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Ross Perot

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Ross Perot
Perot in 2008
Personal details
Born
Henry Ross Perot

(1930-06-27) June 27, 1930 (age 94)
Texarkana, Texas, U.S.
Political partyIndependent (before 1995)
Reform (1995–2000)
Republican (2000–present)
SpouseMargot Birmingham
ChildrenRoss
Nancy
Suzanne
Carolyn
Katherine
Alma materTexarkana College
United States Naval Academy
Military service
Allegiance United States
Branch/service United States Navy
Years of service1953–1957

Henry Ross Perot (/pəˈroʊ/; born June 27, 1930), known as Ross Perot, is an American businessman best known for being an independent presidential candidate in 1992 and the Reform Party presidential candidate in 1996.

Early life

Perot was born in Texarkana, Texas, the son of Lula May Perot (née Ray) and Gabriel Ross Perot,[2] a commodity broker specializing in cotton contracts. His patrilineal line traces back to an immigrant to Louisiana, in the 1740s.[3][4] He attended a private school called Patty Hill. He graduated from Texas High School in Texarkana in 1947.[5] One of Perot's boyhood friends was Hayes McClerkin, later Speaker of the Arkansas House of Representatives and a prominent Texarkana, Arkansas, lawyer.[6]

Perot joined the Boy Scouts of America and made Eagle Scout in 1942, after thirteen months in the program. He is a recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award.[7][8]

From 1947 to 1949, he attended Texarkana Junior College, then entered the U.S. Naval Academy in 1949 and helped establish its honor system.[7][9] Perot said his appointment notice to the academy—sent by telegram—was sent by W. Lee "Pappy" O'Daniel, Texas's 34th governor and former senator.[10]

Perot married Margot Birmingham of Greensburg, Pennsylvania, in 1956.

Business

After he left the Navy in 1957, Perot became a salesman for IBM. He quickly became a top employee (one year, he fulfilled his annual sales quota in a mere two weeks)[11] and tried to pitch his ideas to supervisors who largely ignored him.[12] He left IBM in 1962 to found Electronic Data Systems (EDS) in Dallas, Texas, and courted large corporations for his data processing services. Perot was refused seventy-seven times before he was given his first contract. EDS received lucrative contracts from the U.S. government in the 1960s, computerizing Medicare records. EDS went public in 1968 and the stock price rose from $16 a share to $160 within days. Fortune called Perot the "fastest, richest Texan" in a 1968 cover story.[13] In 1984 General Motors bought controlling interest in EDS for $2.4 billion.

In 1974 Perot gained some press attention for being "the biggest individual loser ever on the New York Stock Exchange" when his EDS shares dropped $450 million in value in a single day in April 1970.[14]

Just prior to the 1979 Iranian Revolution, the government of Iran imprisoned two EDS employees in a contract dispute. Perot organized and sponsored their rescue. The rescue team was led by retired U.S. Army Special Forces Colonel Arthur D. "Bull" Simons. When the team was unable to find a way to extract their two prisoners, they decided to wait for a mob of pro-Ayatollah revolutionaries to storm the jail and free all 10,000 inmates, many of whom were political prisoners. The two prisoners then connected with the rescue team, and the team spirited them out of Iran via a risky border crossing into Turkey. The exploit was recounted in a book, On Wings of Eagles by Ken Follett, which became a best-seller. In the 1986 miniseries, Perot was portrayed by Richard Crenna.

In 1984 Perot bought a very early copy of Magna Carta, one of only a few to leave the United Kingdom. It was lent to the National Archives in Washington, D.C., where it was displayed alongside the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution. In 2007, it was sold by the Perot Foundation, in order to provide "for medical research, for improving public education and for assisting wounded soldiers and their families."[15] The document sold for US$21.3 million on December 18, 2007, to David Rubenstein, managing director of the Carlyle Group and is kept on display at the National Archives.[16]

After Steve Jobs lost the original power struggle at Apple and left to found NeXT, his angel investor was Perot who invested over $20 million. Perot believed in Jobs and did not want to miss out, as he had with his chance to invest in Bill Gates' fledgling Microsoft.[17]

In 1988 he founded Perot Systems Corporation, Inc. in Plano, Texas. His son, Ross Perot, Jr., eventually succeeded him as CEO. In September 2009, Perot Systems was acquired by Dell for $3.9 billion.[18]

