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Sculptor Galaxy

Coordinates: Sky map 00h 47m 33s, −25° 17′ 18″
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Sculptor Galaxy
The Sculptor Galaxy taken with the ESO VISTA telescope at the Paranal Observatory in Chile.
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
ConstellationSculptor
Right ascension00h 47m 33s[1]
Declination−25° 17′ 18″[1]
Redshift0.000811[1]
Heliocentric radial velocity243 ± 2 km/s [1]
Distance11.4 ± 0.7 Mly
   (3.5 ± 0.2 Mpc)[2]
Apparent magnitude (V)8.0[1]
Characteristics
TypeSAB(s)c[1]
Apparent size (V)27′.5 × 6′.8[1]
Other designations
Silver Coin Galaxy,[1] Silver Dollar Galaxy,[3] NGC 253,[1] UGCA 13,[1] PGC 2789[1] Caldwell 65

The Sculptor Galaxy, also known as the Silver Coin or Silver Dollar Galaxy, NGC 253, is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation Sculptor. The Sculptor Galaxy is a starburst galaxy, which means that it is currently undergoing a period of intense star formation.

Observation

Observational history

The galaxy was discovered by Caroline Herschel in 1783 during one of her systematic comet searches.[4][5] About half a century later, John Herschel observed it using his 18-inch metallic mirror reflector at the Cape of Good Hope.[5] He wrote, "very bright and large (24′ in length); a superb object.... Its light is somewhat streaky, but I see no stars in it except 4 large and one very small one, and these seem not to belong to it, there being many near..."[5]

In 1961 Allan Sandage wrote in the Hubble Atlas of Galaxies that the Sculptor Galaxy is "the prototype example of a special subgroup of Sc systems....photographic images of galaxies of the group are dominated by the dust pattern. Dust lanes and patches of great complexity are scattered throughout the surface. Spiral arms are often difficult to trace.... The arms are defined as much by the dust as by the spiral pattern."[6] Bernard Y. Mills, working out of Sydney, discovered that the Sculptor Galaxy is also a fairly strong radio source.[5]

In 1998 the Hubble Space Telescope took a detailed image of NGC 253.[7]

Amateur observation

As one of the brightest galaxies in the sky, the Sculptor Galaxy can be seen through binoculars and is near the star Beta Ceti. It is considered one of the most easily viewed galaxies in the sky after the Andromeda Galaxy.[5][8]

The Sculptor Galaxy is a good target for observation with a telescope with a 300 mm diameter or larger.[8] In such telescopes, it appears as a galaxy with a long, oval bulge and a mottled disc.[8] Although the bulge appears only slightly brighter than the rest of the galaxy, it is fairly extended compared to the disk.[8] In 400 mm scopes and larger, a dark dust lane northwest of the nucleus is visible, and over a dozen faint stars can be seen superimposed on the bulge.[8]

Features

The Sculptor Galaxy is located at the center of the Sculptor Group, one of the nearest groups of galaxies to the Milky Way.[9] The Sculptor Galaxy (the brightest galaxy in the group and one of the intrinsically brightest galaxies in the vicinity of ours, only surpassed by the Andromeda Galaxy and the Sombrero Galaxy[10] ) and the companion galaxies NGC 247, PGC 2881, PGC 2933, Sculptor-dE1, and UGCA 15 form a gravitationally-bound core near the center of the group. Most other galaxies associated with the Sculptor Group are only weakly gravitationally bound to this core.[9][11]

Starburst

NGC 253's most notable feature is the earlier-mentioned starburst which is taking place within it, and which has created several super star clusters on NGC 253's center (discovered with the aid of the Hubble Space Telescope): one with a mass of 1,5*106 solar masses, and absolute magnitude of at least -15, and two others with 5*104 solar masses and absolute magnitudes around -11;[12] later studies have discovered an even more massive cluster heavily obscured by NGC 253's interstellar dust with a mass of 1.4*107 solar masses, an age of around 5.7*106 years, and rich in Wolf-Rayet stars.[13]

