustav Mahler composer, one of the most important late-Romantic/early-Modernist composers, his works include nine innovative large-scale and sometimes programmatic symphonies and many lieder.
Edward MacDowell	1860	1908	American	Edward MacDowell composer, best known for his piano concertos and piano suites, his works include his most popular short piece, "To a Wild Rose".
Hugo Wolf	1860	1903	Austrian	Hugo Wolf composer of lieder, influenced by Richard Wagner.
Ignacy Jan Paderewski	1860	1941	Polish	pianist and composer.
Anton Arensky	1861	1906	Russian	composer, pianist and music teacher.
Spyridon Samaras	1861	1917	Greek	opera composer, widely known for his composition of the song, "Olympic Hymn".
Wilhelm Berger	1861	1911	German	composer, pianist and conductor.
Georgy Catoire	1861	1926	Russian	composer.
Václav Suk	1861	1933	Czech-born Russian	composer, violinist and conductor.
Claude Debussy	1862	1918	French	Claude Debussy composer, one of the most prominent figures working within the field of Impressionist music, best known for Clair de Lune from Suite bergamasque.
Frederick Delius	1862	1934	English	Frederick Delius composer, used chromaticism in many of his compositions.
Edward German	1862	1936	English	Edward German composer of Welsh descent, known for his three comic operas, Merrie England, A Princess of Kensington and Tom Jones.
Alberto Williams	1862	1952	Argentine	composer and conductor.
Pietro Mascagni	1863	1945	Italian	Pietro Mascagni opera composer, known for Cavalleria Rusticana.
Horatio Parker	1863	1919	American	Horatio Parker composer, organist and teacher.
Gabriel Pierné	1863	1937	French	composer, conductor and organist.
Ricardo Castro	1864	1907	Mexican	composer, works include piano music.
Alberto Nepomuceno	1864	1920	Brazilian	Alberto Nepomuceno composer.
Clarence L. Partee	1864	1915	American	Clarence L. Partee composer for banjo, mandolin and guitar.
Guy Ropartz	1864	1955	French	composer and conductor.
Richard Strauss	1864	1949	German	Richard Strauss composer, known for Also Sprach Zarathustra (based on the book, Thus Spoke Zarathustra by Friedrich Nietzsche), wrote many tone poems, operas and lieder.
Paul Dukas	1865	1935	French	Paul Dukas composer, known for his piece of program music, The Sorcerer's Apprentice.
Eduardo di Capua	1865	1917	Italian	composer, known for his song, "’O sole mio".
Herbert J. Ellis	1865	1903	English	musician (banjo, mandolin and guitar), wrote method books, more than 1000 compositions.
Paul Gilson	1865	1942	Belgian	musician and composer.
Alexander Glazunov	1865	1936	Russian	Alexander Glazunov composer, influenced by Richard Wagner and Franz Liszt.
Albéric Magnard	1865	1914	French	Albéric Magnard composer.
Carl Nielsen	1865	1931	Danish	Carl Nielsen composer, renowned for his six symphonies and concerti.
Jean Sibelius	1865	1957	Finnish	Jean Sibelius composer of seven symphonies and the Violin Concerto in D minor, known also for the symphonic poems En saga, Lemminkäinen (which includes the Swan of Tuonela), Finlandia, The Oceanides, and Tapiola.
Vasily Kalinnikov	1866	1901	Russian	composer of two symphonies.
Tor Aulin	1866	1914	Swedish	violinist, conductor and composer.
Ferruccio Busoni	1866	1924	Italian	Ferruccio Busoni composer and pianist, known for his opera, Turandot and his many transcriptions and arrangements of Johann Sebastian Bach.
Francesco Cilea	1866	1950	Italian	composer, particularly known for his two operas, L'arlesiana and Adriana Lecouvreur.
Vladimir Rebikov	1866	1920	Russian	composer and pianist.
Erik Satie	1866	1925	French	Erik Satie composer and pianist, best known for Les Trois Gymnopédies.
Johann Strauss III	1866	1939	Austrian	composer, son of Eduard Strauss.
Learmont Drysdale	1866	1909	Scottish	composer.
Samuel Maykapar	1867	1938	Russian	composer.
Amy Beach	1867	1944	American	Amy Beach composer and pianist.
Umberto Giordano	1867	1948	Italian	Umberto Giordano opera composer.
Enrique Granados	1867	1916	Spanish	Enrique Granados composer and pianist, known for his piano works and chamber music.
Wilhelm Peterson-Berger	1867	1942	Swedish	Wilhelm Peterson-Berger composer, wrote symphonies, operas, vocal and piano music.
Charles Koechlin	1867	1950	French	composer, teacher and writer on music.
Scott Joplin	c. 1867/1868	1917	American	Scott Joplin composer and pianist known as "The Ragtime King", best known for Maple Leaf Rag and The Entertainer.
Granville Bantock	1868	1946	British	composer.