Political activities

Early political activities

Perot became heavily involved in the Vietnam War POW/MIA issue. He believed that hundreds of American servicemen were left behind in Southeast Asia at the end of the U.S. involvement in the war,[19] and that government officials were covering up POW/MIA investigations in order to avoid revealing a drug smuggling operation used to finance a secret war in Laos.[20] Perot engaged in unauthorized back-channel discussions with Vietnamese officials in the late 1980s, which led to fractured relations between Perot and the Reagan and George H.W. Bush administrations.[19][20] In 1990, Perot reached agreement with Vietnam's Foreign Ministry to become its business agent in the event that diplomatic relations were normalized.[21] Perot also launched private investigations of, and attacks upon, U.S. Department of Defense official Richard Armitage.[19][20]

Perot standing next to a portrait of George Washington at his office in 1986.

In Florida in 1990, retired financial planner Jack Gargan funded a series of "I'm mad as hell and I'm not going to take it anymore" (a reference to a famous quotation from the 1976 political and mass media satire movie, Network) newspaper advertisements denouncing the U.S. Congress for voting for legislative pay raises at a time when average wages nationwide were not increasing. Gargan later founded "Throw the Hypocritical Rascals Out" (THRO), which Ross Perot supported.[22]

Maya Lin, architect of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, received harassment from Perot after her race was revealed; he was known to have called her an "egg roll" after it was revealed that she was Asian.[23]

Perot did not support President George H. W. Bush and vigorously opposed the United States involvement in the 1990–1991 Persian Gulf War. He unsuccessfully urged Senators to vote against the war resolution, and began to consider his own presidential run.[24][25]

1992 presidential candidacy

Main article: Ross Perot presidential campaign, 1992
Perot in 1986

On February 20, 1992, he appeared on CNN's Larry King Live and announced his intention to run as an independent if his supporters could get his name on the ballot in all fifty states. With such declared policies as balancing the federal budget, opposition to gun control, ending the outsourcing of jobs and enacting electronic direct democracy via "electronic town halls", he became a potential candidate and soon polled roughly even with the two major party candidates.[26]

Perot's candidacy received increasing media attention when the competitive phase of the primary season ended for the two major parties. With the insurgent candidacies of Republican Pat Buchanan and Democrat Jerry Brown winding down, Perot was the natural beneficiary of populist resentment toward establishment politicians. On May 25, 1992, he was featured on the cover of Time with the title "Waiting for Perot", an allusion to Samuel Beckett's play Waiting for Godot.[27]

Several months before the Democratic and Republican conventions, Perot filled the vacuum of election news, as his supporters began petition drives to get him on the ballot in all fifty states. This sense of momentum was reinforced when Perot employed two savvy campaign managers in Democrat Hamilton Jordan and Republican Ed Rollins. In July, while Perot was pondering whether to run for office, his supporters established a campaign organization United We Stand America. Perot was late in making formal policy proposals, but most of what he did call for were intended to reduce the deficit, such as a gasoline tax increase and cutbacks to Social Security.[citation needed]

In June, Perot led a Gallup poll with 39% of the vote.[28] By mid-July, the Washington Post reported that Perot's campaign managers were becoming increasingly disillusioned by his unwillingness to follow their advice to be more specific on issues,[29] and his need to be in full control of operations[29] with such tactics as forcing volunteers to sign loyalty oaths.[30] Perot's poll numbers began to slip to 25%, and his advisers warned that if he continued to ignore them, he would fall into single digits. Co-manager Hamilton Jordan threatened to quit, and on July 15, Ed Rollins resigned after Perot fired advertisement specialist Hal Riney, who worked with Rollins on the Reagan campaign. Rollins would later claim that a member of the campaign accused him of being a Bush plant with ties to the CIA.[31] Amid the chaos, Perot's support fell to 20%.[32] The next day, Perot announced on Larry King Live that he would not seek the presidency. He explained that he did not want the House of Representatives to decide the election if the result caused the electoral college to be split. Perot eventually stated the reason was that he received threats that digitally altered photographs would be released by the Bush campaign to sabotage his daughter's wedding.[33] Whatever his reasons for withdrawing, his reputation was badly damaged. Many of his supporters felt betrayed and public opinion polls would subsequently show a large negative view of Perot that was absent prior to his decision to end the campaign.[34]

