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Statism

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In political science, statism or etatism (from French état 'state') is the doctrine that the political authority of the state is legitimate to some degree.[1][2][3] This may include economic and social policy, especially in regard to taxation and the means of production.[4]

While in use since the 1850s, the term statism gained significant usage in American political discourse throughout the 1930s and 1940s. Opposition to statism is termed anti-statism or anarchism. The latter is usually characterized by a complete rejection of all hierarchical rulership.[5]

Overview

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Statism can take many forms, from small government to big government. Minarchism is a political philosophy that prefers a minimal state such as a night-watchman state to protect people from aggression, theft, breach of contract and fraud with the military, police and courts. This may also include fire departments, prisons and other functions.[6] The welfare state is another form within the spectrum of statism.[7][8] Authoritarian philosophies view a strong, authoritative state as required to legislate or enforce morality and cultural practices.[9][10] Totalitarianism is that which prefers a maximum, all-encompassing state.[11]

Political theory has long questioned the nature and rights of the state. Some forms of corporatism extol the moral position that the corporate group, usually the state, is greater than the sum of its parts and that individuals have a moral obligation to serve the state. Skepticism towards statism in Western cultures is largely rooted in Enlightenment philosophy. John Locke notably influenced modern thinking in his writings published before and after the English Revolution of 1688, especially A Letter Concerning Toleration (1667), Two Treatises of Government (1689) and An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690). In the text of 1689, he established the basis of liberal political theory, i.e., that people's rights existed before government; that the purpose of government is to protect personal and property rights; that people may dissolve governments that do not do so; and that representative government is the best form to protect rights.[12]

Economic statism

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Economic statism promotes the view that the state has a major, necessary and legitimate role in directing the major aspects of the economy, either directly through state-owned enterprises and economic planning of production, or indirectly through economic interventionism and macro-economic regulation.[13]

State capitalism

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Main article: State capitalism

State capitalism is a form of capitalism that features high concentrations of state-owned commercial enterprises or state direction of an economy based on the accumulation of capital, wage labor and market allocation.

In some cases, state capitalism refers to economic policies such as dirigisme, which existed in France during the second half of the 20th century and to the present-day economies of the People's Republic of China and Singapore, where the government owns controlling shares in publicly traded companies.[14] Some authors also define the former economies of the Eastern Bloc and Soviet Union as constituting a form of state capitalism.

State corporatism

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Main article: Corporate statism

State corporatism, corporate statism or simply "corporatism" is a political culture and a form of corporatism whose proposers affirm or believe that corporate groups should form the basis of society and the state. This principle requires that all citizens belong to one of the various officially designated interest groups (usually on the basis of the economic sector), the state also has great control over its citizens.

State interventionism

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Main article: State interventionism

The term statism is sometimes used to refer to market economies with large amounts of government intervention, regulation or influence over markets. Market economies that feature high degrees of intervention are sometimes referred to as "mixed economies". Economic interventionism asserts that the state has a legitimate or necessary role within the framework of a capitalist economy by intervening in markets, regulating against overreaches of private sector industry and either providing or subsidizing goods and services not adequately produced by the market.

State socialism

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Main article: State socialism

State socialism broadly refers to forms of socialism based on state ownership of the means of production and state-directed allocation of resources. It is often used in reference to Soviet-type economic systems of former communist states and, by extension, those of North Korea, Cuba, and the People's Republic of China.

Critics of state socialism argue that its known manifestations in Soviet-model states are merely forms of state capitalism,[15] claiming that the Soviet model of economics was based upon a process of state-directed capital accumulation and social hierarchy.[16]

Politically, state socialism is often used to designate any socialist political ideology or movement that advocates for the use of state power for the construction of socialism, or to the belief that the state must be appropriated and used to ensure the success of a socialist revolution. It is usually used in reference to Marxist–Leninist socialists who champion a one-party state.

