Jump to content

Hawiye

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Raaranle)

Hawiye
بنوهوية
Somali clan
Medieval Portuguese map of the Horn of Africa. The Hawiye (Aiaua) held an important polity where the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea converged.
EthnicitySomaliaSomali
NisbaAl-Hawiyah
الحاوية
LocationSomaliaSomalia
EthiopiaEthiopia
KenyaKenya
YemenYemen
Descended fromSheikh Ahmed (Hawiye)
Parent tribeSamaale
Branches
Bah Arbera:


Bah Ghirei:

  • Gorgaarte
  • Gugundhabe
  • Jambeelle
LanguageSomaliaSomali
Arab LeagueArabic
ReligionSunni Islam

The Hawiye (Somali: Hawiye; Arabic: بنو هوية) are one of the principal and largest of the Somali clans,[1] tracing their lineage back to Sheikh Ahmed Bin Abdulrahman Bin Uthman, also known as Sheikh Hawiye, the eponymous figure of the clan.[2][3][4] They are considered the earliest documented clan to have settled in the Somali peninsula, as noted in the 12th century by Al-Idrisi, occupying the regions spanning from Ras Hafun to Merca, which served as their capital.[5] Presently, the Hawiye reside in central and southern Somalia, Somaliland,[6] Djibouti,[7] the Somali region of Ethiopia, Harar,[8] Oromia, and Afar regions,[9] as well as Kenya (specifically the North Eastern Province and Eastern Province). Furthermore, they represent the majority of the population in the capital city of Mogadishu.[10]

The Hawiye have historically exercised authority over large sections of the Horn of Africa as Sovereign Sultans and Imams overseeing crucial trade routes that have existed since the early periods of Somali maritime history.[11][12] The coastal regions experienced a vibrant expansion of foreign trade and commerce, with numerous ships traversing between multiple kingdoms and empires in East Asia, South Asia, Europe, the Middle East, North Africa, and East Africa making them very affluent.[13] This political and economic influence continued to have relevance well into the modern age, with the Hawiye clan playing a pivotal and historically significant role in laying the foundations of the Somali nation. The enduring legacy of the Hawiye's governance and control over trade routes has left a lasting impact on the development and shaping of Somalia.

Origins and Etymology

Sheikh Hawiye, also known as Ahmed based on oral traditions and Arabic hagiologies, is renowned as a revered saint and religious figure who bore the epithet "Hawi al 'Uluum", meaning the conservator of knowledge, denoting his mastery of Islamic knowledge. Through the passage of time, this appellation was condensed to just "Hawiyah" or "Hawiye" and subsequently evolved into the ethnonym of his progeny.[2] The genealogy of Sheikh Hawiye, as delineated in these oral narratives, Arabic hagiologies, and indigenous manuscripts, can be traced as follows: Ahmed (Hawiye) Bin Abdulrahman (Irir) Bin Uthman (Samaale) Bin Muhammed Bin Hanbal Bin Mahdi Bin Ahmed Bin Mohammed Bin Aqeel Bin Abu Talib.[3][4][14][15][16][17]

It is through these sources that the lineage of Sheikh Hawiye can be comprehensively understood and appreciated within the broader historical and cultural contexts. Some scholars consider these genealogical claims as historically untenable, but instead argue that they reflect a longstanding cross cultural exchange between Somalia and Southern Arabia.[18][19] According to the British anthropologist and Somali Studies veteran Ioan Lewis, the traditions of descent from noble Arab families related to the Prophet are most probably figurative expressions of the importance of Islam in Somali society. However, "there is a strong historically valid component in these legends."[20][21]

Sultan Olol Dinle. Head of the Hawiye Ajuran clan.

Hawiye, the eldest son of Irir, is known to have a sibling named Aji, whose actual name is documented in oral traditions and further supported by Al Idrus's work "History of Somalia" as Ismail, the father of Dir, also known as Abu-Bakr.[3] Hawiye was married to two women, from whom he had six sons. The first wife, Arbera, hailing from Arab lineage, bore him three sons - Karanle, Xaskuul, and Raarane. On the other hand, his second wife, Ghirei, belonging to the Harla, gave birth to Gugundhabe, Gorgarte, and Jambeelle.[22][23] This genealogical account of Hawiye's family structure is crucial in understanding the historical lineage and heritage of the Hawiye. The oral traditions and written sources provide valuable insights into the familial connections and societal structures prevalent to this day.

Part of a series on
Somali clans
Darod
Isaaq
Dir
Hawiye
Rahanweyn
Benadiri

The tomb of Shiekh Hawiye can be found in Qundhuro, situated within the Haraghe region, which served as his primary residence for the later years of his life as a revered Sheikh who dedicated himself to the propagation of the teachings of Islam. Alongside Shiekh Hawiye rests his eldest son, Karanle, in a burial site. [15]The Hawiye furthered the spread of Islam in the Horn of Africa.[24]

Distribution

UN Clan map of Somalia

The Hawiye are believed to be the largest Somali clan and comprise the majority in Somalia as well as the majority in the NFD region of Kenya according to respective censuses. The origin and traditional homeland of the Hawiye is believed to be in the Somali Region of Ethiopia,[25] where he was preceded by the arrival of his Samaale ancestors in the areas between Djibouti and Somaliland,[26] before descending southeast and along the Shabelle Valley.

In Somalia, Hawiye subclans inhabit the fertile lands along the Shabelle River of Beledweyne located in the Hiran region. Their territory stretches from the coastline just south of Mogadishu to the north of the historic port town of Hobyo in the central Mudug region. The Hawiye constitute the majority in the Hirshabelle state of Somalia, with the Abgaal clan being present while in Galmudug Hawiye are the majority as well. The Hawiye also have a second majority presence in the South West State region, They can also be found in Jubbaland. The Fiqishini subclan of the Habar Gidir[27] inhabit the Sool region of Somaliland.

NRC clan map of Greater Somalia

The Hawiye also live in their traditional birthplace Ethiopia, holding a sizeable population in the Somali Region of Ethiopia as well as cities like Babile in the Oromia region.[28] In the southern parts of the Somali Region, Hawiye can be found in many zones, and are majority in 3/9 of the zones, namely the Liben zone and the Shabelle zone. They can also be found in many other zones, such as the Afdheer, Dollo, Sitti, Erer, Faafan and Korahe zone.

