Nuclear engineering

Nuclear engineering is the branch of engineering concerned with the application of the breakdown (fission) as well as the fusion of atomic nuclei and/or the application of other sub-atomic physics, based on the principles of nuclear physics. In the sub-field of nuclear fission, it particularly includes the interaction and maintenance of systems and components like nuclear reactors, nuclear power plants, and/or nuclear weapons. The field also includes the study of medical and other applications of (generally ionizing) radiation, nuclear safety, heat/thermodynamics transport, nuclear fuel and/or other related technology (e.g., radioactive waste disposal), and the problems of nuclear proliferation.

Professional areas

The United States generates about 18% of its electricity from nuclear power plants. Nuclear engineers in this field generally work, directly or indirectly, in the nuclear power industry or for national laboratories. Current research in the industry is directed at producing economical, proliferation-resistant reactor designs with passive safety features. Some government labs research the same areas as industry, they also study a myriad of other issues such as nuclear fuels and nuclear fuel cycles, advanced reactor designs, and nuclear weapon design and maintenance. A principal pipeline for trained personnel for US reactor facilities is the Navy Nuclear Power Program. The job outlook for nuclear engineering from the year 2012 to the year 2022 is predicted to grow 9% due to many elder nuclear engineers retiring, safety systems needing to be updated in power plants, and the advancements made in nuclear medicine.

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  Nuclear powerplant
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  B-61 thermonuclear weapon

Nuclear medicine and medical physics

An important field is medical physics, and its subfields nuclear medicine, radiation therapy, health physics, and diagnostic imaging. From x-ray machines to MRI to PET, among many others, medical physics provides most of modern medicine's diagnostic capability along with providing many treatment options.

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  X-Ray Image of a male skull
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  Magnetic Resonance Imaging scan of a head
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  PET taken with an ECAT Exact HR+ PET Scanner

Nuclear materials

Nuclear materials research focuses on two main subject areas, nuclear fuels and irradiation-induced modification of materials. Improvement of three nuclear fuels is crucial for obtaining increased efficiency from nuclear reactors. Irradiation effects studies have many purposes, from studying structural changes to reactor components to studying nano-modification of metals using ion-beams or particle accelerators.

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  Uranium ore, the principal raw material of nuclear fuel
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  Nuclear fuel pellets
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  A Focused ion beam

Radiation protection and measurement

Radiation measurement is fundamental to the science and practice of radiation protection, sometimes known as radiological protection, which is the protection of people and the environment from the harmful effects of ionizing radiation

Nuclear engineers and radiological scientists are interested in the development of more advanced ionizing radiation measurement and detection systems, and using these to improve imaging technologies. This includes detector design, fabrication and analysis, measurements of fundamental atomic and nuclear parameters, and radiation imaging systems, among other things.

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  A modern Geiger counter
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  A neutron detector
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  Scintillation detector next to uraninite
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  Hand-held large area alpha scintillation probe under calibration
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  Hand-held integral ion chamber survey meter in use

Nuclear engineering organizations

• American Nuclear Society
• Nuclear Institute (UK)
• International Atomic Energy Agency

See also

• Atomic physics
• Atomic engineering
• Earthquake engineering
• List of nuclear reactors
• Normal accidents
• Nuclear fuel
• Nuclear material
• Nuclear physics
• Nuclear power
• Nuclear reactor technology
• Nuclear renaissance
• Thermal hydraulics
• Nuclear criticality safety
• Project Gnome
• Safety engineering
• Waste Isolation Pilot Plant
• Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents
• List of books about nuclear issues
• Three Mile Island: A Nuclear Crisis in Historical Perspective
• Black Swan theory
• Megaprojects and Risk
• Northeast Blackout of 2003
• Brittle Power
• Fukushima nuclear disaster
• International Nuclear Event Scale

Further reading

• Gowing, Margaret. Britain and Atomic Energy, 1939–1945 (1964).
• Gowing, Margaret, and Lorna Arnold. Independence and Deterrence: Britain and Atomic Energy, Vol. I: Policy Making, 1945–52; Vol. II: Policy Execution, 1945–52 (London, 1974)
• Johnston, Sean F. "Creating a Canadian Profession: The Nuclear Engineer, 1940–68," Canadian Journal of History, Winter 2009, Vol. 44 Issue 3, pp 435–466
• Johnston, Sean F. "Implanting a discipline: the academic trajectory of nuclear engineering in the USA and UK," Minerva, 47 (2009), pp. 51–73
• Ash, Milton, "Nuclear reactor kinetics", McGraw-Hill, (1965)

External links

• Nuclear Safety Info Resources

• Science and Technology of Nuclear Installation Open-Access Journal
• Nuclear Engineering International magazine
• Nuclear Science and Engineering technical journal
• Electric Generation from Commercial Nuclear Power
• Hacettepe University Department of Nuclear Engineering