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List of flags of Vietnam

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List of Vietnamese flags
Five-colour flags
Nguyễn dynasty's administrative units
Republic of Vietnam Military Forces
French Indochina
Religious flags

The following is a list of flags of Vietnam.[1][2]

National flag

[edit]
Main article: Flag of Vietnam

Current

[edit]

Official

[edit]
Flag Date Use Blazon Description
July 2, 1976 – present State flag and civil flag Gules, a mullet Or. A large yellow star centered on a red field (2:3). The red background symbolizes revolution and bloodshed. The golden star represents the five main classes in Vietnamese society — intellectuals, farmers, workers, entrepreneurs, soldiers.

Diasporic

[edit]
Flag Date Use Blazon Description

1955 – 1975

Often found amongst overseas Vietnamese

Or, three bars Gules. A yellow field and three horizontal red stripes (2:3). The yellow color traditionally represents Vietnam. Three red stripes symbolized the common blood running through northern, central, and southern Vietnam.

This flag is prohibited in Vietnam since it was the flag of the former Republic of Vietnam. Found mostly amongst overseas Vietnamese communities in liberal democratic countries, it has also been used by some political dissidents in Vietnam.[3]

Historical

[edit]
Flag Date Use Blazon Description
c. 1858 – 1885 The diplomatic flag of the Empire of Đại Nam.[4][better source needed] Or Yellow field with gold border (2:3).
c. 1885 – 1890 The banner of Đại Nam. Or, two Chinese characters 大南 Gules National name (大南 ) centered on the yellow field (2:3). Influences:
1885 – 9 March 1945 The French protectorate flag of Annam and Tonkin. Or, in the canton side, tierced in pale, Azure, Argent and Gules. French flag canton on a yellow field (2:3).[5][6] Used as the government flag.[7] Influences:
c. 1941 – 12 June 1945 Flag of Đại Nam and the Empire of Vietnam. Or, a fess Gules. A yellow field with a single large red stripe (2:3).[8] Designed according to the pattern of the medal riband of the Order of the Dragon of Annam.[7][5] Emerging in the 1920s as a regal flag of the Nguyễn court. In the World War II, adopted as the national flag of Đại Nam,[9] assigned as the civil flag.[7] Other influences:
12 June – 30 August 1945 Flag of the Empire of Vietnam. Or, the trigram of fire Gules. A yellow field with four red stripes (2:3). The stripes formed the Quẻ Ly, or Li trigram ☲.[10][11][6] Designed by Lê Quý Trinh. Influences:
September 2, 1945 – November 30, 1955 Flag of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. Gules, a mullet Or. A large yellow star centered on the red field (2:3). Influences:
June 2, 1948 – July 2, 1949
July 2, 1949 – April 30, 1975		 Flag of the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam, the State of Vietnam, and the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). Or, three bars Gules. A yellow field with three red stripes (2:3). Adopted by Chief of State Bảo Đại and signed into law by Prime Minister Nguyễn Văn Xuân in 1948.[9][12] The flag was also used by the State of Vietnam and its successor, the Republic of Vietnam. Influences:
November 30, 1955 – July 2, 1976 Flag of North Vietnam. Gules, a mullet Or. A large yellow star centered on the red field (2:3). Influences:
April 30, 1975 – July 2, 1976 Flag of the Republic of South Vietnam. Per fess Gules and Azure, a mullet Or. A yellow star on the red and blue background. Influences:

Imperial standards

[edit]
Flag Duration Use Name/Description
c. 1885–1890 Flag of emperor Đồng Khánh.[citation needed] Flag with the word Đại Nam (大南, "Great South'", the then official name of Vietnam).[13][unreliable source?]
c. 1890–1920 Flag of emperors Thành Thái, Duy Tân and Khải Định.[citation needed] A red field with a single yellow stripe.[13][unreliable source?]
c. 1920–1945 Flag of emperors Khải Định and Bảo Đại. A yellow field with a single red stripe. Referred to as the cờ Long tinh or "Dragon star flag".

Personal standards of emperors

[edit]
Flag Duration Use Name/Description
1922–1945 Personal standard of emperors Khải Định and Bảo Đại.[13] Flag ratio: 2:3.
1941?–1945 Royal fanion (Cờ Nhà Vua) of the Nguyễn dynasty.[13][8][14] The "flag of yellow and dragon" (黃龍旗, Hoàng-long kì) or the "Son of Heaven flag" (天子旗, Thiên-tử kì). Flag ratio is 1:2.
1941?–1945 Imperial standard of the Nguyễn dynasty.[13][8] Flag ratio: 1:2.
1948–1955 Personal standard of State Chief Bảo Đại.[13] Flag ratio: 2:3. Influences:

Presidential standards

[edit]
Flag Duration Use Name/Description
1955–1963 Presidential Standard of the First Vietnamese Republic.[15] Yellow field with green bamboo on the top, and the red inscription "Tiết-trực tâm-hư" (節直心虛, "honest and modest") on the bottom.[16][17]
1964–1975 Presidential Standard of the Second Vietnamese Republic. White field with the coat of arms of the Republic of Vietnam on the middle.[16]
1967–1975 Presidential standard of the Second Vietnamese Republic as Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces. Standard of the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces[17] (2:3). Influences:

Political flags

[edit]
Flag Duration Use Name/Description
1910–1930 Flag of the Indochinese Constitutionalist Party.[18] A yellow field with a red saltire in its centre extending to all corners.
1925–1930 Flag of the Tân Việt Revolutionary Party.[19][better source needed]
c. 1912–1925 Flag of the Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội. A red flag with a canton containing five white round-stars centered on a dark blue field. Influences:
1929–1945 Flag of the Vietnamese Nationalist Party.
1930– Flag of the Communist Party of Vietnam. Influences:
1931—1946 Flag of the Trotskyist League of Vietnam.
1939–1951 Flag of the Vietnam National Restoration League. Influences: Flag of the Republic of China
1941–1951 Flag of the League for the Independence of Vietnam. A yellow star centered on a red field. Influences:
1942–1946 Flag of the Vietnam Revolutionary League. Influences: Flag of the Republic of China
1939– Flag of the Nationalist Party of Greater Vietnam. Influences: Flag of the Republic of China
1945– Flag of the Vietnamese Nationalist Party. Influences: Flag of the Republic of China
1943–1947 Flag of the Đại Việt Populist Revolutionary Party.
Variant flag of the Đại Việt Populist Revolutionary Party.
1945 Flag of the Vanguard Youth. A red star centered on a yellow field.
1945 Flag of the Vietnam National Independence Party. A tricolour with the colours yellow-blue-yellow.
1951– Flag of the Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union Influences:
1954–1963 Flag of the Personalist Labor Revolutionary Party.
1958–1964 Flag of the BAJARAKA.
1960–1977 Flag of the National Liberation Front for South Vietnam. Influences:
1964–1992 Flag of the FULRO.[a]
Flag of the FULRO, Variant flag.[b]
Flag of the New Greater Viet Party. Influences:
1964–1985 Flag of the Liberation Front of Kampuchea Krom.
Flag of Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation (KKF).
1964– Flag of the Front for the Liberation of Central Highlands.
1965– Flag of the Greater Viet Revolutionary Party. Influences:
1965– Flag of the Caodaist Youth Union.[20]
1967—1975 Flag of the National Social Democratic Front. A red star centered on a yellow field.
1973 Flag of the Four Power Joint Military Commission.[21][22][c] A black Arabic number "4" (four) centered on a square red field.
1968–1977 Flag of the Alliance of National, Democratic, and Peace Forces. Influences:
1981– Flag of the Coalition of Vietnam Nationalist Parties.
1981– Flag of the Alliance for Democracy in Vietnam. A yellow field with three red stripes and five blue stars in the upper canton. Influences:
1982— Flag of the Viet Tan.
1991— Flag of the People's Action Party of Vietnam. Influences: Party flag of the Kuomintang and canton of the Republic of China
1993— Flag of the Vietnamese Constitutional Monarchist League.[23] Influences:
1993— Flag of the Vietnamese Constitutional Monarchist League, variant flag. Influences:
2003– Flag of the Vietnamese National Party. Influences:
2006– Flag of the Democratic Party of Vietnam.
2006– Flag of the Vietnam Populist Party / For the People Party. A blue field with the map of Vietnam in gold. The party's name "Đảng VÌ Dân" at the bottom and the slogan "Hòa bình – Tự do – Ấm no – Tiến bộ" (Peace – Freedom – Prosperity – Progress) on top.

Religious flags

[edit]
Main article: List of religious flags of Vietnam

Military flags

[edit]
Further information: List of flags of the Republic of Vietnam Military Forces

Including unit flags that are derived from the military flag template.

Flag Date Use Description
Current
1955–present Flag of People's Army of Vietnam.

(War flag of Vietnam)

A yellow star centered on a red field, and yellow inscription "Quyết thắng" (determined to win) in the upper canton (2:3).
1955–present Reverse side of the Flag of People's Army of Vietnam. A yellow star centered on a red field, and yellow inscription "Quyết thắng" (determined to win) in the upper right corner (2:3).
1955–present Flag of Vietnam People's Navy. Flag of the People's Army of Vietnam with military branch/unit name "Quân chủng Hải quân" in the bottom.
1959–present Flag of Vietnam People's Air Force. Flag of the People's Army of Vietnam with military branch/unit name "Quân chủng Phòng không – Không quân" in the bottom.
1958–present Flag of Vietnam Border Guard. Flag of the People's Army of Vietnam with military branch/unit name "Biên phòng Việt Nam" in the bottom.
2008–present Flag of Vietnam Coast Guard. Flag of the People's Army of Vietnam with military branch/unit name "Cảnh sát biển Việt Nam" in the bottom.
1958–present Flag of Vietnam Information and Communications Force [vi]. Flag of the People's Army of Vietnam with military branch/unit name "Binh chủng Thông tin Liên lạc" in the bottom.
2022–present Flag of the Vietnam Militia and Self-Defence Force. The emblem of the Vietnam Self-Defence Militia centered on a red field (2:3).
Historical
1953–1954 Challenge flag and Viet Minh battle flag during the final course of the First Indochina War and the Victory Banner of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu. A yellow star with Vietnamese slogans and inscriptions.
1961–1976 Flag of the Liberation Army of South Vietnam.[24] A yellow star centered on a red and blue field, and yellow inscription "Quyết thắng" (determined to win) in the upper canton (2:3). Influences:
1965–1975 Republic of Vietnam War flag. Yellow flag with three stripes, and the emblem (gold eagle) in the middle (3:4). Influences:
1965–1975 Flag of the Republic of Vietnam Military Forces. Flag ratio: 3:4.
1955–1965 Flag of the Republic of Vietnam Military Forces. Flag ratio: 3:4. Influences:
1955–1965 Reverse side of the flag of the Republic of Vietnam Military Forces. Flag ratio: 3:4. Influences:
1965–1975 Flag of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. Flag ratio: 3:4.
1965–1975 Flag of the Republic of Vietnam Navy. Flag ratio: 3:4.
1965–1975 Flag of the Republic of Vietnam Air Force. Flag ratio: 3:4.
1968–1975 Flag of Republic of Vietnam Marine Division. Flag ratio: 3:4.
1949–1955 Flag of Vietnamese National Army. Yellow flag with three stripes, and the name of State of Vietnam (3:4). Influences:
1923 – March 9, 1945 Flag of Tirailleurs indochinois. French tricolor canton on a yellow field (1:1). Influences:
Flag of the royal cavalry of the Nguyễn dynasty.[25] Influences:
1912–1925 Flag of the Việt Nam Quang phục quân (the military-wing of the Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội). Five white dots connected with saltire on red background. Influences:
Flag of the Army of the Nguyễn dynasty.[26][27]

Police flags

[edit]
Flag Date Use Description
Current
1955–present Flag of the Vietnam People's Public Security A yellow star centered on a red field, and yellow inscription "Bảo vệ an ninh tổ quốc" (Protecting the Fatherland's Security) in the upper canton (2:3).
Historical
1955–1975 Flag of Republic of Vietnam National Police[28][29][30] A green flag with the motto "Tổ quốc, Công minh – Liêm chính" (Fatherland, Justice – Integrity) in the top, the police badge in the middle, and the name "Cảnh sát Quốc gia" (National Police) in the bottom (2:3).
1955–1975 Other variant flag of the Republic of Vietnam National Police[31][32] RVN police symbol on the South Vietnam’s flag with green background.