In Kenya, the Hawiye can also be found in the North Eastern Province (Kenya) region of Kenya where the Degoodi sub-clan is 3rd majority out of Somali clans in Kenya and the majority in the Wajir region, followed by another Hawiye sub-clan, the Ajuran and then the Murule who are the majority of the Mandera region as shown in the Kenyan census.[29][30][31][32][33][34]

Major Hawiye cities inhabited by the Hawiye clan consist of the capital of Somalia, Mogadishu, along with various other cities such as Beledweyne, Galkayo, Babile, Dusmareb, Jowhar, Wajir and Mandera.

Sultanates

The Hawiye has produced various sultanates, some of which ruled large parts of the Horn of Africa. Some of these include:

The Ajuran Sultanate, which was led by the Ajuran sub-clan of the Hawiye. Specifically the Ajuran are said to be part of the Jambelle Hawiye[11][35][36] but became displaced from modern Hawiye territories in the late 17th to early 18th centuries due to historical conflict particularly in South Central Somalia.[11][37][38][39] Lee Cassanelli in his 1982 book "The Shaping of Somali Society: Reconstructing the History of a Pastoral People, 1600-1900" often refers to the Ajuran as former leaders of a Hawiye clan dynasty.[13] They belonged to the Somali Muslim sultanate that ruled over large parts of the Horn of Africa in the Middle Ages. Trading routes dating from the ancient and early medieval periods of Somali maritime enterprise were strengthened or re-established, and foreign trade and commerce in the coastal provinces flourished with ships sailing to and coming from many kingdoms and empires in East Asia, South Asia, Europe, the Near East, North Africa and East Africa. The Ajuran Empire's sphere of influence in the Horn of Africa was one of the largest in the region. The empire covered much of southern Somalia and eastern Ethiopia, with its domain extending from Hobyo in the north, to Qelafo in the west, to Kismayo in the south.

The Hiraab Imaamate, also known as the Yacquubi Dynasty, which was governed by the Hiraab sub-clan of the Hawiye. It was founded by Imam Omar who successfully rebelled and defeated the Ajuran and established an independent kingdom.[12][40][41] By 1700, the Hiraab and other clans occupied a large territory stretching the interior from the Shabelle valley to the arid lands of Mudug and to the coastal areas of Mogadishu towards Hobyo. After the immediate fall of the Ajuuraan, the Hiraab established an independent rule for at least two centuries. It was called Regno di Magadozo or the Kingdom of Magadoxo in official medieval bulletins, and at their peak, they would go on to dominate what became Greater Benadir.

These sultanates both ruled over present-day Somalia, Kenya and Ethiopia. Minor Hawiye sultanates throughout these periods include the southern reigns of the Lama Jidle (Afgoi) Sultanate of the Silcis and the El Amir (Merca) dynasty of the Wadalaan. In the north, minor sultanates of the Sultanate of Bale and the Imamate of Aussa (preceded by Hubat and Harar principalities), were led by members of the Ajuran and the Karanle, respectively. Under these major and minor sultanates, Somalia flourished and various key port cities and towns were created. Explorer John Kirk arrived in southern Somalia in 1873 during a period of great economic prosperity with the region being dominated by the Imamate and the Geledi Sultanate. Kirk met Imam Mahmood who reigned over Mogadishu. Trade between the Hiraab of Mogadishu and the Geledi Sultanate led by Ahmed Yusuf was flourishing. Kirk noted a variety of other things. Roughly 20 large dhows were docked in both Mogadishu and Merka respectively filled with grain produced from the farms of the Geledi in the interior with much of the trade being destined for Zanzibar.

Role and Influence in Somalia

Former Somali President Abdiqasim salad Hassan

The Hawiye have historically played an important role in Somalia. The majority of Somalia's founding fathers hailed from the Hawiye. At Independence in 1960, the first President, Prime Minister, Parliamentary Speaker and the Father of the Somali Military were all Hawiye. Aden Adde the first President and Speaker was Udeejeen. The first Prime Minister Abdullahi Issa was Habar Gidir. The father of the Somali Military Daud Abdulle Hirsi was Abgaal. As was the initiator of the October revolution coup d'état in 1969, Brigadier General Salaad Gabeyre Kediye. The military leader to overthrow and exile the successor of the coup President Siad Barre of the Supreme Revolutionary Council in 1991 before fighting and defeating subsequent US occupying forces (1993-1995) was General Mohamed Farrah Aidid, a Habar Gidir.[42] Since then the Hawiye have produced five more Presidents and four more Prime Ministers.

The Hawiye elite played a leading role during the Somali Rebellion in opposing the post civilian era dictatorship of President Siad Barre under the auspices of SODAF, the SSDF and the Somali National Movement (SNM) before converging to form their own branch the infamous United Somali Congress (USC). The long-standing clan conflicts that had engulfed other clans in the rest of the country under the ex dictatorship continued unabated into the late 90s with its eventual victors setting up autonomous regional states (Somaliland and Puntland) while Mogadishu underwent a new Civil War starting in late 1991 with the city divided between warring Hawiye factions of Aidid and Abgaal President Ali Mahdi. Despite 2 interim governments built from Djibouti and supplanted in the capital with its elected Hawiye Presidencies in Ali Mahdi Muhammad in 1991 and Abdiqasim Salad Hassan (Habargidir) a decade later, 14 national peace conferences throughout their tenures and a 3-year UN/US humanitarian & peacekeeping intervention (1992-1995), the Mogadishu Civil War remained a stalemate until 2006 which saw the rise of the popular Islamic Courts Union (ICU), a predominately Hawiye-based Islamic Fundamentalist Organisation that ended the rule of factional warlords and their chiefdoms, with the ICU promoting religious reform while conquering large parts of the country. But even with its moderate leadership and revolutionary appeal, the International Community, encouraged by the US global War on Terror campaign, endorsed a historically damaging Ethiopian Occupation to overthrow the ICU and prop the weak internationally recognised interim federal government (TFG) of President Abdullahi Yusuf, a Darod Majerteen, which was built in Kenya in 2004 and based there before moving into the city of Baidoa. With the TFG reliant on neighbours Ethiopia and Kenya, adopting their principles of federalism and in particular imitating the state structure of the Federal Republic of Ethiopia, the moderate ICU leadership moved to Djibouti and Eritrea in exile, eventually returning to power under a new name, the Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia (ARS) and successfully ending the Ethiopian occupation. A coalition of sorts in later successive governments have since been formed, with new challenges posed by radical offshoots Al-Shabaab, an Alqaeda affiliate takfeer group notorious for bomb attacks that hasn't spared the old, the women or the children though claiming to solely fight the Government and its partners from the African Union peacekeeping forces.