Hermann Bischoff	1868	1936	German	composer.
Hamish MacCunn	1868	1916	Scottish	composer, conductor and teacher.
Vittorio Monti	1868	1922	Italian	composer, violinist and conductor, most famous for Csárdás.
Juventino Rosas	1868	1894	Mexican	Juventino Rosas composer, known for his song, "Sobre las Olas".
Jan Brandts Buys	1868	1933	Dutch-Austrian	composer.
Tokichi Setoguchi	1868	1941	Japanese	composer, music educator, conductor and clarinetist, famous for Warship March.
Seth Weeks	1868	1953	American	Seth Weeks composer, music educator, jazz bandleader and mandolinist.
Demetrios Lialios	1869	1940	Greek	composer of chamber music.
Julius Conus	1869	1942	Russian	composer and violinist.
Albert Roussel	1869	1937	French	Albert Roussel composer.
Armas Järnefelt	1869	1958	Finnish	composer and conductor.
Alfred Hill	1869	1960	Australian-New Zealand	composer, conductor and teacher.
Leopold Godowsky	1870	1938	Polish	composer, pianist and teacher.
Zygmunt Stojowski	1870	1946	Polish	composer and pianist.
Franz Lehár	1870	1948	Hungarian	composer, mainly known for his operettas.
Florent Schmitt	1870	1958	French	composer.
Luigi von Kunits	1870	1931	Serbian-born Austrian	composer and conductor, founder of the Pittsburg and Toronto symphony orchestras.
Guillaume Lekeu	1870	1894	Belgian	composer, known for his violin sonata.
Alfredo D'Ambrosio	1871	1914	Italian	violinist and composer.
Giacomo Balla	1871	1958	Italian	futurist composer and artist.
Henry Kimball Hadley	1871	1937	American	composer and conductor, known for the opera, Cleopatra's Night.
Oreste Ravanello	1871	1938	Italian	composer, known for works for choir and for organ.
Wilhelm Stenhammar	1871	1927	Swedish	Wilhelm Stenhammar composer, conductor and pianist.
Alexander von Zemlinsky	1871	1942	Austrian	Alexander von Zemlinsky composer and music teacher, his students include Arnold Schoenberg and Erich Wolfgang Korngold.
Stanislav Binički	1872	1942	Serbian	composer.
Hugo Alfvén	1872	1960	Swedish	Hugo Alfvén composer, known for Swedish Rhapsody, works include choral music and five symphonies.
Julius Fučík	1872	1916	Czech	Julius Fučík composer and conductor of military bands, known for Entrance of the Gladiators.
Rubin Goldmark	1872	1936	American	composer, pianist, educator and nephew of Karl Goldmark.
Alexander Scriabin	1872	1915	Russian	Alexander Scriabin composer and pianist, known for his harmonically adventurous piano sonatas and theatrically orchestral works.
Ralph Vaughan Williams	1872	1958	English	Ralph Vaughan Williams composer, his works include nine symphonies, Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis and other orchestral poems.
Salvator Léonardi	1872	1938	Italian	composer, performer and teacher, known for Souvenir de Catania, Souvenir de Napoli, Souvenir de Sicile and Angeli e Demoni.
William Henry Bell	1873	1946	English	composer, conductor and lecturer.
Leo Fall	1873	1925	Austrian	composer of operettas.
Pascual Marquina Narro	1873	1948	Spanish	prolific orchestral and operatic composer.
Sergei Rachmaninoff	1873	1943	Russian	Sergei Rachmaninoff composer, conductor and virtuoso pianist, wrote three symphonies, four piano concertos, Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini and solo piano music.
Max Reger	1873	1916	German	prolific composer, known for his Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Mozart.
Reynaldo Hahn	1874	1947	Venezuelan	composer, known for his strikingly beautiful and unabashedly tonal melodies.
Gustav Holst	1874	1934	English	Gustav Holst composer, best known for his orchestral suite, The Planets.
Charles Ives	1874	1954	American	composer, member of the American Five, best known for The Unanswered Question and his Concord Sonata.
Arnold Schoenberg	1874	1951	Austrian	Arnold Schoenberg composer, whose early works (e.g. Verklärte Nacht) are influenced by Richard Wagner, but subsequently developed atonalism and serialism with such watershed works as Moses und Aron.
Josef Suk	1874	1935	Czech	Josef Suk composer and violinist.
Franz Schmidt	1874	1939	Austrian	composer, influenced by Anton Bruckner and Johannes Brahms.
Reinhold Glière	1875	1956	Russian	Reinhold Glière composer.
Julián Carrillo	1875	1965	Mexican	composer, conductor, violinist and music theorist.
Fritz Kreisler	1875	1962	Austrian	composer and virtuoso violinist, known for his sweet sound, composed short showpieces for the violin.
Richard Wetz	1875	1935	German	composer, influenced by Anton Bruckner.
