List of republics
This is a list of republics. For Antiquity (or later in the case of societies that did not refer to a Western terminology to qualify their form of government) the assessment of whether a state organisation is a republic is based on retrospective analysis by historians and political theorists. For more recent systems of government, worldwide organisations with a broad political acceptance (such as the United Nations), can provide information on whether or not a sovereign state is referred to as a republic.
List of republics by period
Antiquity
- Roman Republic (c. 509 BC – 27 BC)
- Classical Athens (508 BC – 322 BC) under the reforms of Cleisthenes
- Various Greek city-states under Athenian influence: these loyalties and governments changed frequently (see synoecisms), and in some instances were even under the influence of Sparta without succumbing to the adoption of the government system of oligarchy
- Ancient Carthage (308 BC – 146 BC)
Middle Ages and Renaissance
Republic of San Marino (301–present)
Republic of Amalfi (839–1131)
Republic of Venice (c. 9th century–1797)
- Icelandic Commonwealth (930–1262)
- Taifa of Córdoba (1031–1070)
Republic of Pisa (11th century – 1406, 1494–1509)
Republic of Genoa (c. 1100–1797)
Republic of Florence (1115–1537)
- Novgorod Republic (1136–1478)[1]
Commune of Rome (1144–1193)
Republic of Lucca (1160–1805)
- Republic of Siena (1167–1557)
Old Swiss Confederacy (1291–1798)
Republic of Ragusa (14th century – 1808)
- Pskov Republic (1348–1510)
- Confederacy of Tlaxcala (1348-1520)
Republic of Cospaia (1440–1826)
Ambrosian Republic (1447–1450)
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795)
- Zaporizhian Sich (1552—1775)
Dutch Republic (1581–1795)
- Republic of Salé (1619–1668)
Early modern
Catalan Republic (1641)
- Goust (1648? – ?)
Cossack Hetmanate (1649–1764)
Commonwealth of England (1649–1660)
Corsican Republic (1755–1769)[2]
West Florida (1763–1810)
United States of America (1776–present)
Vermont Republic (1777–1791)[3]
First French Republic (1792–1804)
Lanfang Republic (1777–1884)
Cisalpine Republic (1797–1802)
Helvetic Republic (1798–1802)
State of Muskogee (1799–1803)
19th century
Septinsular Republic (1800–1815)
Italian Republic (1802–1805)
- Swiss Confederation (1803–1815)
- Confederation of the Rhine (1806–1813)
Haiti (1806–1849; restored 1859)
Paraguay (1811–present)
United States of the Ionian Islands (1815–1864)
Free City of Krakow (1815–1846)
Argentina (1816–present)
Chile (1818–present)
Colombia (1819–present)
Costa Rica (1821–present)
El Salvador (1821–present)
Guatemala (1821–present)
Honduras (1821–present)
Nicaragua (1821–present)
Liberia (1822–present)
Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1840)
Mexico (1824–present)
Peru (1824–present)
Bolivia (1825–present)
First Hellenic Republic (1828–1832)
Uruguay (1828–present)
Venezuela (1830–present)
Ecuador (1830–present)
Republic of Texas (1836–1845)
- First Dominican Republic (1844–1863)
Second French Republic (1848–1852)
California Republic (June – July 1846)
- Menton and Roquebrune (1848–1861)
Roman Republic (February – April 1849)
Confederate States of America (1860–1865)
Dominican Republic (1865–present)
Republic of Ezo (1868–1869)
Third French Republic (1871–1940)
- Independent Republic of Motril (1873)[4]
- Franceville (1889)[5]
Federative Republic of Brazil (1889–present)
Republic of Hawaii (1894–1898)
Republic of Formosa (1895)
Republic of Biak-na-Bato (1897)
First Philippine Republic (1898–1901)
Greater Republic of Central America (1896–1898)
Republic of Acre (1st: 1899–1900; 2nd: 1900; 3rd: 1903)
Republic of Yucatán (1840–1843; 1846–1848)
First Spanish Republic (1873–1874)
South African Republic (1856–1902)
Orange Free State (1854–1902)
20th century
Cuba (established 1902)
Panama (est. 1903)