Ensigns

[edit]
Flag Date Use Description
Historical
1923–1945
1945–1949		 Civil and Naval Ensign of French Indochina. A yellow ensign with the French tricolor in the canton and swallow tail. (proportions 1:2). Influences:
1952–1975 Naval ensign of State of Vietnam and Republic of Vietnam.[33] Yellow field with three red stripes and an anchor in the middle (2:3). Influences:
Current
1998–present Ensign of Vietnam Coast Guard. A dark blue pennant with the Vietnamese national emblem (sometimes simplified) in the middle and a yellow/golden arrow pointing toward the pole (2:3).[34]
2014–present Naval ensign of Vietnam People's Navy. A white flag with an emblem representing the Vietnam People's Navy on the top and a blue strip below (2:3).[35]Influences:
2014–present Jack of the Vietnam Fisheries Surveillance. A light blue pennant with the agency's emblem in the middle (2:3).[36]
2022–present Flag and ensign of the maritime militia. The force's emblem centered on a red field (2:3).[37]
2021–present Alternative ensign of the maritime militia. A red pennant with the force's emblem in the middle (2:3).[38]

Flags of Vietnamese subjects

[edit]

Provinces of the Nguyễn dynasty

[edit]
Further information: Flags of the Nguyễn dynasty's administrative units

Areas with special status and ethnic minorities

[edit]
Flag Duration Use Name/Description
1946 Flag of the Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina. A yellow field with two yellow strips and three blue strips. Possibly the inspiration for the yellow flag with three blue stripes featured on the cover of the first issue of the Cahiers franco-vietnamiens (1948)[39]
1946–1948 Flag of the Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina.[39][9] A yellow field with two white strips and three blue strips. Influences:
1888–1889 Flag of the Kingdom of Sedang[40] A white maltese cross centered on a blue field.
1888–1889 Flag of the Kingdom of Sedang (1927 Bulletin des Amis du Vieux-Huế variant).[41] Light blue in colour with a red cross of Malta and in its centre a white star, alternatively it could have been red in colour with a blue cross of Malta and a white star.[d]
1888–1889 Flag of the Kingdom of Sedang (K. Fachinger variant).[42] Blue with a white St. George's cross and a red star.
1888–1889 Flag of the Kingdom of Sedang (Vexilla Belgica variant). A light blue flag with a white cross of Malta.[e]
1889–1897 Flag of the Confederation of Sedang. Influences:
1944–1953 Flag of the Tai Dón people[43][44] A large red square centered on a yellow field (2:3).
1946–1950 Flag of the Montagnard country of South Indochina Influences:
1946–1950 Flag of Tai Autonomous Territory Influences:
1950–1955 Flag of Sip Song Chau Tai[45] A vertical tricolour of blue, white, and red: One white stripe is between two blue stripes, a red star with 16 rays is in white field. Influences:
1947–1954 Flag of the Nùng Autonomous Territory[43] Influences:
1947–1954 Flag of the Thổ Autonomous Territory (Tay people). Flag ratio: 2:3.
1947–1954 Flag of the Mường Autonomous Territory (Mường people).[46][43] A large white pentagram centered on a green field (2:3). Influences:
?–1975 Flag of Khmer Mountain Tribes[47] A green field with a white star what has 16 rays charged in the left.
? Flag of the Front de Lutte du Kampuchea Krom (FLKK). Influences:
1964–1965 Flag of Republic of Central Highlands and Champa[48] Influences:
1962–1964 Flag of Front for the Liberation of Champa Flag ratio: 2:3.
March 1964–? Flag of the Front de Liberation des Hauts Plateaux (FLHP).[49] Influences:
? Flag of Lahu Flag ratio: 3:5. Influences:
1993— Flag of the Hmong people
1969–1976 Flag of the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam. A yellow star on a red and blue background. Influences:
1969–? Flag of the Movement for Unity of the Southern Highland Ethnic Minorities (MUSHEN).[f] Three equal stripes of green (top), yellow, and red. These colours stood respectively for the mountains and jungles of the Highlands, the (South) Vietnamese national color, and the spirit of common struggle on behalf of the fatherland.[50]
1985–? Flag of Khmer Krom Rectangular tricolour with three equal-size horizontal bands: the upper one is blue, the middle yellow, and the lower red (3:5). Influences:
1986– Flag of the Save The Montagnard People.[g] The 1986 flag of Save the Montagnard People organisation in Greensboro, North Carolina which is supposed to be the flag of all Montagnard / Dega people, was modeled after the earlier flag used by the Movement for Unity of the Southern Highland Ethnic Minorities (MUSHEN) in the Republic of Vietnam during the Vietnam War. The significant difference might be the removal of the yellow colour because it's associated with the Vietnamese. The golden band represents a montagnard bracelet.[h]

Influences:

1987– Flag of the Montagnard Degar Association (MDA). Based on the above flag but the bracelet is a full ring. Influences:
1990– Flag or the Degar Foundation.
2000– Flag of the International Office of Champa for the Cham people.
2000–2010 Flag of the United Montagnard People (UMP).
Flag of the Council for the Socio-Cultural Development of Champa. A vertical tricolour with the colours blue, green, and red and a photograph of a yellowish-white flower (Plumeria alba) in the middle (green) field.[i] Ratio 3:5.
2000s– Flag of the United Montagnard Republic, a claimed exiled southern Montagnard government.[51] Seven horizontal stripes, the inner four stripes are white, the outer two are green, while the two stripes in its centre are coloured red (that is: Green-white-red-white-red-white-green). On its upper left area is a squarish canton which takes up five stripes, the canton is blue in colour with a thin yellow Latin cross, representing Protestant Christianity, connected to a laying double concave lens shape that extends to all the sides of the canton.[j]
? Flag of the Chinese Nùng people. A vertical tricolour with the colours green-red-green and the coat of arms of the Nùng Autonomous Territory in its centre. Influences:

Cities

[edit]
Flag Duration Use Name/Description
2010?- Decorative flag for Hanoi. Emblem of Hanoi in gold on a red field, similar to the national flag of Vietnam.
2016?- Unofficial flag of Haiphong, used by the city's people during sport events.[52][53][54] Seal of Haiphong (the royal poinciana flower) on a white field with 2 red stripes at the top and the bottom (the width of the stripes varies).

Other flags

[edit]

Corporation flags

[edit]

Though not standardized and rarely seen, state-owned corporations in Vietnam sometimes have their own flags.