In September, he qualified for all fifty state ballots. On October 1, he announced his intention to reenter the presidential race. He said that Republican operatives had wanted to reveal compromising photographs of his daughter, which would disrupt her wedding, and he wanted to spare her from embarrassment. He campaigned in 16 states and spent an estimated $12.3 million of his own money.[35] Perot employed the innovative strategy of purchasing half-hour blocks of time on major networks for infomercial-type campaign advertisements; this advertising garnered more viewership than many sitcoms, with one Friday night program in October attracting 10.5 million viewers.[36]

Perot's running mate was retired Vice Admiral James Stockdale, a highly decorated former Vietnam prisoner of war (POW). In December 1969 Perot organized and flew to North Vietnam in an attempt to deliver thirty tons of supplies to beleaguered American POWs in North Vietnam. Although North Vietnam blocked the flights, the effort was instrumental in bringing the plight of those POWs to the world's attention and their captors soon began treating them better.[7]

At one point in June, Perot led the polls with 39% (versus 31% for Bush and 25% for Clinton). Just prior to the debates, Perot received 7–9% support in nationwide polls.[37] It is likely that the debates played a significant role in his ultimate receipt of 19% of the popular vote. Although his answers during the debates were often general, many Democrats and Republicans conceded that Perot won at least the first debate. In the debate he remarked:

Keep in mind our Constitution predates the Industrial Revolution. Our founders did not know about electricity, the train, telephones, radio, television, automobiles, airplanes, rockets, nuclear weapons, satellites, or space exploration. There's a lot they didn't know about. It would be interesting to see what kind of document they'd draft today. Just keeping it frozen in time won't hack it.[38]

Perot denounced Congress for its inaction in his speech at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C., on March 18, 1992. Perot said:

This city has become a town filled with sound bites, shell games, handlers, media stuntmen who posture, create images, talk, shoot off Roman candles, but don't ever accomplish anything. We need deeds, not words, in this city.[39]

In the 1992 election, he received 18.9% of the popular vote, approximately 19,741,065 votes (but no electoral college votes), making him the most successful third-party presidential candidate in terms of the popular vote since Theodore Roosevelt in the 1912 election.[40] Unlike Perot, however, some other third party candidates since Roosevelt have won electoral college votes. (Robert La Follette had 13 in 1924, Strom Thurmond had 39 in 1948, George Wallace had 46 in 1968 and John Hospers won one in 1972, albeit from a faithless elector). Compared with Thurmond and Wallace, who polled very strongly in a small number of states, Perot's vote was more evenly spread across the country. Perot managed to finish second in two states: In Maine, Perot received 30.44% of the vote to Bush's 30.39% (Clinton won Maine with 38.77%); in Utah, Perot received 27.34% of the vote to Clinton's 24.65% (Bush won Utah with 43.36%). Although Perot won no state, he received the most votes in some counties, including Trinity County, California.

A detailed analysis of voting demographics revealed that Perot's support drew heavily from across the political spectrum, with 20% of his votes coming from self-described liberals, 27% from self-described conservatives, and 53% coming from self-described moderates. Economically, however, the majority of Perot voters (57%) were middle class, earning between $15,000 and $49,000 annually, with the bulk of the remainder drawing from the upper middle class (29% earning more than $50,000 annually).[41] Exit polls also showed that Ross Perot drew 38% of his vote from Bush, and 38% of his vote from Clinton, though it's generally considered that he aided Clinton in defeating Bush.[42]

Based on his performance in the popular vote in 1992, Perot was entitled to receive federal election funding for 1996. Perot remained in the public eye after the election and championed opposition to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), urging voters to listen for the "giant sucking sound" of American jobs heading south to Mexico should NAFTA be ratified.

Reform Party and 1996 presidential run

Perot tried to keep his movement alive through the mid-1990s, continuing to speak about the increasing national debt. He was a prominent campaigner against the North American Free Trade Agreement, and even debated with Al Gore on the issue on Larry King Live. Perot's behavior during the debate was a source of mirth thereafter, including his repeated pleas to "let me finish" in his southern drawl. The debate was seen by many as effectively ending Perot’s political career.[43] Support for NAFTA went from 34% to 57%.[44]

In 1995, he founded the Reform Party and won their presidential nomination for the 1996 election. His vice presidential running mate was Pat Choate. Because of the ballot access laws, he had to run as an Independent on many state ballots. Perot received eight percent of the popular vote in 1996, much less than in the 1992 race but still an unusually successful third-party showing by U.S. standards. He spent much less of his own money in this race than he had four years before, and also allowed other people to contribute to his campaign, unlike his prior race. One common explanation for the decline was Perot's exclusion from the presidential debates, based on the preferences of the Democratic and Republican party candidates. Jamin B. Raskin of Open Debates filed a lawsuit on Perot's behalf on this assumption.[45][46]

Later activities

Perot attending the 2009 EagleBank Bowl in Washington, D.C.