Portugal (est. 5 October 1910)
- China (Republic of) (est. 1911)
Finland (est. 1917)
Russian Republic (est. 1917)
Ukrainian People's Republic (est. 1917)
Estonia (est. 1918)
Lithuania (est. 1918)
Democratic Republic of Georgia (est. 26 May 1918; lost independence to Soviet Russia on 25 April 1921), first democratic parliamentary republic in the Transcaucasia
Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan (est. 28 May 1918; lost independence to Soviet Russia on 28 April 1920), first democratic parliamentary republic in the Muslim world
First Czechoslovak Republic (est. 28 October 1918)
Republic of Ireland (est. 1922)
Free City of Danzig (1807–1814)
Turkey (est. 1923)
Mongolia (1924–present)
Second Hellenic Republic (1924–1935)
Equatorial Guinea (1931–present)
Commonwealth of the Philippines (1935–1946)
Catalan Republic (1931)
Second Spanish Republic (de jure: 1931–1939; de facto: 1931–1975)
Fourth French Republic (1946–1958)
Indonesia (est. August 17, 1945)
Vietnam (est. September 2, 1945)
Italian Republic (since referendum on June 2, 1946)
Republic of the Philippines (1946, fully independent from the United States of America, inaugurated on 4 July 1946)
Albania (est. 1946)
Romania (est. 1947)
Taiwan (since 1947)
Israel (since 1948)
South Korea (since 1948)
North Korea (since 1948)
Myanmar (since 1948)
Ireland (est. 1949)[6]
People's Republic of China (est. 1949)
India (est. 1950)
Egypt (est. 1953)
Pakistan (est. 1956)
Sudan (est. 1956)
Ghana (est. 1957)
Iraq (est. 1958)
Fifth French Republic (since 1958)
Benin (est. 1960)
Cyprus (est. 1960)
Mauritania (since 1960)
Nigeria (since 1960)
Somalia (since 1960)
Cameroon (since 1961)
Namibia (since 1961)
Sierra Leone (since 1961)
South Africa (since 1961)
Burundi (since 1962)
Rwanda (since 1962)
Uganda (since 1962)
Algeria (est. 1962)
Kenya (since 1963)
Malawi (since 1964)
Tanzania (since 1964)
Zambia (since 1964)
Gambia (since 1965)
Singapore (est. 1965)
Botswana (since 1966)
Yemen (since 1967)
Maldives (since 1968)
Nauru (since 1968)
Libya (since 1969)
Central African Republic (since 1970)
Guyana (since 1970)
Sri Lanka (since 1972)
Afghanistan (est. 1973)[7]
Third Hellenic Republic (since 1974)
Ethiopia (since 1974)
Malta (since 1974)
Laos (since 1975)
Suriname (since 1975)
Seychelles (since 1976)
Trinidad and Tobago (since 1976)
Dominica (since 1978)
Iran (since 1979)
Kiribati (since 1979)
Zimbabwe (since 1980)
Northern Cyprus (since 1983)
Fiji (since 1987)
Mauritius (since 1992)
21st century and later
East Timor (since 2002)
Samoa (since 2007)
Nepal (since 2008)
Kosovo (since 2008)
South Sudan (since 2011)
List of republics by type
In modern usage, a republican form of government is applied loosely to any state which claims this designation.[8] So for example the Dominican Republic under Rafael Trujillo is considered a republic, as is the Republic of Iraq under Saddam Hussein and The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics under Joseph Stalin. The Kingdom of Sweden (which in 2006 ranked highest in the Economist's index of democracy) [9] is not a republic, but the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (i.e. North Korea, which ranks lowest in the same survey) is.
Arab Republics
Arab Republic of Egypt
Syrian Arab Republic
United Arab Republic (1958–1971)
Yemen Arab Republic (1962–1990)
Libyan Arab Republic (1969-1977)
Confederal republics
Confederal republics are associations of sovereign states, usually having power over critical common issues such as defense and foreign policy:
Confederate States of America (1861–1865)
- Senegambia Confederation (1982–1989)
United States of America (under the Articles of Confederation, 1776–1789)
Democratic Republics
These are republics that use the word "democratic" in their official name. Their actual political systems can vary considerably.