Flag Duration Use Name/Description
1994–present Flag of the Vietnam Electricity (EVN) Blue field with the logo of the EVN
1988–present Flag of the Vietnam Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (Agribank) Red field with the logo of Agribank, on is the text "Ngân hàng Nông nghiệp và Phát triển Nông thôn Việt Nam" (Vietnam Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development)
1975–present Flag of Vietnam Sea Transport & Chartering Co. Horizontal bicolor of red over blue with a yellow "V" in the middle. Influences:
1995–2007 Flag of Falcon Shipping Company Green field with a white letter "F"
2007–present Flag of Vietnam Oil and Gas Transportation Joint Stock Company (previously Falcon Shipping Company) Green field with a red six-pointed star and the white letter "F" in the middle
2006–present Flag of Vinaship Joint Stock Co. Sky blue flag with a "V" formed by a white bird
2021–present Flag of Viettel Group[55] Red flag with white Viettel typeface logo and its Vietnamese slogan.

Organization flags

[edit]
Flag Duration Use Name/Description
2007–present Flag of the Big Dipper Union. An azure blue field with the logo of the organization
1946–present Flag of Vietnam Red Cross White field with the logo of the Vietnam Red Cross Association. Influences:
1946–present Simplified flag of Vietnam Red Cross The Red Cross flag with the text "Vietnam Red Cross Association" in Vietnamese. Influences:
1990s–present Official flag of the Vovinam Association Yellow field with the symbol of Vovinam in the middle, the text "Vovinam" in red at the top of the hoist side and "Việt Võ Đạo" in blue at the bottom of the fly side
1930–present Flag of the Vietnamese Scout Association. A red field with the lily flower symbol and the scout knot in red. Influences:

Historical flags

[edit]
Further information: History of Vietnam
Flag Duration Use Name/Description
1702–1705 Flag of Poulo Condor.[56] under the English East India Company Prior to the Acts of Union which created the Kingdom of Great Britain, the flag contained the St George's Cross in the canton representing the Kingdom of England. Influences:
1863 Flag of the Diplomatic Delegation of Annam from Red Sea to France.[57] Yellow field with four red word "Đại-Nam khâm-sứ" (大南欽使). Influences:
1887–1923 Flag of French colonial empire. A vertical tricolour of blue, white, and red.
1917 Flag of Empire of Daihung.[58] Five red dots connected with saltire on a yellow field.
c. 1900 – 9 March 1945 The protectorate flag of Annam and Tonkin. French flag canton on a yellow field. Influences:
1930–1931 Flag of the Red Guards (Nghe-Tinh Revolt). Flag ratio: 2:3. Influences:
January 15, 1931 Flag of the Indochinese Communist Party used at Vinh, Nghệ An.[59] The Chữ Hán "黨共產東洋" (Đảng Cộng sản Đông Dương) surrounding a hammer and a sickle. Slogans: 1 ° Increase in wages, reduction of the working day, reinstatement of the 21 workers made redundant; 2 ° Punishment of the strongmen and mandarins who harm the masses. Influences:
1936–1945 Flag of the Enlightenment Union.[60] Flag ratio: 2:3.
1936–1945 Flag ratio: 2:3.
1944–1945 Flag of the Đại Việt Quốc gia Liên minh.[59] A yellow field with three red stars.
March 9 – August 14, 1945 Flag of Empire of Japan. Flag ratio: 7:10. Disc is shifted 1% towards the hoist (left).
1945–1960 Flag of Bình Xuyên. A dark red banner and a small blue banner inside, a small yellow star centered on a blue banner (2:3). Influences:
1947 Cờ Quẻ Càn[k] A yellow field with three red stripes. The stripes formed the Quẻ Càn, or Qian trigram (☰). Influences:
1929–1946 Party flag and proposed national flag of Republic of Vietnam, used by the Vietnamese Nationalist Party at Yên Bái mutiny.[61] Two equal horizontal bands, red (top) and white (bottom).
1929–1946 Flag of Vietnamese Revolutionary Army, used at Yên Bái mutiny.[61] Two equal horizontal bands, red (top) and white (bottom). Influences:
2 October 1955 – 1 November 1963 Flag of Vietnamese National Revolutionary Movement.[citation needed] Flag ratio is 2:3.
2 October 1955 – 1 November 1963 Flag ratio is 2:3.
1961–1963 Flag of Vietnamese Republican Youth Movement (Thanh Nữ Cộng Hòa). Flag ratio is 2:3.
1965–1970 Flag of 4-T Union. A large green four-leaf clover centered on a white field.
1968–1973 Flag of National Progressive Movement.[62] Two horizontal red stripes enveloping a horizontal yellow stripe. The red arrow in the middle of the yellow stripe. Influences:
1951–1960 Flag of Air Vietnam.

Cultural flags

[edit]
Flag Duration Use Name/Description
Vietnamese five-colour flags.[63] In Vietnamese culture, five-colour flags (Vietnamese: cờ ngũ sắc) or five elements flags (cờ ngũ hành) are traditionally flown during festivals and religious ceremonies. A five-colour flag consists of five concentric squares in red, green, yellow, and blue, representing the five elements (ngũ hành). The order of colours varies. The outermost square has three ragged edges, similar to fringing. The centre of the flag is sometimes defaced to commemorate a specific concept or personality. Historically, some imperial and military ensigns followed a similar pattern.
April 30, 1975– "Vietnamese Heritage and Freedom Flag".[64][65][66][67] A yellow field with three red stripes (2:3). After the Fall of Saigon, the flag is continually used by some boat people and Overseas Vietnamese groups.[68]
1956–1975 Flag of Saint Trần.[69][l] Adopted by the former Republic of Vietnam Navy.
Funeral flag.[70]
Catholic funeral flag.

