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Main article: Nomad

This is a list of nomadic people arranged by economic specialization and region.

Nomadic people are communities who move from one place to another, rather than settling permanently in one location. Many cultures have traditionally been nomadic, but nomadic behavior is increasingly rare in industrialized countries.

Nomadic cultures are listed in three categories of economic specialization: hunter-gatherers, pastoral nomads, and "peripatetic nomads".

Hunter-gatherers

Main article: Hunter-gatherer
See also: Uncontacted peoples

Nomadic hunting and gathering, following seasonally available wild plants and game, is the oldest human method of subsistence.

Africa

Americas

Asia

Nepal

Australia

Europe

Indian area

Further information: Nomads of India

Pastoralists

Main articles: Pastoralism and Transhumance

Pastoralists raise herds, driving them or moving with them, in patterns that normally avoid depleting pastures beyond their ability to recover. The pastoralists are sedentary, remaining within a local area, but moving between permanent spring, summer, autumn and winter (or dry and wet season) pastures for their livestock.

Africa

Americas

Asia

Europe

India

Gujjar Bakarwals

Pakistan

Middle East

The Manchus are mistaken by some as nomadic people[2] when in fact they were not nomads,[3][4] but instead were a sedentary agricultural people who lived in fixed villages, farmed crops, practiced hunting and mounted archery.

The Sushen used flint headed wooden arrows, farmed, hunted, and fished, and lived in caves and trees.[5] The cognates Sushen or Jichen (稷真) again appear in the Shan Hai Jing and Book of Wei during the dynastic era referring to Tungusic Mohe tribes of the far northeast.[6] The Mohe enjoyed eating pork, practiced pig farming extensively, and were mainly sedentary,[7] and also used both pig and dog skins for coats. They were predominantly farmers and grew soybean, wheat, millet, and rice, in addition to engaging in hunting.[8]

The Jurchens were sedentary,[9][10] settled farmers with advanced agriculture. They farmed grain and millet as their cereal crops, grew flax, and raised oxen, pigs, sheep, and horses.[11] Their farming way of life was very different from the pastoral nomadism of the Mongols and the Khitan on the steppes.[12][13] "At the most", the Jurchen could only be described as "semi-nomadic" while the majority of them were sedentary.

The Manchu way of life (economy) was described as agricultural, farming crops and raising animals on farms.[14] Manchus practiced Slash-and-burn agriculture in the areas north of Shenyang.[15] The Haixi Jurchens were "semi-agricultural, the Jianzhou Jurchens and Maolian (毛怜) Jurchens were sedentary, while hunting and fishing was the way of life of the "Wild Jurchens".[16] Han Chinese society resembled that of the sedentary Jianzhou and Maolian, who were farmers.[17] Hunting, archery on horseback, horsemanship, livestock raising, and sedentary agriculture were all practiced by the Jianzhou Jurchens as part of their culture.[18] In spite of the fact that the Manchus practiced archery on horse back and equestrianism, the Manchu's immediate progenitors practiced sedentary agriculture.[19] Although the Manchus also partook in hunting, they were sedentary.[20] Their primary mode of production was farming while they lived in villages, forts, and towns surrounded by walls. Farming was practiced by their Jurchen Jin predecessors.[21][22]

“建州毛怜则渤海大氏遗孽，乐住种，善缉纺，饮食服用，皆如华人，自长白山迤南，可拊而治也。" "The (people of) Chien-chou and Mao-lin [YLSL always reads Mao-lien] are the descendants of the family Ta of Po-hai. They love to be sedentary and sow, and they are skilled in spinning and weaving. As for food, clothing and utensils, they are the same as (those used by) the Chinese. (Those living) south of the Ch'ang-pai mountain are apt to be soothed and governed."

— 据魏焕《皇明九边考》卷二《辽东镇边夷考》[23] Translation from Sino-J̌ürčed relations during the Yung-Lo period, 1403-1424 by Henry Serruys[24]

For political reasons, the Jurchen leader Nurhaci chose variously to emphasize either differences or similarities in lifestyles with other peoples like the Mongols.[25] Nurhaci said to the Mongols that "The languages of the Chinese and Koreans are different, but their clothing and way of life is the same. It is the same with us Manchus (Jušen) and Mongols. Our languages are different, but our clothing and way of life is the same." Later Nurhaci indicated that the bond with the Mongols was not based in any real shared culture. It was for pragmatic reasons of "mutual opportunism", since Nurhaci said to the Mongols: "You Mongols raise livestock, eat meat and wear pelts. My people till the fields and live on grain. We two are not one country and we have different languages."[26]

Peripatetic

Peripatetic nomads offer the skills of a craft or trade to the settled populations among whom they travel. They are the most common remaining nomadic peoples in industrialized nations. Most, or all, of the following ethnonyms probably do not correspond to one community; many are locally or regionally used (sometimes as occupational names), others are used only by group members, and still others are used pejoratively only by outsiders. Most peripatetic nomads have traditions that they originate from South Asia. In India there are said to be home of over two hundred such groups.[citation needed] Many peripatetic groups in Iran, Afghanistan and Turkey still speak dialects of Indo-Aryan, such as the Ghorbati.[27][28] There is also academic scholarship that connects European Romany groups with India.