Democratic People's Republic of Korea (1948–present)
Democratic Republic of Congo (1966–1971, 1997–present)
Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe (1975–present)
Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (1975–present)
Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1945-1975)
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (1978–present)
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1991–present)
Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (2008–present)
German Democratic Republic (1949–1990)
Lao People's Democratic Republic (1975–present)
People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (1962–present)
People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (1967–1990)
Federal republics
Federal republics are federal states in which the administrative divisions (states or provinces) theoretically retain a degree of autonomy which is constitutionally protected, and cannot be revoked unilaterally by the national government.
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Bosnia and Herzegovina (since 1995)
Commonwealth of England (1649–1653)
Czechoslovakia: Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1969–1990), Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (1990–1992)
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (unitary republic 1974–1994; federal republic since 1994)
Federal Republic of Cameroon (1961–1972)
Federal Republic of Somalia (since August 2012)
Federative Republic of Brazil (since November 15, 1889)[10]
Federal Republic of Germany (since 1918)
Gran Colombia (Republic of Colombia) (1819–1886), known as Great Colombia from 1819 to 1831, when it included present-day Ecuador, Venezuela and Panama.
Islamic Republic of Pakistan (since 1956; declaration of the Islamic Republic)
Second Federal Republic of Mexico (1846–1864)
United Mexican States[11] (since 1917)
Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (since 2007)[12]
Federal Republic of Nigeria (1963 – 66:1st Republic, 1979 – 83: 2nd Republic, 1993: 3rd Republic, 1999 – present: 4th Republic)
Republic of Argentina (since 1852)
Republic of India (since January 26, 1950)
Republic of South Sudan (since 9 July 2011)
Republic of Sudan (since 1 January 1956)
Republic of Austria
Russian Federation (since November 7, 1917; up to 1991 it was named Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic[13])[14]
State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)
Swiss Confederation (since 1848)
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
United Provinces of Central America (1823–1840)
United States of America[15] (since 1789)
United States of Indonesia (1949–1950)
Yugoslavia: Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (1946–1963), Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1963–1992), Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003)
Islamic Republics
Republics governed in accordance with Islamic law:
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
Islamic Republic of Iran (since 1979)
Islamic Republic of Mauritania (since 1960)
Islamic Republic of Pakistan (since 1956)
People's Republics
Current People's Republics
People's republics were meant to be governed by the people, but the name is most often (but not always) used by communist states.
Democratic People's Republic of Korea[16]
People's Democratic Republic of Algeria[17]
People's Republic of Bangladesh[18]
People's Republic of China[19]
Lao People's Democratic Republic[20]
Former People's Republics
Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (1946–1963)
Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011)
Mongolian People's Republic (1924–1992)
People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (1967–1970)
People's Republic of Albania (1946–1976)
People's Republic of Angola (1975–1992)
People's Republic of Benin (1975–1990)
People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946–1990)
People's Republic of the Congo (1970–1992)
People's Republic of Hungary (1949–1989)
People's Republic of Mozambique (1975–1990)
People's Republic of Poland (1952–1989)
People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1987–1991)
Romanian People's Republic (1947–1965)
Socialist Republics
These are republics that use the word "socialist" in their official name.
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1960–1990)
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011)
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1963–1992)
Socialist People's Republic of Albania (1976–1990)
Socialist Republic of Romania (1965–1989)
Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
Unitary republics
Unitary republics are unitary states which are governed constitutionally as one single unit, with a single constitutionally created legislature.