The Hawiye figure prominently in many important fields of Somali society such as the Business & Media sector. For example, Abdirahman Yabarow, the editor-in-chief of VOA Somali is kin. Yusuf Garaad Omar who was the Chairman of BBC Somali for over a decade and helped pioneer its rise during his tenure, is also a member. As are the heads of major national corporations - Jubba Airways and Hormuud Telecom.

Currently the Hawiye play a leading role in the regional states of Galmudug, Hirshabelle and Benadir (Mogadishu), but also in Somalia and among the Somali people as a whole.[43][44][45][46][47][48]

History

According to 12th-century author Al-Idrisi, the Hawiye clan occupied the coastal areas between Ras Hafun and Merca, as well as the lower basin of the lower Shabelle river. Al-Idrisi's mention of the Hawiye is the first documentary reference to a specific Somali group in the Horn of Africa. Later Arab writers also make references to the Hawiye clan in connection with both Merca and the lower Shabelle valley. Ibn Sa'id (1214–74), for instance, considered Merca to be the capital of the Hawiye, who lived in fifty villages on the bank of a river which he called "the nile of Mogadishu, a clear reference to the Shabelle river.[5]

One must mention the Hawīya and Garğēda who are also represented as clan families or clans among the Somali. Both groups seem to have been long established in the Sultanate of Bale: the early immigrants from Merca started from a Hawiya-occupied region and oral traditions relate the Garğēda with the time of the "holy war" in the 1530s.[49]

Along with Rahanweyn, the Hawiye clan also came under the Ajuran Empire control in the 13th century that governed much of southern Somalia and eastern Ethiopia, with its domain extending from Hobyo in the north, to Qelafo in the west, to Kismayo in the south.[50]

Known to medieval writers as the Ajan Coast[51][52][53] Harold Marcus credits the role of the Hawiye-led commonwealth alliance[54][55] in expanding and islamizing the communities of what is now southeast Ethiopia and southern Somalia during the 15th and 16th centuries.[24]

The Hawiye are also featured in the early history of the northern Ifat Sultanate during the reign of Emperors Zara Yaqob[56] and Amda Seyon I.[57] Sabr ad-Din of Ifat who declared war on Amda Seyon, had summoned 15 notables for the battle, the 8th notable was the King of Harla and the 9th notable was the King of Hubat. According to best known travel and tourism handbook "Guide to Ethiopia" by author Phillip Briggs and ecologist professor Marco Viganó, the Kundudo (Qundhura) mountain ranges which sits at the mouth of Gursum, Somali (woreda) and easiest to access via Babile was the locality of ancient Hubat,[58][59][60] an early Hawiye settlement area pre-dating and surrounding Harar particularly towards the South East and also historically inhabited by nomadic highland Hawiye clans who had turned to farming and cultivation during the rainfall season according to J.Spencer's "Islam in Ethiopia" where they later repelled and neighboured the Oromo Invasions.[61][62][63] Many old towns and villages bearing Hawiye ancestral names can still be found in the modern Eastern Hararghe region today.[64][65][66]

Ajuuraan & Adal map

With Adal Sultanate succeeding Ifat Sultanate, the Hawiye figured prominently as leaders and soldiers in what culminated to become the 16th century conquest of Ethiopia (Futuh Al-Habasha). The most famous and widely read Public Historian of Ethiopia, former Minister of Education, Arts & Culture and Dean of the National Library under Haile Selassie, Takla Sadiq Mekuria, author of the "History of Ethiopia; Nubia, Aksum, Zagoe till the Time of the Reign of Aşe Yækunno Amlak",[67] had state devoted the largest study - a 950-page book in 1961 to the life and times of Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (known as Ahmed Gurey or Mohamed Gragne, the Atilla of Africa and the King of Zeila) as well as the history of the elite core family-unit of the Malassay Army in his rough monograph on the Gragn Wars called "Ya Gragn Warara" (The Conquests of Gragn), in it he draws on the evidence from Arab Faqih Sihab Uddin and the chronicles of Sarsa-Dengel. Through the mediation of Dagazmac Wargnah he interviewed Ahmed Ali Shami, the most senior authoritative scholar of Harar to have produced the concise manuscript history of Harar (in his Fatah Madinat Harar manuscript) for several European institutions and maintains several preserved Arabic manuscripts, which all provide the only extensive family tree and genealogical known tradition of 8 generations of the father and relatives of Gragne's lineage from the Karanle Hawiye branch with his mother stated to be of the ethnic Harla.[68] This is also found in the Aussa chronicles and books authored by Manfred Kropp, Layla Sabaq and Berhanu Kamal and others. Gragne's wife was also the daughter of Emir Mahfuz, an important relative,[69][70] ruler of Zeila and a Balaw, a Karanle subclan also listed as a group of tribes from Bale[71] and a commonly Ethiopian mistranslation of the Coptic Christian synaxarium of Alexandria's "Muslim badawī (bedouin/nomadic descent)" for Muslims in Egypt, Sudan, Somalia and the Red Sea Gulf. See example - Ethiopian chronicles of 10th century Muslim convert Saint George the Egyptian Balaw.[72][73][74] Weakened by centuries of northern conflict, a fraction of the Hawiye of the post Adal Harar Emirate continued to remain powerful in the Somali interior[75][76][77][78] and would later form a dynasty of jurists in early modern Zeila.[79]

Since sections of the Hawiyya were migrating southward before and during Gragn's jihad, it is not inconceivable that they brought certain theocratic notions with them. Indeed, the Ajuran maintained a wakil (governor) in the region around Qallafo. This area was not only the traditional Hawiyya homeland, but also stood midway geographically between the emirates of Harar and the Benaadir, an ideal link for the transmission of political and religious ideas.