Later in the 1990s, Perot's detractors accused him of not allowing the Reform Party to develop into a genuine national political party, but rather using it as a vehicle to promote himself. They cited as evidence the control of party offices by operatives from his presidential campaigns. Perot did not give an endorsement during Jesse Ventura's run for governor of Minnesota in the 1998 election, and this became suspicious to detractors when he made fun of Ventura at a conference after Ventura had a falling out with the press. The party leadership grew in tighter opposition to groups supporting Ventura and Jack Gargan. Evidence of this was demonstrated when Gargan was officially removed as Reform Party chairman by the Reform Party National Committee.

In the 2000 presidential election, Perot refused to become openly involved with the internal Reform Party dispute between supporters of Pat Buchanan and of John Hagelin. Perot was reportedly unhappy with what he saw as the disintegration of the party, as well as his own portrayal in the press; thus he chose to remain quiet. He appeared on Larry King Live four days before the election and endorsed George W. Bush for president. Despite his earlier opposition to NAFTA, Perot remained largely silent about expanded use of guest worker visas in the United States, with Buchanan supporters attributing this silence to his corporate reliance on foreign workers.[47] Some state parties affiliated with the new (Buchananite) America First Party.

Perot speaking in 2006

Since then, Perot has been largely silent on political issues, refusing to answer most questions from the press. When interviewed, he usually remains on the subject of his business career and refuses to answer specific questions on politics, candidates, or his past activities.

One exception to this came in 2005, when he was asked to testify before the Texas Legislature in support of proposals to extend technology to students, including making laptops available to them. He also supported changing the process of buying textbooks by making e-books available and by allowing schools to buy books at the local level instead of going through the state. In an April 2005 interview, Perot expressed concern about the state of progress on issues that he had raised in his presidential runs.[48]

Two further exceptions came with his endorsements in the 2008 and 2012 elections. In January 2008, Perot publicly came out against Republican candidate John McCain and endorsed Mitt Romney for president. He also announced that he would soon be launching a new website with updated economic graphs and charts.[49] In June 2008, this blog launched, focusing on entitlements (Medicare, Medicaid, Social Security), the U.S. national debt, and related issues.[50] In 2012, Perot endorsed Romney for president again.[51] Perot did not give any endorsements for the 2016 election.

Personal life

Perot and his wife Margot (née Birmingham) have five children (Ross Jr., Nancy, Suzanne, Carolyn, and Katherine). As of 2012, the Perots had 16 grandchildren.[citation needed]

With an estimated net worth of about US$4.1 billion in 2015, he is ranked by Forbes as the 129th-richest person in the United States.[1]

Honors and achievements

Electoral history

United States presidential election, 1992

United States presidential election, 1996

  • Bill Clinton/Al Gore (D) (Inc.) – 47,400,125 (49.2%) and 379 electoral votes (31 states and D.C. carried)
  • Bob Dole/Jack Kemp (R) – 39,198,755 (40.7%) and 159 electoral votes (19 states carried)
  • Ross Perot/Pat Choate (Ref.) – 8,085,402 (8.4%) and 0 electoral votes