India

Pakistan

Turkey

Afghanistan

  • In Afghanistan:[32]
    • Badyanesin
    • Balatumani
    • Chalu
    • Changar
    • Chighalbf
    • Ghalbelbaf
    • Ghorbat (Qurbat)
    • Herati
    • Jalili
    • Jat
    • Juggi
    • Jola
    • Kouli
    • Kuṭaṭa
    • Lawani
    • Luli Mogat
    • Maskurahi
    • Musalli
    • Nausar
    • Pikraj
    • Qawal
    • Sabzaki
    • Sadu
    • Shadibaz (Shadiwan)
    • Sheikh Mohammadi tribe
    • Noristani
    • Siyahpayak
    • Vangawala (Bangṛiwal/Churifrosh)

Middle East

Europe

North America

References

  1. ^ http://iranica.blogsky.com/1391/04/24/post-7/
  2. ^ Pamela Crossley, The Manchus, p. 3
  3. ^ Patricia Buckley Ebrey et al., East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, 3rd edition, p. 271
  4. ^ Frederic Wakeman, Jr., The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in the Seventeenth Century, p. 24, note 1
  5. ^ Huang 1990 p. 246.
  6. ^ "逸周書". Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  7. ^ Gorelova 2002, pp. 13-4.
  8. ^ Gorelova 2002, p. 14.
  9. ^ Williamson 2011.
  10. ^ Vajda.
  11. ^ Sinor 1996, p. 416.
  12. ^ Twitchett, Franke, Fairbank 1994, p. 217.
  13. ^ de Rachewiltz 1993, p. 112.
  14. ^ Wurm 1996, p. 828.
  15. ^ Reardon-Anderson 2000, p. 504.
  16. ^ Mote, Twitchett & Fairbank 1988, p. 266.
  17. ^ Twitchett & Mote 1998, p. 258.
  18. ^ Rawski 1996, p. 834.
  19. ^ Rawski 1998, p. 43.
  20. ^ Allsen 2011, p. 215.
  21. ^ Transactions, American Philosophical Society (vol. 36, Part 1, 1946). American Philosophical Society. pp. 10–. ISBN 978-1-4223-7719-2.
  22. ^ Karl August Wittfogel; Chia-shêng Fêng (1949). History of Chinese Society: Liao, 907-1125. American Philosophical Society. p. 10.
  23. ^ 萧国亮 (2007-01-24). "明代汉族与女真族的马市贸易". 艺术中国(ARTX.cn). p. 1. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
  24. ^ Serruys 1955, p. 22.
  25. ^ Perdue 2009, p. 127.
  26. ^ Peterson 2002, p. 31.
  27. ^ Nomads in India : proceedings of the National Seminar / edited by P.K. Misra, K.C. Malhotra
  28. ^ Rao, Aparna (1986). "Peripatetic Minorities in Afghanistan—Image and Identity." In Die ethnischen Gruppen Afghanistan, edited by E. Orywal. Wiesbaden: L. Reichert
  29. ^ "Peripatetic peoples and Lifestyles" by Aparna Rao in Disappearing peoples? : indigenous groups and ethnic minorities in South and Central Asia / edited by Barbara A. Brower, Barbara Rose Johnston pages 53 to 72 ISBN 1598741209
  30. ^ Customary strangers : new perspectives on peripatetic peoples in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia / edited by Joseph C. Berland and Aparna Rao. Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 2004. ISBN 0897897714
  31. ^ "Marginal Groups and Itinerants" by Ingvar Savanberg pages 602 to 612 in Ethnic groups in the Republic of Turkey / compiled and edited by Peter Alford Andrews, with the assistance of Rüdiger Benninghaus (Wiesbaden : Dr. Ludwig Reichert, 1989) ISBN 3-88226-418-7
  32. ^ Rao, Aparna (1986). "Peripatetic Minorities in Afghanistan—Image and Identity." In Die ethnischen Gruppen Afghanistan, edited by E. Orywal. Wiesbaden: L. Reichert
  33. ^ Sutherland, Ann. Gypsies: The Hidden Americans. Waveland Press, 1986. ISBN 0-88133-235-6
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