Enrico Cerulli, an Author on key Somali social development and early history, mentions the following passage on the birth and succession of the Ajuran Sultanate.[22]

The oral sources also provide us with recurrent themes that point to certain structural features of Ajuran rule. The descendants of the Ajuraan (among which are the Gareen imams) can therefore be understood to have inherited the spiritual (Islamic) and the secular (numerical) power provided by the alliance of the first three Hawiyya "brothers". Ajuran power reposed on the twin pillars of spiritual preeminence and Hawiyya kinship solidarity, a potent combination in the Somali cultural context. In historical terms, a theocratic ideology superimposed on an extensive network of Hawiyya-affiliated clans helped uphold Ajuran dominance over a wide region. The Darandoolle, it should be noted, were part of the Gurqaate, a clan section collateral to the Jambelle Hawiyya from whom Ajuran (and Gareen) is said to have been descended. Intermarriage among the descendants of these uterine brothers on the one hand helped reinforce the solidarity of the Hawiyya. On the other hand, competition between collateral lines was very common in Somalia, particularly where the titular leadership of a larger clan-confederation was at stake. Such a struggle for the dominant place within the Hawiyya-dominated Ajuran confederation may also be reflected in the rise of the Silcis and El Amir in the later years of Ajuran rule. Both are said to have been descendants of Gurqaate Hawiyya, as were the Abgaal Darandoolle. Thus it can be argued that the dominant groups which appeared toward the end of the Ajuran era—the Darandoolle near Muqdisho, the Silcis near Afgooye, and the El Amir in Marka—represent the partition of the Ajuran imamate among collateral Hawiyya sections. Or perhaps one branch of the Hawiyya—namely the Gurqaate—forcibly replaced another (the Jambelle) as leaders of the clan.

The Hiraab Imamate was the main successor state of the Ajuran Sultanate. The reason for their rebellion was the Ajuran rulers, in the end, became extremely prideful, neglected the sharia law, and imposed a heavy tax on their subjects which was the main reason for the rebellion.[80] Other groups would follow in the rebellion which would eventually bring down Ajuran rule in the inter-riverine region and Benadir coast.[81]

Hiraab Imamate map in 1700

Lee Cassanelli in his book, The Shaping of Somali society, provides a historical picture of the Hiraab Imamate. He writes:

"According to local oral tradition, the Hiraab imamate was a powerful alliance of closely related groups who shared a common lineage under the Gorgaarte clan divisions. It successfully revolted against the Ajuran Empire and established an independent rule for at least two centuries from the seventeen hundreds and onwards.[82]

The alliance involved the army leaders and advisors of the Habar Gidir and Duduble, a Fiqhi/Qadi of Sheekhaal, and the Imam was reserved for the Mudulood branch who is believed to have been the first born. Once established, the Imamate ruled the territories from the Shabeelle valley, the Benaadir provinces, the Mareeg areas all the way to the arid lands of Mudug, whilst the ancient port of Hobyo emerged as the commercial border and Mogadishu being its capital for the newly established Hiraab Imamate in the late 17th century.[82]

Hobyo served as a prosperous commercial centre for the Imamate. The agricultural centres of El Dher and Harardhere included the production of sorghum and beans, supplementing with herds of camels, cattle, goats and sheep. Livestock, hides and skin, whilst the aromatic woods and raisins were the primary exports as rice, other foodstuffs and clothes were imported. Merchants looking for exotic goods came to Hobyo to buy textiles, precious metals and pearls. The commercial goods harvested along the Shabelle river were brought to Hobyo for trade. Also, the increasing importance and rapid settlement of more southerly cities such as Mogadishu further boosted the prosperity of Hobyo, as more and more ships made their way down the Somali coast and stopped in Hobyo to trade and replenish their supplies.[82]

The economy of the Hawiye includes the predominant nomadic pastoralism, and to some extent, cultivation within agricultural settlements in the riverine area, as well as mercantile commerce along the urban coast. At various points throughout history, trade of modern and ancient commodities by the Hawiye through maritime routes included cattle skin, slaves, ivory and ambergris.[83][82]

Richard Burton, a famous 19th century British explorer said to have been the first European to reach the Holy Islamic sites of Mecca and Medina in secrecy, on visiting the country of the Somalis in 1854 noted among other authors at the time, the northern and southern expansion of the Hiraab prior to the Imamate's deeper conflicts with the advent of Colonialism, said the following;

To the south the Nogal valley touches the Hawiyah, the Marehan and some small neighbouring countries. The Hawiyah are doubtless of ancient origin; they call all Somal except themselves Hashiyah (Aji) and thus claim to be equivalent to the rest of the nation. The antiquity of the Hawiyah is proved by its present widely scattered state; it is a powerful tribe in the Mijjarthayn country and yet it is found in the hills of Harar. It should be noted that the movement towards the South West is faster for the more northerly Hawiyah tribes and therefore further away from the rivers.[84][85][86]

Soon afterwards, the entire peninsula was snapped up by Colonial powers and it led to the birth of a Modern Somalia. However, the Hiraab hereditary leadership has remained intact up to this day and enjoys a dominant influence in national Somali affairs.

Clan tree

Due to antiquity and oldened traditions, there are sometimes no clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures or many lineages are omitted. Ali Jimale Ahmed outlines his genealogical clan tree of the Hawiye in The Invention of Somalia.[87]