Monarchist flags

[edit]
Flag Duration Use Name/Description
Vietnamese monarchist flag with a blue dragon.[71] Influences:
Vietnamese monarchist flag with a green dragon. Influences:

National flag proposals

[edit]
See also: List of national flag proposals
Flag First proposed Name / Proposed by Description
c. 1912–1925 The Quốc kỳ Ngũ Tinh (國旗五星, "Five stars national flag") according to Tự phán, written by Phan Bội Châu. Five red dots connected with saltire on a yellow background that is to symbolise the "yellow" race.
1929–1946 Proposed flag for the independent state of the Republic of Vietnam (越南民國, Việt Nam Dân Quốc), used at Yên Bái mutiny.[61] Two equal horizontal bands, red (top) and white (bottom).
1938–1940 Proposed flag for Vietnam by the Vietnam National Restoration League. The word "King" (王, Vương) symbolises the constitutional monarchy.[m] A red background symbolises struggle for independence. A white background symbolises "cleanliness of the people".
17 January 1973 The Reconciliation Flag of Vietnam (Cờ Hoà Giải Của Nước Việt Nam).[72] According to the Flags of the World website the creation of this flag is attributed Nguyễn Thành Trí and Tristan Nguyễn in Saigon (present-day Hồ Chí Minh City), South Vietnam in 1973, following the signing of the Paris Peace Accords.[72][73] In the year 2007 it was later re-introduced in San Francisco, United States.[72] A vertical tricolour with the colours yellow-green-red and a white 12-pointed star in its centre.[72] The colour yellow is supposed to be a symbol of both the continent of Asia and the Vietnamese people, the colour green symbolises peace, while the colour red symbolises the concept of "revolutionary enthusiasm".[n][72] The white star in the centre of the flag stands for freedom, peace, and national reconciliation. The points of the star correspond to the years of the âm lịch stands for the three values of freedom, equality, and pluralism – which are the values its advocates expect to be the most respected values in a new Vietnam (Tân Việt Nam).[72] The ratio is 2:3.[72]
An untitled flag proposal at a Vietnamese language website by a group of Vietnamese students from USA, Canada, and France, acknowledge the legitimacy of the current red and yellow flags of Vietnam.[72][74] The proposed flag is a horizontal tricolour with the colours blue-orange-blue divided in the ratio of 1:2:1.[o][72] In its orange centre is a white lotus flower, fimbriated brown.[p][72] The colour blue is said to represent both the sky and the sea and stands for peace.[72] The colour yellow (orange) is said to be the traditional national colour and represents the Vietnamese people.[72] The lotus flower is the national flower of Vietnam.[72][74]

Misattributed flags

[edit]

This is a list of incorrect, fictitious or unknown flags which have been reported on as being factual and/or historical flags of Vietnam by contemporary or otherwise reputable sources.

Fictitious pre-Nguyễn dynastic flags

[edit]
Flag Supposed date Supposed use Origin of the misattribution
939–968 Flag of the Ngô dynasty Flag that is used by various medias to represent the Vietnamese Ngô dynasty.[75][76][77]
Other variation: 968–980 Flag of the Đinh dynasty Flag that is used by various medias to represent the Vietnamese Đinh dynasty.[75][76][77]
Other variations: 980–1009; 1428–1527; 1533–1789 Flag of the Tiền Lê dynasty and the Hậu Lê dynasty Flag that is used by various media to represent the Vietnamese Tiền Lê and Hậu Lê dynasties.[75][76][77]
Other variation: 1009–1225 Flag of the Lý dynasty Flag that is used by various medias to represent the Vietnamese Lý dynasty.[75][76][77]
Other variation: 1225–1400; 1407–1414 Flag of the Trần dynasty and the short-lived Later Trần dynasty Flag that is used by various medias to represent the Vietnamese Trần and Later Trần dynasties.[75][76][77]
Other variation: 1527–1627 Flag of the Mạc dynasty Flag that is used by various medias to represent the Vietnamese Mạc dynasty.[75][76][77]
Other variation: 1558–1777 Flag of the Nguyễn lords at Đàng Trong. Flag that is used by various medias to represent the Vietnamese Nguyễn-ruled Đàng Trong.[75][76][77]
Other variation: 1778–1788

1788–1802

Flag of the Tây Sơn dynasty Flag that is used by various medias to represent the Vietnamese Tây Sơn dynasty.[75][76][77]The flag was also used during festival and ceremony about the Tây Sơn dynasty (and its second emperor, Quang Trung) despite its questionable origin.[78][79]
Other variation: 40–43 Flag of the Trưng Vương dynasty Flag drawn based on the traditional Đông Hồ painting.[80]
544–602 Flag of the Early Lý dynasty One of the flags that is used by many Vietnameses to represent the historical Early Lý dynasty. [81]
1038–1039
1041–1058		 Flag of the Nungz lords. One of the flags that is used to represent the historical Nungz clan.
1527–1689 Flag of the Bầu lords at Tuyên Quang. One of the flags that is used to represent the historical Vũ clan.

"Flag of Cochinchina"

[edit]
Flag Supposed date Supposed use Description Origin of the misattribution
Flag of Cochinchina.[82] Likely an imperial banner featuring various Sino-Vietnamese symbols such as the yin-yang symbol in the form of a spiral, imperial dragon, a Manchu man, a number of monsters, among other symbols.
1868–1945 Flag of French Cochinchina (sometimes as the flag of Annam).[82][83] A rectangular flag with many black triangles, resembling a serrated ribbon typically found on Imperial Chinese and Vietnamese flags, surrounding a yellow interior. Likely based on an old imperial Vietnamese (or Chinese) flag where the Europeans didn't know that the flag had a serrated ribbon and "filled it in" as a rectangle. The black triangles are sometimes blue or green based on different interpretations. It was first described in the year 1825 and is still present on early 20th century depictions. However, the hydrographic service of the French navy, already in the charter of 1889, doesn't mention it; it is therefore believed that the existence of this flag, if it ever was authentic, does not go beyond 1883.[84]
1868–1945 Naval Ensign of Cochinchina. Influences:

Modern flags

[edit]
Flag Supposed date Supposed use Description Origin of the misattribution
1802–1885 Flag of the Nguyễn dynasty. Allegedly as imperial flag (đế kỳ) from 1802 to 1863, and then as national flag (quốc kỳ) until 1885.[85][86][2] Said flag can be found in a chart titled Generaale gezicht der Vlaggen welke meeste Natien ter Zee voeren "A general view of the flags which most nations bear at sea" between page viii and page 1 of the book Alegemeene verhandeling van de heerschappy der zee "General Treatise of the Dominion of the Sea"[87]

Likely based on a flag stated to be flown on ships of the "nation" Tunquin in China. Tonkin was the European exonym during the 17th and 18th centuries for the northern region of modern Vietnam, then nominally reigned by the Revival Lê dynasty (1533–1789) yet effectively ruled by the Trịnh lords (1545–1787). The flag was also used in real life despite its questionable origin.[88][89]

1821–1922 Alleged standard of emperor Minh Mạng. Yellow field with gold border.