Arab Republic of Egypt (since 1953)
Burkina Faso
Central African Republic (1958–1976; restored 1979)
Commonwealth of Dominica
Co-operative Republic of Guyana (since 1970) is a "Co-operative Republic"
Corsican Republic (1755–1769)[2]
- Cospaia (1440–1826)
Czech Republic
Democratic People's Republic of Korea (since 1948)
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe
Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (since 1972)
Dominican Republic (1801–1861, 1844–present)
- Finnish Democratic Republic (1 December 1939 to 12 March 1940)
Independent Commune of Franceville (1889)[5]
French Republic (1st: 1792–1804; 2nd: 1848–1852; 3rd: 1870–1940; 4th: 1945–1958 and 5th, since 1958)
Gabonese Republic
Georgia
- Goust (since 1648)
Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1969–2011)
Hellenic Republic (1st: 1822–1832; 2nd: 1924–1935; 3rd: since 1974)
Independent State of Samoa (since 2007)
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (republic since 1973)
Islamic Republic of Iran (since 1979)
Islamic Republic of Mauritania
Israel (since 1948) [21]
Italian Republic (since 1946)
- Italian Social Republic (1943–1945)[22]
Kyrgyz Republic
Lao People's Democratic Republic (since 1975)
- Lokot Republic (1941–1943)
- Menton and Roquebrune (1848–1861)
Mongolia (since 1924)
Most Serene Republic of San Marino (since 301)
Oriental Republic of Uruguay
People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
People's Republic of Bangladesh
Plurinational State of Bolivia
Portuguese Republic (since 1910)
- Republic of Acre (1st: 1899–1900; 2nd: 1900; 3rd: 1903)
Republic of Albania (since 1946)
Republic of Angola (since 1975)
Republic of Armenia (1st: May 28, 1918; Current: December 25, 1991)
Republic of Azerbaijan (1st: 28 May 1918; re-established: 18 October 1991)
Republic of Benin
Republic of Botswana
Republic of Bulgaria (since 1946)
Republic of Burundi (since 1966)
Republic of Cameroon (unitary republic 1960–1961 and 1972–present; federal republic 1961-1972)
Republic of Cape Verde
Republic of Chad
Republic of Chile
People's Republic of China
Republic of China
Republic of China (Taiwan) (established 1912, current Constitution since 1947)
Republic of Colombia (unitary republic since 1886)
Republic of the Congo
Republic of Costa Rica
Republic of Croatia
Republic of Cuba
Republic of Cyprus
Republic of Djibouti
Republic of Ecuador
Republic of El Salvador (1821–present)
Republic of Equatorial Guinea
Republic of Estonia (1918–present)
Republic of Ezo (1868–1869)
Republic of Fiji (since 2011)
Republic of Finland (since 1919)
Republic of Formosa (1895)
Republic of the Gambia (since 1970)
Republic of Ghana (since 1960)
Republic of Guatemala
Republic of Guinea
Republic of Guinea-Bissau
Republic of Haiti (1806–1849; restored 1859)
Republic of Hawaii (1894–1898)
Republic of Honduras
Republic of Hungary (since 1946)
Republic of Iceland (republic since 1944)
Republic of Indonesia (Unitary republic since August 1950)
Republic of Iraq (since 1958)
Ireland (republic since 1949)
Republic of Ivory Coast
Republic of Kazakhstan
Republic of Kenya (since 1964)
Republic of Kiribati
Republic of Kosovo (since 2008)
Republic of Korea (since 1948)
Republic of Latvia
Republic of Lebanon (November 22, 1943)
Republic of Liberia
Republic of Lithuania
Republic of Macedonia (since 1991)
Republic of Madagascar
Republic of Malaŵi (since 1966)
Republic of Maldives (since 1968)
Republic of Mali (since 1960)
Republic of Malta (since 1974)
Republic of the Marshall Islands
Republic of Mauritius (since 1992)
Republic of Moldova
Republic of Montenegro (since 2006)
Republic of Mozambique
Republic of Namibia
Republic of Nauru
Republic of Nicaragua
Republic of Niger
Republic of Palau
Republic of Panama
Republic of Paraguay
Republic of Peru
Republic of the Philippines (thrice, two overlapping:
First Philippine Republic (1898–1901), Commonwealth of the Philippines to the Fifth Republic of the Philippines (1934–present), Second Philippine Republic (1943–1945))[23][24][25]
Republic of Poland
Republic of Rwanda (since 1961)
Republic of Senegal
Republic of Serbia
Republic of Seychelles
Republic of Sierra Leone (since 1971)
Republic of Singapore (since 1965)
Republic of Slovenia
Republic of South Africa (since 1961)
Republic of Suriname
Republic of Tajikistan
Republic of Texas (1836–1845) [26]
Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (since 1976)
Republic of Turkey (republic since 1923)[27]
Republic of Turkmenistan
Republic of Uganda (since 1963)
Republic of Uzbekistan
Republic of Vanuatu
Republic of Vietnam (1955–1975)
Republic of West Florida (1810)
Republic of Yemen (former
People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and
Yemen Arab Republic)
Republic of Zambia
Republic of Zimbabwe, formerly Republic of Rhodesia (1970–1979)
Romania (since 1947)
Russian Republic (from September 14, 1917 up to November 7, 1917; de facto; since February Revolution up to October Revolution)
Slovak Republic (1939–1945)[28]
Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Spain (Twice:
First Spanish Republic (1873–1874),
Second Spanish Republic (1931–1939))
State of Eritrea
State of Muskogee (1799–1803)
Syrian Arab Republic
Togolese Republic
Tunisian Republic (since 1957)
Ukraine
Republic of the Union of Myanmar (Burma)
United Republic of Tanzania
Vermont Republic (1777–1791)[3]
See also
References
- ^ "Brief history of Novgorod". WayToRussia.Net. Retrieved 2007-12-26.