References

  1. ^ a b "Henry Ross Perot". Forbes. September 2015. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  2. ^ "The Ancestors of Ross Perot". Wargs.com. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
  3. ^ Posner, Gerald (1996). Citizen Perot. New York City: Random House. p. 8.
  4. ^ Reagan, Danny. "The Perot/Bordelon Branches". Archived from the original on July 18, 2009. Retrieved February 18, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ "Texarkana Independent School District Names H. Ross Perot as 2009 Distinguished Alumni" (PDF). Texarkana Independent School District. September 17, 2009. Retrieved October 6, 2012.
  6. ^ Furlong, Tom (June 10, 1992). "Perot as Hometown Hero: Just Don't Get in His Way". articles.latimes.com. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
  7. ^ a b c Townley, Alvin (December 26, 2006). Legacy of Honor: The Values and Influence of America's Eagle Scouts. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 89–100, 108, 187, 194, 249, 260, 265. ISBN 0-312-36653-1. Retrieved December 29, 2006.
  8. ^ Ray, Mark (2007). "What It Means to Be an Eagle Scout". Scouting Magazine. Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved January 5, 2007.
  9. ^ The Associated Press. "Ross Perot Gives $1 Million to Texarkana College". Retrieved April 7, 2012.
  10. ^ Martin, Marie Murray (March 25, 2012."Native Son". Texarkana Gazette. March 25, 2012. Retrieved March 25, 2012.
  11. ^ Sam Wyly, 1000 Dollars & an Idea, Publisher: Newmarket, ISBN 1-55704-803-7
  12. ^ Landrum, Gene N. (2004). Entrepreneurial Genius: The Power of Passion. Naples, FL: Brendan Kelly Publishing Inc. p. 174. ISBN 9781895997231. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
  13. ^ "Ross Perot". Famous Entrepreneurs. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
  14. ^ Henry Moscow, "An Astonishment of New York Superlatives: Biggest, Smallest, Longest, Shortest, Oldest, First, Last, Most, Etc." New York Magazine vol. 7, no. 1 (31 December 1973/7 January 1974) p. 53.
  15. ^ Magna Carta Is Going on the Auction Block, The New York Times September 25, 2007
  16. ^ "Magna Carta Copy Sold". The New York Times. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
  17. ^ Isaacson, Walter (2011). Steve Jobs. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 1-4516-4853-7.
  18. ^ Guglielmo, Connie; Hoffmann, Katie (September 22, 2009). "Dell Pays 68% Premium for Perot's Health Technology (Update3)". Archived from the original on June 3, 2012. Retrieved September 22, 2009. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ a b c Patrick E. Tyler (June 20, 1992). "Perot and Senators Seem Headed for a Fight on P.O.W.'s-M.I.A.'s". The New York Times. Retrieved January 5, 2008.
  20. ^ a b c George J. Church (June 29, 1992). "The Other Side of Perot". Time. Retrieved January 24, 2008.
  21. ^ Patrick E. Tyler (June 5, 1992). "Perot to Testify in Senate on Americans Missing in Southeast Asia". The New York Times. Retrieved January 24, 2008.
  22. ^ Isikoff, Michael (May 31, 1992). "Unlikely Suitors Pushed Perot Bid". Washington Post. Washington Post. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
  23. ^ Frank H. Wu (2002). Yellow: Race In America Beyond Black and White. Basic Books. p. 95. ISBN 0-465-00639-6.
  24. ^ "The 1992 Run For The Presidency". Reform Party.
  25. ^ QUINDLEN, Anna (June 3, 1992). "Public & Private; Waiting for Perot". The New York Times. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
  26. ^ "The Pew Research Center for People & the Press: Year of the Outsider". June 16, 1992. Retrieved October 5, 2010.
  27. ^ "Time magazine cover: H. Ross Perot". May 25, 1992. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
  28. ^ "THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: On the Trail; POLL GIVES PEROT A CLEAR LEAD". The New York Times. June 11, 1992. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 24, 2016.
  29. ^ a b "Perot advisers reportedly at odds". The Milwaukee Sentinel. Milwaukee, Wisconsin. July 14, 1992. p. 2A. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
  30. ^ "Perot asks volunteers to sign loyalty oaths". St. Petersburg Times. Associated Press. July 14, 1992. p. 2A.
  31. ^ Lewis, Anthony (October 2, 1992). "Abroad at Home; Why Perot?". The New York Times. p. 31. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
  32. ^ Holmes, Steven A. (July 16, 1992). "Rollins Quits Perot's Campaign; Asserts His Advice Was Ignored". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
  33. ^ THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: The Overview; PEROT SAYS HE QUIT IN JULY TO THWART G.O.P. 'DIRTY TRICKS', Richard L. Berke, The New York Times, October 26, 1992