Several plain yellow flags can be seen displayed along with the tricolour flags of France and a partially seen yellow flag containing red-coloured 大南 (SV: Đại Nam "Great South"), as depicted in the 1903 oil painting Les mandarins et les autorités françaises attendant l’arrivée de l’Empereur Thanh Thai "The mandarins and the French authorities awaiting the arrival of Emperor Thành Thái" by Trần D. Trọng[90]

1885–1890 Alleged flag of emperor Đồng Khánh. Found in Nguyễn Đình Sài's article Quốc Kỳ Việt Nam: Nguồn Gốc và Lẽ Chính Thống "The National Flag of Viet Nam: Its Origin and Legitimacy". A visually similar is found on the webpage Vietnam from website Worldstatemen by UConn-affiliated researcher Ben Cahoon. An incorrect reading of the Chinese characters 大南 (SV: Đại Nam "Great South") by foreigners with no experience with the script. The correct flag:
N/A Flag of the French protectorate of Tonkin Is actually the flag of Tonga.
1890–1920 National flag of Đại Nam Đại Nam Quốc Kỳ (National flag of Đại Nam), claimed to have been originally issued by Emperor Thành Thái[91] Alleged influences: A description was given that claimed that the flag had a number of symbolic meanings. Yellow, beyond the meaning of a royal symbol, is the traditional colour of Vietnamese nation and the colour of Vietnamese skin, red is the colour of Vietnamese blood together is the "red blood, yellow skin"[note 1] of the Vietnamese. three red stripes symbolised the united Vietnam under three regions Northern Vietnam (Bắc Kỳ), Central Vietnam (Trung Kỳ) and Southern Vietnam (Nam Kỳ)[92][93][86] The story behind this flag was fabricated by Nguyễn Đình Sài, a former member of the anti-Communist organization Việt Tân, who wrote the article "Quốc Kỳ Việt Nam: Nguồn Gốc và Lẽ Chính Thống” (The National Flag of Viet Nam: Its Origin and Legitimacy) in September 2004. To back up his claim, Nguyền Đình Sài cited a webpage from Worldstatesmen website by Ben Cahoon, an American researcher affiliated with University of Connecticut. However, Nguyễn Đình Sài admitted Cahoon "did not name any specific documents"[note 2] for Cahoon's claim that the yellow flag with three red stripes was used between 1890 and 1920.[85][86] Nguyễn Đình Sài fabricated this story so he could give the South Vietnamese flag more historical legitimacy by connecting it with anti-French resistance and national pride decades before it actually existed.[94]
1945 Flag of the Empire of Vietnam (a Japanese puppet state during World War II). Inaccurate depiction of the Empire of Vietnam's national flag, Cờ Quẻ Ly "Li Trigram Flag", which is authentic.[10][6] This inaccurate depiction has been present on the World Statesmen website since at least 2005,[95] and was on Wikimedia Commons from 2006 to August 2021. The correct design:

Flag construction sheets

[edit]
Flag Use
Flag of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1955 – 1976) and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (from 1976).
Flag of the Empire of Vietnam (3/1945 – 8/1945).
Flag of the Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina (1946).
Flag of the Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina (1946 – 1948).
Flag of State of Vietnam (1949 – 1955) and Republic of Vietnam (1955 – 1975).
Flag of the Sip Song Chau Tai (1947 – 1950) and Sip Hoc Chau Thai (1950 – 1955).

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The top stripe was blue to symbolise the sea. The central stripe of the flag was the colour red, to symbolise the struggle of three ethnic groups (Montagnards/Degar, Chams and Khmer Krom) which were represented by three white stars. And the bottom stripe was green to symbolise the mountains of inland Vietnam.
  2. ^ The blue colour was changed into black in this version to symbolise the minorities' loss of the coastal areas and their restriction to the inland mountains, which were represented by the colour green.
  3. ^ During the final days of the Vietnam War for the critical transition from a period warfare and conflict to peace, the Accords empowered three different commissions to oversee the implementation phase and resolve any differences between the belligerent powers. The Four-Power Joint Military Commission (JMC) represented each belligerent: on one side the United States and South Vietnam, and on the other side North Vietnam and the Việt Cộng. After the 60-day cease-fire, this newly established commission would, in theory, shed its protective outer garment (United States and North Vietnam) and would then become the Two-Power Joint Military Commission, an insular body representing the interests of both the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) and the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam (PRG, the Việt Cộng).
  4. ^ The original photograph was black and white.
  5. ^ As reported by the fathers involved who joined the Charles-Marie (David) de Mayréna mission into the jungles.
  6. ^ Also known by the name of the Movement for the Unity of Ethnic Groups of South Viet-Nam.
  7. ^ Save The Montagnard People, Inc. is a United States-based organisation with addresses all over the Eastern U.S. and run also by the former Green Berets.
  8. ^ Montagnard bracelets are often referred to as "kong" or "kong te". The symbols in general are supposed to represent the following:
    • – Green – mountains and forest
    • – White – peace and honesty
    • – Red – blood and struggle
    • – Elephant – gentle and powerful.
  9. ^ Note that the official flag uses an actual photograph of the flower and not a mere illustration representing a flower and that the flag is described by the organisation as "the flag of the Cham people" or sometimes "the flag of the Cham diaspora".
  10. ^ The addition of Protestant Christian imagery is likely due to the mass conversion of Southern Montagnard people to Protestantism following them reconnecting with their family members that make up the Montagnard diaspora in the United States of America, a majority Protestant nation.
  11. ^ During a meeting of Vietnamese nationalist parties (which were against the Việt Minh) in Hong Kong on February 17, 1947, Former emperor Bảo Đại ordered to connect the broken line in the middle of the Cờ Quẻ Ly to make the Cờ Quẻ Càn, the first hexagram in the Bát Quái Đồ. The Càn is a symbol of Heaven, the sovereign, and power, corresponding to the nation, ethnos and strength of the Vietnamese people. Bảo Đại proclaimed that from then on the Cờ Quẻ Càn would be the national flag of the independent and free Vietnam.[11]
  12. ^ Unofficial flag that was at times used by the armed forces of South Vietnam.
  13. ^ Despite fact that the monarchs of the Nguyễn dynasty were officially titled Hoàng Đế (黃帝, "Emperor") they were commonly referred to as Vương (王, "King") and/or Vua (君, "Sovereign") by the common people.
  14. ^ In this context "revolutionary enthusiasm" means the "readiness to make changes in order to improve the life".
  15. ^ The orange colour is actually described as yellow and is perhaps meant to be the "saffron colour".
  16. ^ The shape of the lotus flower on the flag proposal is the same as used by the Đạo Hòa Hảo community in Vietnam, this would suggest that (at least) some of the students that participated in the design of this proposals might have been Vietnam-born adherents of the Hòa Hảo religion as the shape of the lotus flower used by the Vietnamese diaspora Hòa Hảo practitioners differs.
  1. ^ Original Vietnamese: "Máu đỏ da vàng".
  2. ^ Vietnamese original: "không trích dẫn rõ ràng tài liệu nào"