Star formation is also high in the northeast of NGC 253's disk, where a number of red supergiant stars can be found, and in its halo there are young stars as well as some amounts of neutral hydrogen. This, along with other peculiarities found in NGC 253, suggest that a gas-rich dwarf galaxy collided with it 200 million years ago, disturbing its disk and starting the present starburst.[14]

As happens in other galaxies suffering strong star formation such as Messier 82, NGC 4631, or NGC 4666, the stellar winds of the massive stars produced in the starburst as well as their deaths as supernovae have blown out material to NGC 253's halo, in the form of a superwind that seems to be inhibiting star formation in the galaxy.[15]

Although supernovae are generally associated with starburst galaxies, only one supernova has been detected within the Sculptor Galaxy.[1] The supernova, named SN 1940E, is located approximately 54″ southwest of the galaxy's nucleus.[16] It was discovered in November 1940.[16]

Central black hole

Recent research suggests the presence in the center of this galaxy of a supermassive black hole, with a mass estimated to be 5 million times that of our Sun, which is slightly heavier than Sagittarius A*.[17]

Recent distance estimates

At least two techniques have been used to measure distances to Sculptor in the past ten years.

Using the planetary nebula luminosity function method, an estimate of 10.89 +0.85
−1.24 Mly* (3.34 +0.26
−0.38 Mpc*) was achieved in 2006.[2]

Sculptor is close enough that the tip of the red giant branch (TRGB) method may also be used to estimate its distance. The estimated distance to Sculptor using this technique in 2004 yielded 12.8 ± 1.2 Mly (3.94 ± 0.37 Mpc).[18][19]

A weighted average of the most reliable distance estimates gives a distance of 11.4 ± 0.7 Mly (3.5 ± 0.2 Mpc).[2]

Satellite

An international team of researchers has used the Subaru Telescope to identify a faint dwarf galaxy disrupting around NGC 253. The observations provide a valuable glimpse of a process that is fleeting but important in shaping galaxies. The satellite galaxy is called NGC 253-dw2 and may not survive the next time it plunges closer to its host. It could even be shredded into oblivion. However, the host may suffer some damage too, if the dwarf is heavy enough.[20] The interplay between the two galaxies may resolve an outstanding mystery about NGC 253, as the giant spiral shows signs of being disturbed by a dwarf. The disturber was previously unseen and presumed to have perished, but now the likely culprit has been found.[21]