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- ^ a b Carrington, Dorothy, "The Corsican Constitution of Pasquale Paoli (1755-1769)," The English Historical Review, July 1973, pp 481-503
- ^ a b Van de Water, Frederic Franklyn (1974). The Reluctant Republic: Vermont 1724–1791. The Countryman Press. ISBN 0-914378-02-3.
- ^ Comité de Salud Pública en Motril durante la Revolución Cantonalde 1873. Actas de Creación. Motril, 1989.
- ^ a b "Wee, Small Republics: A Few Examples of Popular Government," Hawaiian Gazette, Nov 1, 1895, p. 1.
- ^ Joseph Lee, Ireland, 1912–1985: Politics and Society, Cambridge University Press, 1989, p. 300.
- ^ Henry St. Amant Bradsher, Afghanistan and the Soviet Union, Duke University Press, 1983.
- ^ Republic, Oxford English Dictionary, SECOND EDITION 1989
- ^ Laza Kekic, The Economist Intelligence Units Index of democracy, The Economist: The World in 2007
- ^ ___."The Formation of the Brazilian Republic in 1889." <http://faculty.fullerton.edu/nfitch/history110b/brarep.html> (accessed May 19, 2008).
- ^ "Mexico". The World Factbook. CIA. 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-21.
- ^ "Nepal declared republican state - Gorkhapatra Sansthan - State Owned Newspaper".
- ^ Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR approved the Law of the RSFSR #2094-I of December 25, 1991 "Name Change for the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" // News of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian SFSR and Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR. – 1992. – № 2. – Art. 62
- ^ Article 1 of the Russian Constitution
- ^ "United States". The World Factbook. CIA. 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-21.
- ^ "Korea, North". The World Factbook. CIA. 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-21.
- ^ "Algeria". The World Factbook. CIA. 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-21.
- ^ "Bangladesh". The World Factbook. CIA. 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-21.
- ^ "China". The World Factbook. CIA. 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-21.
- ^ "Laos". The World Factbook. CIA. 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-21.
- ^ Shapiro, Allan E. "Taking Space Seriously, Law, Space and Society in Contemporary Israel" 2004. <http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/lpbr/subpages/reviews/rosen-zvi904.htm> (accessed May 19, 2008).
- ^ Quartermaine, Luisa (2000). Mussolini's last republic: propaganda and politics in the Italian Social Republic (R.S.I.) 1943-45. Intellect Books. p. 21ff. ISBN 9781902454085.
- ^ Corpus Juris, 1897 Biac-na-Bato Constitution, December 27, 2008
- ^ Corpus Juris, 1935 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, December 27, 2008
- ^ Corpus Juris, 1943 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, December 27, 2008
- ^ "The Republic of Texas",'Handbook of Texas',http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/mzr02
- ^ Is found in Article 1 of their Constitution
- ^ Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. (1996). A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 201, and others. ISBN 9780312161255.
Further reading
- Robinson, E. W. (1997). The First Democracies: Early Popular Government Outside Athens. Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 3-515-06951-8.
External links
Media related to Republics at Wikimedia Commons