Hawiye clan tree (simple version).
  • Samaale
    • Irir
      • Hawiye
        • Karanle
        • Gugundhabe
          • Molkaal (Molcal)
            • Badi Ade
              • Afgaab
              • Maamiye
              • Subeer
            • Baydisle
            • Saransoor[88]
              • Gaaljecel
                • Barsane
                • Sooranle
                  • Doqondiide
                  • Dirisame
                  • Dar-Waaq
                    • Abtisame
                    • Lahube
                      • Aloofi
                      • Makahiil Omar
              • Degoodi
                • Fai
                • Dumaal
              • Ciise
              • Masarre
          • Jidle alias Murule
            • Abdi (Yabarsein)
            • Kuulow
            • Sharmarke
            • Nacabsoor
          • Jijeele
            • Reer Faqay
            • Reer Wabar
        • Gorgaarte
          • Maxamed (Madhibaan)
          • Hiraab
            • Mudulood
              • Udejeen
                • Kheyre Macalin
                • Adan Yacqub
              • Cabdi Sheikh (Sheekhaal)
              • Darandole
                • Hilibi
                  • Cismaan
                  • Moobleen
                    • Magacle
                    • Abidig
                  • Ilaaway
                  • Abgaal (Cali)
                    • Harti
                      • Warsangeli
                      • Suul Harti
                        • Maxamed Caroone
                          • Agoonyar
                          • Owbakar
                            • Reer Imaam
                          • Yabar Maxamed
                        • Nugaale (Habar Nugaal)
                        • Cabdalla Caroone
              • Ciise Harti
                    • Wa'budhan
                      • Galmaax Yonis
                        • Yusuf Galmaax
                          • Maxamed Muuse
                        • Cumar Galmaax
                          • Celi Cumar
                          • Reer Mataan (Abdulle)
                        • Abdulle Galmaax
                • Xuseen Yonis
                  • Sahal Koraaye
                • Adan Yonis
                      • Kabaale Wacbudhan
                        • Saleeban Muse
                        • Xeyle Muse
                      • Dauud
                        • Isaaq Dauud
                        • Yusuf Dauud
                          • Reer Ugaas
                    • Wa'aysle (Warculus)
                      • Saleeban Waceysle
                      • Cumar Saleeban
                        • Dhagaweyne Cumar
                        • Faqay Cumar
                        • Cabdalle Cumar
                          • Cali Gaaf
                          • Absuge
                          • Macalin Dhiblaawe
                      • Abdirahman Saleban
                      • Jibraail Waceysle
                      • Haaruun Waceysle
            • Duduble (Maxamuud Hiraab)
              • Maxamed Camal
              • Maqlisame
              • Owradeen
            • Sheekhaal[89]
              • Loobage
                • Maxamed Cagane
              • Aw-Qudub
            • Habar Gidir
          • Wadalaan
          • Silcis
          • Hawadle[90]
            • Samatalis
              • Dige Samatalis
                  • Ciise Dige
                    • Ibrahim Ciise
                    • Madaxweyne Ciise
                      • Ali Madaxweyne
                      • Yabar Madaxweyne
                      • Abdalle Madaxweyne
                        • Agoon Abdalle
                  • Yabar Dige
                    • Adan Warsame
              • Cabdalle Samatalis
              • Faramage Samatalis
                • Reer Ugaas
              • Yusuf Samatalis
                • Abdi Yusuf
        • Jambeelle
        • Xaskul
          • Owsaan
        • Raarane Hawiye

NOTE: The Sheekhaal, Xawaadle and Saransoor (Gaaljecel, Dagoodi, Ciise, Masarre, Tuuf Garre) are historically counted as Hawiye lineages under Hiraab,[89] Gorgaarte[90] and Gugundhabe[88] respectively. The Ajuuraan are similarly descendants of Jambeelle.[92][36]

Notable Hawiye figures

Rulers and Nobility

Imam Ahmed Gurey statue in Mogadishu
Somali Hawiye Delegation to Rome including Olol Dinle, Hersi Gurey, Haji Farah Ali Omar and others, 1938