  34. ^ THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: Ross Perot; Perot Says He May Rejoin Race To Publicize His Economic Plan, Richard L. Berke, The New York Times, September 19, 1992
  35. ^ Clymer, Adam (August 25, 1992). "THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: Perot Gave $12 Million to Aborted Campaign". New York Times.
  36. ^ Kolbert, Elizabeth (October 27, 1992). "THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: The Media; Perot's 30-Minute TV Ads Defy the Experts, Again". New York Times. p. A.19.
  37. ^ THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: On the Trail; POLL GIVES PEROT A CLEAR LEAD. The New York Times. New York, N.Y.: June 11, 1992.
  38. ^ Sumner, Mark (April 19, 2009). "All This Has Happened Before". Daily Kos. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
  39. ^ Perot, Ross, James W. Robinson. Ross Perot speaks out: issue by issue, what he says about our nation: its problems and its promise. p 55. Prima Pub., 1992. ISBN 978-1-55958-274-2.
  40. ^ "Presidential Election of 1912". 270towin.com. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
  41. ^ Peirce Lewis; Casey McCracken; Roger Hunt (October 1994). "Politics: Who Cares". American Demographics. 16: 23.
  42. ^ Holmes, Steven A. (November 5, 1992). "THE 1992 ELECTIONS: DISAPPOINTMENT -- NEWS ANALYSIS An Eccentric but No Joke; Perot's Strong Showing Raises Questions On What Might Have Been, and Might Be". The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
  43. ^ Reaves, Jessica; Frank Pelligrini (October 3, 2000). "Bush plays off expectations; Gore learns from mistakes". cnn.com. Retrieved August 14, 2008. Gore's decisive victory was the saving of NAFTA and the beginning of the end of Perot as even a semi-serious public figure.
  44. ^ Tharoor, Ishaan (December 15, 2010). "Al Gore and Ross Perot Debate NAFTA". Time.
  45. ^ "Board of Directors". Open Debates. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
  46. ^ Richards, Paul J. "Do the debates unfairly shut out third parties?". CBS news.
  47. ^ Buchanan.org at the Wayback Machine (archived August 16, 2000)
  48. ^ "Point of Contact: H. Ross Perot". Dallas Morning News. April 23, 2005. Archived from the original on May 15, 2007.
  49. ^ "Ross Perot Slams McCain". Newsweek. January 16, 2008. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
  50. ^ Jason Carroll (June 19, 2008). "Ross Perot wants more focus on national debt". CNN.
  51. ^ Dinan, Stephen. "Ross Perot endorses Mitt Romney". The Washington Times. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
  52. ^ "Jefferson Awards FoundationNational - Jefferson Awards Foundation". Jeffersonawards.org. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
  53. ^ Martin, Marie Murray (September 19, 2009)."Perot receives TISD Distinguished Alumni Award". Texarkana Gazette. September 19, 2009. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
  54. ^ "List of Thayer Award Recipients". West Point AOG. October 10, 2009. Retrieved October 14, 2009.
  55. ^ Martin, Marie Murray (June 9, 2010)."Native Son gets birthday surprise". Texarkana Gazette. June 9, 2010. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
  56. ^ "CGSC Foundation presents Ross Perot with 2010 Distinguished Leadership Award". The Command and General Staff College Foundation, Inc. Retrieved July 27, 2014.
  57. ^ Martin, Marie Murray (September 30, 2010)."Perot to be given distinguished award". Texarkana Gazette. September 30, 2010. Retrieved September 30, 2010.
  58. ^ Martin, Marie Murray (July 7, 2011)."Ross Perot will be presented with award". Texarkana Gazette. July 7, 2011. Retrieved September 16, 2012.
  59. ^ "New dinosaur species named for Perot family". statesman.com. Associated Press. October 28, 2011. Archived from the original on November 1, 2011. Retrieved October 30, 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

Further reading

  • Thomas M. Defrank, et al. Quest for the Presidency, 1992. Texas A&M University Press. 1994.
  • Mason, Todd (1990). Perot. Business One Irwin. ISBN 1-55623-236-5 An unauthorized biography by a longtime Perot watcher.
  • Doron P. Levin, Irreconcilable Differences: Ross Perot Versus General Motors (New York: Plume, 1990)
  • Thomas Moore, The GM System is Like a Blanket of Fog, Fortune, February 15, 1988
  • Posner, Gerald Citizen Perot: His Life and Times Random House. New York 1996
  • Clinton, Bill (2005). My Life. Vintage. ISBN 1-4000-3003-X.
  • Forbes 400
  • Rapoport, Ronald and Walter Stone. Three's a Crowd: The Dynamic of Third Parties, Ross Perot, and Republican Resurgence Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005.
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Party political offices
First Reform nominee for President of the United States
1996 		Succeeded by
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