Maurice Ravel	1875	1937	French	Maurice Ravel composer, best known for Boléro.
Franco Alfano	1875	1954	Italian	composer and pianist.
Albert Ketèlbey	1875	1959	English	composer, conductor and pianist.
Samuel Coleridge-Taylor	1875	1912	English	composer, known for his trilogy of cantatas, The Song of Hiawatha.
Alexander Koshetz	1875	1944	Ukrainian	Alexander Koshetz choral conductor, arranger, composer, ethnographer, writer, musicologist and lecturer.
Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis	1875	1911	Lithuanian	painter and composer.
Henriette Renié	1875	1956	French	harpist and composer.
Edgar Bara	1876	1962	French	mandolinist and composer, conducted mandolin orchestra.
John Alden Carpenter	1876	1951	American	composer.
Manuel de Falla	1876	1946	Spanish	Manuel de Falla composer, best known for The Three-Cornered Hat.
Flor Alpaerts	1876	1954	Belgian	composer, notable students include the two composers, Denise Tolkowsky and Ernest Schuyten.
Mieczysław Karłowicz	1876	1909	Polish	Mieczysław Karłowicz composer, his style is of late-Romantic and nationalist character.
Filippo Tommaso Marinetti	1876	1944	Italian	futurist composer, poet, and editor.
Fermo Dante Marchetti	1876	1940	Italian	composer, best known for the song, "Fascination".
Ludolf Nielsen	1876	1939	Danish	composer, violinist, conductor and pianist.
Carl Ruggles	1876	1971	American	File:Carlruggles.jpg Carl Ruggles composer, painter and the member of the American Five, best known for his orchestral work, Sun-Treader.
Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari	1876	1948	Italian	Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari composer and music teacher, known for his comic operas.
Petar Krstić	1877	1957	Serbian	composer and conductor.
Antonio Russolo	1877	1942	Italian	futurist composer and brother of Luigi Russolo.
Ernő Dohnányi	1877	1960	Hungarian	conductor, composer and pianist.
Elisabeth Kuyper	1877	1953	Dutch	composer and conductor.
Paul Ladmirault	1877	1944	French	composer.
Mykola Leontovych	1877	1921	Ukrainian	Mykola Leontovych composer, choral conductor and teacher, known to the English speaking world as Carol of the Bells or as Ring Christmas Bells.
Isidor Bajić	1878	1915	Serbian	composer, conductor, pedagogue and publisher.
Gabriel Dupont	1878	1914	French	Gabriel Dupont composer, known for his operas and chamber music.
Joseph Holbrooke	1878	1958	English	composer, conductor and pianist.
Franz Schreker	1878	1934	Austrian	conductor, composer and music teacher, primarily a composer of operas.
Frank Bridge	1879	1941	English	Frank Bridge composer, best known as the teacher of Benjamin Britten; compositions include Oration for cello and orchestra, The Sea for orchestra and four string quartets.
Viggo Brodersen	1879	1965	Danish	composer and pianist.
Joseph Canteloube	1879	1957	French	Joseph Canteloube composer, primarily known for Chants d'Auvergne.
Hamilton Harty	1879	1941	Irish	composer and conductor, best known for An Irish Symphony.
John Ireland	1879	1962	English	composer, whose Piano Concerto is representative.
Alma Mahler	1879	1964	Austrian	composer and wife of Gustav Mahler.
Otto Olsson	1879	1964	Swedish	composer.
Ottorino Respighi	1879	1936	Italian	File:Ottorino Respighi.jpg Ottorino Respighi composer, known for his two symphonic poems, The Fountains of Rome and The Pines of Rome.
Rudolf Sieczyński	1879	1952	Austrian	Rudolf Sieczyński composer.
Cyril Scott	1879	1970	English	composer, writer and poet.
Rentarō Taki	1879	1903	Japanese	Rentarō Taki composer and pianist.

Timeline

See also

• List of Renaissance composers
• List of Baroque composers
• List of Classical era composers
• List of classical music composers by era
• List of 20th-century classical composers by birth date
• List of piano composers

References

Notes

Sources

• Classical Net, Timeline of Major Composers 1600-Present (PDF), retrieved 6 May 2009 from Classical Net - Composers and Their Works - Timelines
• Classical Composers Database: Composers timeline (1800-1900). Retrieved 5 July 2006.
• Machlis, Joseph and Forney, Kristine. The Enjoyment of Music: Seventh Edition, W.W. Norton & Company, 1995, ISBN 0-393-96643-7
• Moss, Charles K. Claude Debussy and Impressionism at the Wayback Machine (archived 9 February 2008). Retrieved 17 January 2009.
• Sadie, Julie Anne and Rhian Samuel. The Norton/Grove Dictionary of Women Composers, W.W. Norton & Company, 1995, ISBN 0-333-51598-6