Politicians

Military personnel

Leading intellectuals

General Salad Gabeyre who organised the 1969 Coup D'état

Music, Literature, Culture and Sports

K'naan wins a Grammy Award in 2024, the first of a Somali achievement

Political factions and organizations

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ Alasow, Omar (2010). Violations of the Rules Applicable in Non-International Armed Conflicts and Their Possible Causes. p. 32. Archived from the original on 2023-01-23. Retrieved 2022-04-16.
  2. ^ a b Hawiyah, meaning the Conservator of Sciences, his name is Ahmad ibn Irir, (Whose name is Abd al-Rahman) ibn Samaal, (Whose name is Uthman) bin Muhammad ibn Hanbal Bin Mahdi bin Ahmed bin Muhammad bin Aqeel bin Abi Talib. This (Muhammad) is the one to whom the Darod, whose actual name is Daud, tribes trace their lineage to.
  3. ^ a b c محمود, زيلعي، عبد الرحمن شيخ (2018). الصومال عروبتها وحضارتها الإسلامية (in Arabic). قنديل للطباعة والنشر والتوزيع،. ISBN 978-9948-39-903-2.
  4. ^ a b الشريف عيدروس النضيري العلوي (1954). بغية الآمال في تاريخ الصومال للشريف عيدروس (in Arabic).
  5. ^ a b Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland; Oliver, Roland Anthony; Clark, John Desmond; Gray, Richard; Flint, John E.; Roberts, A. D.; Sanderson, G. N.; Crowder, Michael (1975). The Cambridge history of Africa: Fage, J. D. Cambridge University Press. p. 137. ISBN 9780521209816. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22. Retrieved 2020-11-05.
  6. ^ Aden, Abokor (2006). Further Steps To Somaliland Democracy. p. 20. OCLC 64096513.
  7. ^ Africa a, Collections Of (1956). African Native Tribes. p. 27. Archived from the original on 2023-04-05. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  8. ^ Ethnographie Nordost-Afrikas Die materielte Cultur der Danâkil, Galla und Somâl (Phillip Paulitschke 1893) Archived 2023-04-08 at the Wayback Machine|quote=The tribe of the Hawija (Auîjja), whose members claim to be the purest, so to speak, the cream of the Somâl, is spread over the whole vast terrain from the middle Erer valley of Harar and Karanle along the left bank of the Vêbi Shabêli distributed to the coast of the Indian Ocean between Cape Sîf Tawîl and Maqdishu and Merka.
  9. ^ Berhane, Meressa (2013). Implication of the Afar-Somali pastoralist conflict on the socio-economic rights of residents in Afar Region Zone Three (Thesis). p. 1.
  10. ^ Society, Security, Sovereignty and the State in Somalia: 2001, Maria Brons, International Books, page 102.
  11. ^ a b c Abbink, Jon (1999). The Total Somali clan Geneaology. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2023-09-15. Retrieved 2023-11-22.
  12. ^ a b Abdullahi, Abdurahman (2017-09-18). Making Sense of Somali History: Volume 1. Adonis and Abbey Publishers. ISBN 9781909112797.
  13. ^ a b de recherche en afrique, institut francais (1993). IFRA Nairobi relations. p. 25. Archived from the original on 2023-04-18. Retrieved 2023-11-22.
  14. ^ السيد, سالم، حمدى (1965). الصومال: قديما وحديثا (in Arabic). وزارة الاستعلامات.
  15. ^ a b Somaliprodigy (2024-04-18). "Etymology and Genesis of the Hawiye". Medium. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
  16. ^ italiana, Società geografica (1893). Bollettino della Società geografica italiana (in Italian). Stab. di Giuseppe Civelli.
  17. ^ Colucci, Massimo (1924). Principi di diritto consuetudinario della Somalia italiana meridionale: i gruppi sociali, la proprietà con dieci tavole dimostrative, sotto gli auspici del governo della Somalia italiana (in Italian). Soc. an. editrice "La Voce".
  18. ^ Burton, Sir Richard Francis (1856). First Footsteps in East Africa: Or, An Explanation of Harar. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.
  19. ^ Lewis, I. M.; Samatar, Said S. (1999). A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa. James Currey Publishers. ISBN 978-0-85255-280-3.
  20. ^ Lewis, I. M. (1994). Blood and Bone: The Call of Kinship in Somali Society. The Red Sea Press. ISBN 978-0-932415-93-6.
  21. ^ Lewis, I. M. (1998). Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society. The Red Sea Press. ISBN 978-1-56902-103-3.
  22. ^ a b Enrico Cerulli, Come viveva una tribù Hawiyya, ( A Cura dell'Amministrazione Fiduciaria Italiana della Somalia ; Instituto poligrafico dello Stato P.V 1959)
  23. ^ Abbink, J. (1999). The Total Somali Clan Genealogy: A Preliminary Sketch. African Studies Centre.
  24. ^ a b AICMAR Bulletin An Evangelical Christian Journal of Contemporary Mission and Research in Africa. 2003. p. 21. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
  25. ^ Marcus, Harold (1975). Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Ethiopian Studies. p. 104.
  26. ^ La Somalia italiana nei tre anni del mio governo Giacomo Di Martino (1912) Archived 2023-12-10 at the Wayback Machine|quote="And the first that presents itself, that of the Abgal, boasts an ancient, and for these people, glorious origin. And in fact it was the one that rose up against the domination of the Agiuran, with which the Hauia common lineage (one of the great tribes of the Somali stock that populates East Africa) it had. Both the Agiuran and the Abgal were therefore of the same origin, that is, of the region of Djibouti, whence the Agiuran, nearly five centuries ago had come to conquer Somalia, occupying and extending their domination over almost the entire current territory of the Colony."
  27. ^ Höhne, Markus Virgil (2015). Between Somaliland and Puntland : marginalization, militarization and conflicting political vision. London. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-907431-13-5. OCLC 976483444.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  28. ^ "Local conflicts between Somali and Oromo people in the context of political decentralization in Ethiopia; Comparative case study on Ma'eso and Babile Districts" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-04-08. Retrieved 2023-04-08.
  29. ^ Cabdulqaadir Cusmaan Maxamuud (1999). Sababihii burburka Soomaaliya. Toronto: Neelo Printing. p. 101. ISBN 0-9681259-1-3. OCLC 50295281.
  30. ^ The Somali, Afar and Saho groups in the Horn of Africa by I.M Lewis
  31. ^ UN Somalia Clan Map (PDF). 1998. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-06-12. Retrieved 2021-06-22.
  32. ^ ACCORD Somalia Clan Map. 1999. p. 30. Archived from the original on 2022-04-19. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  33. ^ First Footsteps in East Africa by Richard Burton, pg 73
  34. ^ The Earth and Its Inhabitants of South and East Africa. 1876. p. 398. Archived from the original on 2023-02-19. Retrieved 2023-02-19.
  35. ^ Geographica Italiana, Società (1892). Bollettino della Società geografica italiana. Archived from the original on 2023-10-30. Retrieved 2023-10-03.
  36. ^ a b Liiqliiqato, Maxamed (1986). Taariikhda Soomaaliya dalkii filka weynaa ee punt. p. 18. Archived from the original on 2023-04-01. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
  37. ^ Brelvi, Mahmud (1964). Islam in Africa. p. 189. Archived from the original on 2023-04-06. Retrieved 2023-11-22.
  38. ^ Nelson, Harold (1982). Somalia a country study. p. 11. Archived from the original on 2023-04-19. Retrieved 2023-11-22.
  39. ^ Foreign Affairs, Ministry of (1967). Somali Kenya relations in True Perspective. p. 15. Archived from the original on 2023-04-06. Retrieved 2023-11-22.
  40. ^ Maino, M (1956). Somalia d'oggi. Coloniale Italiano. p. 34. Archived from the original on 2023-11-22. Retrieved 2023-11-22.
  41. ^ Nordisk Familjebok 1876-1899 (Runeberg 1876) Archived 2023-12-31 at the Wayback Machine|quote=Ajan, better Adjan, former name of the eastern coast of Africa between Cape Guardafui and the equator, inhabited of Somali and Galla tribes, who are ruled by independent so-called Imams. Now it makes up part of the land of Somali.