  • Three-dimensional view of ALMA observations of the outflows.[22]
    Three-dimensional view of ALMA observations of the outflows.[22]
  • NGC 253. (Courtesy Hunter Wilson)
    NGC 253. (Courtesy Hunter Wilson)
  • NGC253 from 24 inch telescope on Mt. Lemmon, AZ.
    NGC253 from 24 inch telescope on Mt. Lemmon, AZ.
  • Spiral Galaxy NGC 253. (Credit: ESO)
    Spiral Galaxy NGC 253. (Credit: ESO)
  • Detail of NGC 253 by Hubble Space Telescope. (Credit: HST/NASA/ESA)
    Detail of NGC 253 by Hubble Space Telescope. (Credit: HST/NASA/ESA)
  • Image taken by Prompt 2 telescope.
    Image taken by Prompt 2 telescope.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 253. Retrieved 2006-11-25.
  2. ^ a b c *For the non-astronomers reading this, Mly = "Million Light-years". Mpc = "Million parsecs" (1 parsec = 3.26 light-years). Rekola, R.; Richer, M. G.; McCall, Marshall L.; Valtonen, M. J.; et al. (2005). "Distance to NGC 253 based on the planetary nebula luminosity function". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 361 (1): 330–336. Bibcode:2005MNRAS.361..330R. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09166.x.
  3. ^ "NGC 253: Dusty Island Universe". NASA Astro Pic of the Day. 2006-04-21. Retrieved 2010-12-04.
  4. ^ Dreyer, J. L. E. (1888). "A New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars, being the Catalogue of the late Sir John F.W. Herschel, Bart., revised, corrected, and enlarged". Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society. 49: 1–237. Bibcode:1888MmRAS..49....1D.
  5. ^ a b c d e Burnham, Robert (1978). Burnham's Celestial Handbook; An Observers Guide to the Universe Beyond the Solar System; Volume Three, Pavo Through Vulpecula. Dover Publications, Inc. p. 1736. ISBN 0-486-24065-7.
  6. ^ Sandage, Allan (1961). The Hubble atlas of galaxies. Washington: Carnegie Institution. ISBN 0-87279-629-9.
  7. ^ "HubbleSite NewsCenter". Results for NGC 253. Retrieved 2007-04-05.
  8. ^ a b c d e Kepple, George Robert; Glen W. Sanner (1998). The Night Sky Observer's Guide. Vol. 2. Willmann-Bell, Inc. pp. 365, 371. ISBN 0-943396-60-3.
  9. ^ a b I. D. Karachentsev (2005). "The Local Group and Other Neighboring Galaxy Groups". Astronomical Journal. 129 (1): 178–188. arXiv:astro-ph/0410065. Bibcode:2005AJ....129..178K. doi:10.1086/426368.
  10. ^ Karachentsev, Igor D.; Karachentseva, Valentina E.; Huchtmeier, Walter K.; Makarov, Dmitry I. (2003). "A Catalog of Neighboring Galaxies". The Astronomical Journal. 127 (4): 2031–2068. Bibcode:2004AJ....127.2031K. doi:10.1086/382905.
  11. ^ I. D. Karachentsev; E. K. Grebel; M. E. Sharina; A. E. Dolphin; et al. (2003). "Distances to nearby galaxies in Sculptor". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 404 (1): 93–111. arXiv:astro-ph/0302045. Bibcode:2003A&A...404...93K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030170.
  12. ^ Watson, A. M.; Gallagher, J. S., III; Holtzman, J. A.; Hester, J. J.; et al. (1996). "The Discovery of Young, Luminous, Compact Stellar Clusters in the Starburst Galaxy NGC 253". Astronomical Journal. 112: 534. Bibcode:1996AJ....112..534W. doi:10.1086/118032.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Kornei, Katherine A.; McCrady, Nate (2009). "A Young Super Star Cluster in the Nuclear Region of NGC 253". The Astrophysical Journal. 697 (2): 1180–1186. arXiv:0902.4027. Bibcode:2009ApJ...697.1180K. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/697/2/1180.
  14. ^ Davidge, T. J. (2010). "Shaken, Not Stirred: The Disrupted Disk of the Starburst Galaxy NGC 253". The Astrophysical Journal. 725 (1): 1342–1365. arXiv:1011.3006. Bibcode:2010ApJ...725.1342D. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/725/1/1342.
  15. ^ Bolatto, Alberto D.; Warren, Steven R.; Leroy, Adam K.; Walter, Fabian; et al. (2013). "Suppression of star formation in the galaxy NGC 253 by a starburst-driven molecular wind". Nature. 499 (7459): 450–453. arXiv:1307.6259. Bibcode:2013Natur.499..450B. doi:10.1038/nature12351.
  16. ^ a b R. Barbon; E. Cappellaro; F. Ciatti; M. Turatto; et al. (1984). "A revised supernova catalogue". Astronomy & Astrophysics Supplement Series. 58: 735–750. Bibcode:1984A&AS...58..735B.
  17. ^ Black Hole Naps Amidst Stellar Chaos
  18. ^ I. D. Karachentsev; V. E. Karachentseva; W. K. Hutchmeier; D. I. Makarov (2004). "A Catalog of Neighboring Galaxies". Astronomical Journal. 127 (4): 2031–2068. Bibcode:2004AJ....127.2031K. doi:10.1086/382905.
  19. ^ Karachentsev, I. D.; Kashibadze, O. G. (2006). "Masses of the local group and of the M81 group estimated from distortions in the local velocity field". Astrophysics. 49 (1): 3–18. Bibcode:2006Ap.....49....3K. doi:10.1007/s10511-006-0002-6.
  20. ^ "Galactic Space Oddity Discovered". Subaru Telescope. National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. February 8, 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
  21. ^ Aaron J. Romanowsky et all.. "Satellite accretion in action: a tidally disrupting dwarf spheroidal around the nearby spiral galaxy NGC 253". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 456 (1). Oxford Journals: 103–107. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slv207. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  22. ^ "Starburst to Star Bust". ESO Press Release. Retrieved 15 August 2013.


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