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Becker-Khaleel, B; Schlick, K. (December 1, 1995). "324 Building REC and HLV Tank Closure Plan". doi:10.2172/204127.
  2. ^ a b Marine drapeau pavillon Chine – Japon – Cochinchine – Corée litho 1858(Wikimedia Commons). Not in the source given. Notice the similar Chinese flag and no flag at "Cochinchina".
  3. ^ Điếu Cày và cờ vàng tại phi trường Los Angeles, April 1975, retrieved March 9, 2023
  4. ^ L'illustration : journal universel. v.32 (July–Dec 1858) 1
  5. ^ a b Phan Đăng Thanh (2002). "Tư tưởng lập hiến của Phan Bội Châu". Nghiên cứu Lập pháp số 1, tháng 1 năm 2002.
  6. ^ a b c "Quốc hiệu, Quốc kỳ, Quốc ca". Tin Mới issue 1654, 28 June 1945. Archive: National Library of Vietnam.
  7. ^ a b c "Định rõ quốc-kỳ của ta". Đông Pháp number 5078, 17 March 1942.
  8. ^ a b c Hymnes et pavillons d'Indochine (in French). 1941. Retrieved March 9, 2021.
  9. ^ a b c Nguyễn, Ngọc Huy. (March & April 1988) "National Flags and National Anthems of Vietnam" Tự Do Dân Bản magazine, issue: 27 & 28. Re-published in July 2015. Archived from original (in Vietnamese). p. 3 of 15.
  10. ^ a b Trần, Trọng Kim (1969). Một cơn gió bụi. Vĩnh Sơn publisher. pp. 60-61. pdf (in Vietnamese)
  11. ^ a b Phạm Văn Thanh. "SƠ LƯỢC VỀ LỊCH SỬ QUỐC KỲ VIỆT NAM TỰ DO". Verein der vietnamesischen Flüchtlinge in Hamburg (Hội Người Việt Tỵ Nạn Cộng Sản Tại Hamburg). (in Vietnamese).
  12. ^ Réalités vietnamiennes (Les réalités permanentes), Saigon, 1969, p. 52 (in French).
  13. ^ a b c d e f Picking up old royal standards in Vietnam, Archived October 6, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ Võ Hương-An. Từ điển nhà Nguyễn. San Jose, California, United States: Nhà xuất bản Nam Việt, 2012. Page 515 (in Vietnamese).
  15. ^ Flags of the World (FOTW) - South Viet Nam Presidential Flags (Historical). Retrieved: 08 September 2021.
  16. ^ a b "vietnam altre". www.rbvex.it.
  17. ^ a b Republic of Vietnam Presidential flag
  18. ^ Vietnam Exodus - Hiệu kỳ Đảng Lập hiến Đông Dương. Retrieved: 00:24, 25 March 2012. (in Vietnamese).
  19. ^ Be Ready Education Australia - Chi tiết Tân Việt cách mạng Đảng ra đời. - Hiển thị thông tin của Sự kiện Lịch sử. - Tân Việt cách mạng Đảng ra đời (1928). Retrieved: 31 August 2021. (in Vietnamese).
  20. ^ Daotam.info - ĐẠI-ĐẠO TAM-KỲ PHỔ-ĐỘ (Tứ Thập Niên) TÒA-THÁNH TÂY-NINH - Nghị-Định số 67 - BTNTT/TN9/NĐ; ngày 16 tháng 3 năm 1965 cho phép: "ĐẠI-ĐẠO THANH-NIÊN HỘI" thành-lập và hoạt-động trong toàn Quốc. - Đạo-Lịnh số 038/Đ.L. (in Vietnamese).
  21. ^ G.R. Dunham & D.A. Quinlan. 1990. U.S. Marines in Vietnam – The Bitter End – 1973–1975. Retrieved: July 12, 2021.
  22. ^ Smith's Flags Through the Ages and Across the World (1975). Page . 300 (International flags). Quote: "The flags opposite have been presented in a single shape and size. The correct proportions however are provided below each flag." The flag of the Four Power Joint Military Commission is labelled with 1:1 proportions, therefore square.
  23. ^ CRW Flags - Vietnamese Constitutional Monarchist League - Movement for the Restoration of the Nguyen Dynasty (Flag). Last modified: 2016-08-27 by Randy Young. Retrieved: 31 August 2021.
  24. ^ "Lược thuật cờ quân sự tại Việt Nam". December 1, 2013. Archived from the original on December 1, 2013.
  25. ^ Hymnes et pavillons d'Indochine (1941). Publisher: Imprimerie d’Extreme Orient, Hanoi, Tonkin, French Indochina. Page: 25. (in French).
  26. ^ Alain R. Truong (October 16, 2013). ""INDOCHINE. DES TERRITOIRES ET DES HOMMES, 1856–1956" au Musée de l'Armée, Hotel des Invalides. Le Prince Canh (1780–1801), prince-héritier et fils du « roi» de Cochinchine Nguyen Anh (futur Empereur Gia Long), lors de sa visite en France pour la signature du traité de Versailles 1787 – Maupérin © Paris, Missions étrangères de Paris" (in French). Canalblog. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
  27. ^ Anne-Sylvaine Marre-Noël (photograph) (September 15, 2017). "Animaux & guerres, épisode 10 : Le tigre" (in French). Musée de l'Armée. Retrieved July 31, 2021. Ce pavillon orné d'un tigre blanc a été ramené du Tonkin par l'armée française en 1885, avec huit autres drapeaux. Il est présenté sur l'une des corniches de la cathédrale Saint-Louis-des-Invalides. Les Pavillons noirs ont joué un rôle dans l'opposition à l'impérialisme français au Tonkin à la fin du XIXe siècle. Symbole de la domination et de la férocité pour les Chinois, le tigre blanc représente aussi l'ouest dans les points cardinaux ainsi qu'un des douze signes du zodiaque chinois. Il figure sur le carré des mandarins militaires du 4e rang (sur 9 rangs). Il est enfin associé à l'automne et à la couleur blanche dans les cinq éléments chinois.
  28. ^ Thuat, Biệt Kích Nha Kỹ (August 7, 2011). "Biệt Kích Nha Kỹ Thuật: Đại Nhạc Hội Cám Ơn Anh Kỳ 5 / 2011 Nam California".
  29. ^ "Lễ vinh danh Quân lực Việt Nam Cộng hòa". Archived from the original on December 6, 2013.