  42. ^ Kingsley, Charles (2012). A Vet in Somalia. Libre UK. p. 224. ISBN 9781477102848. Archived from the original on 2023-10-31. Retrieved 2023-10-03.
  43. ^ Ethnographie Nordost-Afrikas (Paulitschke 1893) Archived 2023-07-07 at the Wayback Machine|quote=The tribes of the Hawiya, whose members consider themselves the purest, so to speak and the cream of the Somâl, is spread over the whole vast terrain from the middle Erer valley from Harar and Karanle along the left bank of the Vêbi Shabêli distributed to the coast of the Indian Ocean between Cape Sîf Tawîl and Maqdishu and Merka.
  44. ^ La colonizzazione Europea nell'Est Africa Italia, Inghilterra, Germania (Gustavi Chiesi 1909) Archived 2023-04-08 at the Wayback Machine|quote=The populations of people in the area of Uarsceik to Ras Elhur to Mustahil on the Uebi Schiavelli, belong to the purest type and character of the Somali breed. Physically and aesthetically counted among the best, most perfect specimens of their race - they are examples of beauty, grace and the elegance of ancient Greek statues. Undoubtedly these Somalis of this region, we will say so, pure, proud, haughty, protective of their own individual and collective freedom; suspicious of our civilisation, our intentions and therefore most difficult to those not governing cross breeds or polluted by the blood of Galla and Suaheli in the southernmost part.
  45. ^ Somalia e Benadir (Robbecchi Bricchetti 1899) Archived 2023-04-08 at the Wayback Machine|quote=The character of the Somalis is not so easy to describe. They are cowardly, scheming, liars, selfish, avenging, suspicious, traitors. The Auijja, who are more expansive, cheery, kinetic and energetic of a lively and penetrating spirit, do not consider theft as a crime if done on a large scale at gunpoint and by way of conquest, always ready for any discomfort, even if to be able to satisfy their revenge.
  46. ^ The Modern History of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa; A Select and Annotated Bibliography (Harold Marcus) Archived 2023-06-04 at the Wayback Machine|quote=The Hawiya are among the most devout and fundamentalist Muslims of the Somali.
  47. ^ The Crown Colonist (1946) Archived 2023-06-03 at the Wayback Machine|quote=The Somalis are divided into rers and fakidas (clans or tribes); of the Hawiya, the most fanatical Muslims. No Italian dared to travel far from Mogadishu without a large armed escort.
  48. ^ Bollettino della Società geografica italiana (Civelli 1919) Archived 2023-04-12 at the Wayback Machine|quote=The Hawiya would be the first result of a crossing of Somalis with other populations, as is also confirmed by the current opinion that considers the Hawiya the most noble group, for the fact that they were the earliest followers of Muslim influence.
  49. ^ Braukämper, Ulrich (1992). Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Litt. p. 136. ISBN 9783825856717. Archived from the original on 2023-04-04. Retrieved 2023-02-22.
  50. ^ Lee V. Cassanelli, The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900, (University of Pennsylvania Press: 1982), p.102.
  51. ^ Rosaccio, Gioseppe (1596). Il mondo e sue parti cive Europa, Affrica, Asia et America. p. 193. Archived from the original on 2023-04-05. Retrieved 2023-03-15.
  52. ^ Toscanella, Orazio (1567). I Nomi antichi et moderni delle provincie, regioni, città dell'Europa, Africa et Asia America. p. 50. Archived from the original on 2023-04-04. Retrieved 2023-03-15.
  53. ^ Marie, Phillipe (1827). VANDERMAELEN 1827 Map of Côte D'Ajan. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2023-03-14. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
  54. ^ Marcus, Harold (1975). Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Ethiopian Studies. p. 102. Archived from the original on 2023-04-25. Retrieved 2023-04-05.
  55. ^ N, HS (1967). Journey of the Historical Society of Africa. p. 120. Archived from the original on 2023-04-25. Retrieved 2023-04-05.
  56. ^ The Journal of the Historical Society Archived 2023-04-01 at the Wayback Machine|quote="The greatest Zaidite backwash had flown into Somalia when Imam Yahya ibn Husain was killed. By the end of the 15th century Zaidite Muslims sympathetic to their deceased monarch as religious and political dissidents were among the Hawiyya Somali clan; the Mashafa Milad an Ethiopic work composed during the reign of Zara Yacob records that Muslims under the command of Shaikh Abu Bakr ibn' Umar, Sultan of Makdishu, who were Zaidites, fought against the Ethiopian Negus."
  57. ^ MÄLÄSAY: SELBSTBEZEICHNUNG EINES HARARINER OFFIZIERSKORPS UND IHR GEBRAUCH IN ÄTHIOPISCHEN UND ARABISCHEN CHRONIKEN Archived 2022-03-09 at the Wayback Machine Paideuma: Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde Bd. 36, Afrika-Studien II (1990), p.116
  58. ^ Viganó, Marcof (1994). The Kundudo, Deri and Dire and ancient Hararge forts. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2023-04-08. Retrieved 2023-04-08.
  59. ^ Briggs, Phillip (2018). Guide to Ethiopia. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 479. ISBN 9781784770990. Archived from the original on 2023-08-18. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  60. ^ Dilebo, Lapiso (1500). An introduction to Ethiopian history from the Megalithism Age to the Republic, circa 13000 B.C. to 2000 A.D. International conference of Ethiopian Studies. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22. Retrieved 2023-10-14.
  61. ^ Acta Geographica 1950 Archived 2023-10-26 at the Wayback Machine|quote="The Hawia played a grand historical role, having constituted the majority of the Somali who pushed back the Oromo, caused by pressure of the expansion of the Oromo from the 15th century towards southern and central Ethiopia."
  62. ^ Trimingham, J.Spencer (2013). Islam in Ethiopia. Taylor and Francis. p. 206. Archived from the original on 2023-11-23. Retrieved 2023-10-30.
  63. ^ Development Research, Institute Of (1994). Ethiopian Journal of Development Research. p. 43. Archived from the original on 2023-08-18. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  64. ^ Institute of Mineralogy, Hudson (2010). Hawīya, East Hararghe Map. Mindat. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2023-04-08. Retrieved 2023-04-08.
  65. ^ Gallery, Maphill (2010). Hawīya, East Hararghe Map. Maphill. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2023-04-08. Retrieved 2023-04-08.
  66. ^ CSA, Ethiopia (2010). Harari Zone Kebeles. EthioStats. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2023-04-08. Retrieved 2023-04-08.
  67. ^ Uhlig, Siegburt (2003). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica O-X. Eisanbrauns. p. 29. ISBN 9783447062466. Archived from the original on 2023-08-18. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  68. ^ MÄLÄSAY: SELBSTBEZEICHNUNG EINES HARARINER OFFIZIERSKORPS UND IHR GEBRAUCH IN ÄTHIOPISCHEN UND ARABISCHEN CHRONIKEN Archived 2022-03-09 at the Wayback Machine Paideuma: Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde Bd. 36, Afrika-Studien II (1990), p.112