  30. ^ "Hội CSQG San Diego 2010". Archived from the original on October 15, 2013. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
  31. ^ "National Catalog of PSYOPS Materials - Field Development Division, JUSPAO (Part 2 of 3, Stationery, Posters, Slogans, Booklets) (page 65)" (PDF). vva.vietnam.ttu.edu.
  32. ^ "Lược Sử Cảnh Sát Quốc Gia Việt Nam Cộng Hòa (page 236-239)" [History of the Republic of Vietnam National Police]. online.anyflip.com.
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  36. ^ "Thông tư số 12/2014/TT-BNNPTNT của Bộ Nông nghiệp và Phát triển nông thôn: Quy định biểu trưng, cờ hiệu, cờ truyền thống, trang phục, mẫu thẻ Kiểm ngư và màu sơn tàu, xuồng Kiểm ngư". Viet Nam Government Portal (in Vietnamese). Government of Vietnam. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
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  38. ^ "Chính trị - Xã hội - Bộ Chỉ huy Quân sự thành phố tổ chức Lễ trao cờ Tàu Hải đội dân quân thường trực". Đài Phát thanh - Truyền hình Đà Nẵng. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
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  40. ^ "Sedang Resurgo (Second Anniversary of the Regency)". www.sedang.org.
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  42. ^ H. Calvarin and M. Corbic in Francia Vexillae #14/60 (June 1999). Quote: "Flag: plain blue, with white cross bearing in its center a red star.".
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  44. ^ "Resources and Information". ww16.ttxva.net.
  45. ^ "Tai Dam – Viet Nam". www.crwflags.com.
  46. ^ Thomas A. Cseh & John Sylvester Jr – The Flag Bulletin No. 190 1999. Quote: "Green flag with a five-pointed white-outline star similar to that of Morocco, the five points represented the five districts of the Mnong area". Note: "The similarity of their ethnic flag to the Moroccan one can be explained by the presence of the large numbers of the Moroccan troops in the Highlands during the French Indochina wars of 1950s.".
  47. ^ Title: Flags of Aspirant Peoples – Medium: chart – Main author(s): John Edwards; Ralph G. C. Bartlett – Edition (publisher: place): Flag Society of Australia (Australia) – Language: English – Edition date: 1994 (1st ed.) – Format: 82×60 cm.
  48. ^ The chart Flags of Aspirant Peoples shows this flag as: 165. "Champa Independent Republic, 1965 (Chams) – Central Vietnam." (image).
  49. ^ Indomemoires (Memoires de l'Indochine) – DU FLM AU FULRO, UNE LUTTE DES MINORITÉS DU SUD INDOCHINOIS – CR DE LECTURE PAR P.-E. BACHELET – 26/02/2013 – INDOMEMOIRES. Retrieved: July 10, 2021. (in French).
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  53. ^ "Cổ động viên Hải Phòng lại đốt pháo sáng ở sân Thống Nhất" [Hải Phòng football fans set off flares at Thống Nhất Stadium again]. Báo Người Lao Động. April 22, 2018.
  54. ^ "Hải Phòng: "Chảo lửa" Lạch Tray sẽ chào đón khán giả trở lại vào chiều nay" [Hải Phòng: "The Fire Pan" Lạch Tray will welcome audiences back this afternoon]. Báo Dân Việt. June 5, 2020.
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  90. ^ Phạm Quang Tuấn (December 5, 2014). "CỜ VÀNG SỌC ĐỎ CÓ TỪ THỜI VUA THÀNH THÁI?" (in Vietnamese). Văn Việt. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
  91. ^ Dang, Thanh Thuy Vo (2008). Anticommunism as cultural praxis: South Vietnam, War, and Refugee Memories in the Vietnamese American Community. ISBN 9780549560173. Retrieved March 28, 2011.
  92. ^ Vietnam News Agency (June 4, 2013). "Tìm lại những lá cờ hoàng gia xưa ở Việt Nam". Kỷ vật lịch sử. Cuộc vận động Sưu tầm và Tuyên truyền Kỷ vật lịch sử Công an Nhân dân. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
  93. ^ Cahoon, Ben. "Vietnam". www.worldstatesmen.org.
  94. ^ Phạm Quang Tuấn (December 5, 2014). "CỜ VÀNG SỌC ĐỎ CÓ TỪ THỜI VUA THÀNH THÁI?" (in Vietnamese). Văn Việt. Retrieved August 19, 2021. Vậy có thể kết luận, việc cờ vàng ba sọc đỏ (dù là quốc kỳ hay hoàng kỳ) có từ thời nhà Nguyễn hay từ thời Thành Thái có thể coi là một tin đồn vô căn cứ, và không hề có là quốc kỳ đó trước khi Quốc Gia Việt Nam được thiết lập năm 1948. Không nên vì nhân danh đấu tranh cho chính nghĩa mà dùng những ngụy tạo theo kiểu anh hùng Lê Văn Tám để bảo vệ quan điểm của mình. Làm như vậy không những vi phạm đạo đức mà còn không chóng thì chầy sẽ bị "backfire" (tác dụng ngược). Translation: "Therefore, it can be concluded that [the rumour about] the yellow flag with three red stripes (as either national flag or imperial flag) existing since the Nguyễn dynasty or Thành Thái's reign can be considered a baseless rumour, and there existed no such flag before the State of Vietnam's establishment in 1948. [One] should not, in the name of fighting for justice, use the fabrications (in the style of the "Hero Lê Văn Tám") to defend [one's] own viewpoints. Doing so is not only a violation of academic integrity, but will, sooner or later, 'backfire' (have the opposite effect)".
  95. ^ "Vietnam", WorldStatesmen.org, archived on 10 March 2005 at Wayback Machine.
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