  69. ^ Faqih, Arab (2003). The Conquest of Abyssinia. Tsehai Publishers and Distributors. p. 9. ISBN 9780972317269. Archived from the original on 2023-08-18. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  70. ^ Peacock, A.C.S. (2017). Islamisation and Comparative Perspectives from History. Edinburgh University Press. p. 15. ISBN 9781474417143. Archived from the original on 2023-08-18. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  71. ^ Futuh Al Habesha - The Conquest of Ethiopia (Shihabuddin Arab Fekih) Archived 2023-12-29 at the Wayback Machine|quote="The plural use of tribes demonstrates a large group of native nomadic kinsmen. For comparison, Somalis are counted as plural tribes (where Hawiye is a tribe, Marehan is a tribe etc.) while the Harla are also counted as multiple tribes for having an equally significant contribution. This also shows the ethnic Belewta individuals from other regions at the time of Sa'ad ad-Din after 1350AD would not constitute plural tribes hence the term emphasis relating to nomadic gallantry which Amharic historian Mekuria picks up on as does the synaraxium of Alexandria and other accounts. The founder of Awsa and relative of Gragn, Imam Mohamed Gasa, according to Awsa chronicles, would leave the Bale region (a traditional Hawiye homeland) to later form a dynasty beyond the Awash river evading the Oromo while having minimal to no contact with natives from Eritrea or Sudan even while the Ottomans recognised the Belewta Chiefs of Massawa to rule that Port on their behalf from 1554 onwards."
  72. ^ Christian Martyrs Under Islam - Religious Violence and the Making of the Muslim World (C.S. Sahner 2020) Archived 2024-05-22 at the Wayback Machine|quote="The Ethiopian synaraxium refers to him as a "Muslim from the Balaw" which may be a mistranslation of the synaxarium of Alexandria's "Muslim badawi."
  73. ^ Cesi, Federico (1974). IV Congresso Internazionale Di Studi Etiopici. Accademia nazionale dei Lincei. p. 615. Archived from the original on 2023-08-18. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  74. ^ Levtzion, Nehemia (2000). The History of Islam in Africa. Ohio University Press. p. 229. ISBN 9780821444610. Archived from the original on 2023-08-14. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  75. ^ Atti del primo congresso geographico italiano tenuto in Genova (Società Geografica Italiana 1893) Archived 2023-02-25 at the Wayback Machine|quote="At the Battle of Harmale in 1891, the Hawiya alone, led by Garad Omar Abdi faced 15,000 of Menelik's raiders into the Ogaden, defeated only in the wake of less numbers and arms, though not of value."
  76. ^ The Earth and Its Inhabitants ...: South and east Africa (1876) Archived 2023-04-08 at the Wayback Machine|quote="The Hawiyas, who are dominant in Ogaden, that is, the great central territory of Somali Land, are certainly the most powerful of all the Somali people. M. Revoil describes them as less bellicose than the other branches of the race, but at the same time more fanatical and more dangerous to foreigners. They belong to a distinct Mohammedan sect, which, to judge from their practices, seems in some way akin or analogous to that of the Wahabites in Central Arabia."
  77. ^ Rulers, Guns, and Money - The Global Arms Trade in the Age of Imperialism Archived 2023-04-08 at the Wayback Machine|quote="The British Vice Consul at Harar, writing of the Hawiya tribe in the Ogaden, who were in revolt against the Ethiopians, reported that they had always been powerful, but had become much stronger after being furnished with a good supply of arms from Djibouti. He anticipated that all the Somali tribes would be so well armed in the near future that the Ethiopians would have great difficulty in preserving their rule in Harar."
  78. ^ L'ultimo impero cristiano politica e religione nell'Etiopia contemporanea (1916- 1974) Archived 2023-04-08 at the Wayback Machine|quote="The Hawiya chiefs who together with their sons, participated in the plans of Lij Jasu only aggravated the violence on both sides. The Hawiyas, in revenge, destroyed the crops around Harar in order to create a scorched earth policy and raided numerous cattle, which were partly owned by Aqa Gabru. The punitive expedition led by the Amhara faced an entire coalition made up of Geri Somali and Ogaden soldiers, but led by the Hawiya."
  79. ^ Burton, Richard (1856). First Footsteps in East Africa - An Explanation of Harar. Green Longmans. p. 65. Archived from the original on 2023-08-18. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  80. ^ Cassanelli, Lee (1982). The Shaping of Somali Society. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 124. ISBN 9780812278323. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22. Retrieved 2020-11-11.
  81. ^ Lee V. Cassanelli, Towns and Trading centres in Somalia: A Nomadic perspective, Philadelphia, 1980, pp. 8-9.
  82. ^ a b c d Lee V. Cassanelli (1982). The Shaping of Somali Society: Reconstructing the History of a Pastoral People, 1600 to 1900. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-7832-3.
  83. ^ Kenya's past; an introduction to historical method in Africa page by Thomas T. Spear
  84. ^ Burton, Richard (1854). First footsteps in East Africa. DigiUK. p. 30. Archived from the original on 2023-10-26. Retrieved 2023-10-03.
  85. ^ Cora, Guido (1873). Cosmos comunicazioni sui progressi più recenti e notevoli della geografia e delle scienze affini. DigiUK. p. 334. Archived from the original on 2023-10-26. Retrieved 2023-10-03.
  86. ^ Rossini, Carlo (1937). Etiopia e genti di Etiopia. Bemporad. p. 334. Archived from the original on 2023-10-26. Retrieved 2023-10-03.
  87. ^ Ali Jimale Ahmed (1995). The Invention of Somalia. Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea. p. 123. ISBN 0-932415-98-9. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22. Retrieved 2020-10-17.
  88. ^ a b Gli Annali dell'Africa Italiana. 1938. p. 1130. Archived from the original on 2023-04-04. Retrieved 2023-02-22.
  89. ^ a b Bricchetti, Robbecchi (1899). Somalia e Benadir. p. 174. Archived from the original on 2023-04-04. Retrieved 2023-02-22.
  90. ^ a b Somalia Etnografia. 1957. p. 60. Archived from the original on 2023-02-10. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
  91. ^ Geographica Italiana, Società (1892). Bollettino della Società geografica italiana. p. 970. Archived from the original on 2022-08-19. Retrieved 2022-08-19.
  92. ^ Giuseppi, Civelli (1892). Gli Annali dell'Africa Italiana. Archived from the original on 2023-10-30. Retrieved 2023-10-03.
  93. ^ Saints and Somalis Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society - Keeping the Birds at Bay in the Bay Area of Somalia (I.M. Lewis 1988) Archived 2023-06-26 at the Wayback Machine|quote=The Haran Madare are represented in old Somali oral traditions as a branch of the saintly Walamogge (Ajuran) lineage, descended according to the same sources, from the famous Sheikh Huseen Baliale, the patron saint of the Islamic Population of Ethiopia (Andredrewzji 1975; Braukamper 1977; Lewis 1980)
  94. ^ Wagner, Ewald (1978). Legende und Geschichte d. Fatḥ madīnat Harar. Deutsche Morgenländische Ges. p. 33. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22. Retrieved 2023-12-02.
  95. ^ "De-classified Documents: Foreign Relations of the United States 1964-1968, Volume XXIV Africa:346. Memorandum From the Under Secretary of State (Katzenbach) to President Johnson: March 12, 1968". Somali Watch (source: US Department of State, Washington). November 29, 200. Archived from the original on 20 November 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
  96. ^ Taariikhda Ciidanka Cirka (Somali Air Force Chief Mohamud Sheikh Ali "Dable Beylood" on "SNA Radio" channel on YouTube/Facebook on the 15th of February 2022) Archived 2023-08-29 at the Wayback Machine|quote=According to SAF Chief Mohamud Ali at the 62nd anniversary of the Somali Air Force, Ahmed as the first fully trained Somali pilot was appointed Commander on 15/02/60 for 11 months until a fatal accident.
  97. ^ "CRD Somalia". Center for Research and Dialogue. 2005-07-12. Archived from the original on 2011-07-25. Retrieved 2010-10-12.

Sources

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawiye&oldid=1252650305"