Political statism

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State nationalism

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State nationalism, state-based nationalism, or state-led nationalism[17] is a nationalism that equates 'state identity' with 'nation identity' or values state authority. 'State nationalism' is considered a form of 'civic nationalism' and there are similarities between the two,[18][19][20] but this also has to do with illiberal, authoritarian and totalitarian politics; Italian fascism is the best example, epitomized in this slogan of Benito Mussolini: "Tutto nello Stato, niente al di fuori dello Stato, nulla contro lo Stato" ("Everything in the State, nothing outside the State, nothing against the State").[clarification needed]

In the East Asian cultural sphere, including China, "state nationalism" and "statism" are both written as 國家主義,[a] making the distinction between the two unclear.[21][22] Also, in the East Asian cultural sphere, state nationalism is often contrasted with ethnic-based national liberation movements.[23][24][25]

Chinese state nationalism is a civic nationalistic ideology,[18] but it is an ideology that reduces Hong Kong's autonomy and justifies the dictatorship of the Chinese Communist Party.[26][27][28] Also, Soviet nationalism in the 20th century combined civic nationalism with [state] authoritarianism. Japanese ultranationalism (ex: Shōwa statism) is often described as "state ultranationalism" (Japanese: 超国家主義)[29] because it values state unity around Emperor of Japan.[29] Italian fascism and Francoism[20] are also classified as types state nationalism. Kemalism can also be referred to as Turkish state nationalism.[30]

State feminism

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Main article: State feminism

State feminism is a feminism permitted by the state or led by the nation state. State feminism is distinguished between liberal state feminism (represented by the Nordic model) and authoritarian state feminism (that is often also linked to state-led secularism).

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^

References

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  1. ^ Bakunin 1990.
  2. ^ Cudworth 2007.
  3. ^ Barrow, Clyde W. (1993). Critical Theories of State: Marxist, Neo-Marxist, Post-Marxist. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-13714-7 – via Google Books.
  4. ^ Bakunin (1990); Cudworth (2007); Kvistad (1999); Levy (2006), p. 469; Obadare (2010)
  5. ^ Craig, Edward, ed. (31 March 2005). "Anarchism". The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-32495-3.
  6. ^ Machan (2002), pp. 569–588; Block (2007), pp. 61–90; Long (2008); Parker (2010)
  7. ^ Friedrich, Carl (1974). Limited Government: A Comparison. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-537167-1. OCLC 803732.
  8. ^ Marx, Herbert (1950). The Welfare State. New York City, New York: Wilson.
  9. ^ "authoritarian". Dictionary.com, LLC. 9 October 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  10. ^ West, Robin (1988). "The Authoritarian Impulse in Constitutional Law". Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works. Georgetown University Law Center. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  11. ^ Arendt (1966); Cernak (2011); Friedrich (1964); Gleason (1995); Schapiro (1972)
  12. ^ Boaz, David (2010). The Libertarian Reader: Classic and Contemporary Writings from Lao Tzu to Milton Friedman. Simon & Schuster. p. 123. ISBN 9781439118337 – via Google Books. ISBN 1439118337.
  13. ^ Jones, R. J. Barry (2001). "Statism". Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy. Vol. 3 (1st ed.). New York City, New York: Taylor & Francis.
  14. ^ Musacchio, Aldo (2012). Leviathan in Business: Varieties of State Capitalism and Their Implications for Economic Performance.
  15. ^ Michie, Jonathan (January 1, 2001). Reader's Guide to the Social Sciences. Routledge. p. 1595. ISBN 978-1579580919. State capitalism has inconsistently been used as a synonym for 'state socialism', although neither phrase has a stable denotation.
  16. ^ Badie, Bertrand; Berg-Schlosser, Dirk; Morlino, Leonardo, eds. (2011). International Encyclopedia of Political Science. SAGE Publications. p. 2459. ISBN 978-1412959636. The repressive state apparatus is in fact acting as an instrument of state capitalism to carry out the process of capital accumulation through forcible extraction of surplus from the working class and peasantry.
  17. ^ Liu Li; Fan Hong (14 July 2017). The National Games and National Identity in China. Taylor & Francis. p. 4.
  18. ^ a b Mohammad Ateeque. Identity Conscience Nationalism and Internationalism. Educreation Publishing. p. 52.
  19. ^ Jacob T. Levy (2000). The Multiculturalism of Fear. OUP Oxford. p. 87.
  20. ^ a b J. C. Chatturvedi (2005). Political Governance: Political theory. Isha Books. p. 75.
  21. ^ N. Serina Chan (November 11, 2011). The Thought of Mou Zongsan. Brill. p. 73. ISBN 978-90-04-21212-1.
  22. ^ Clemens Büttner; Li Fan; Zhang Ke; Tze-Ki Hon; Sun Qing; Zhang Qing; Mirjam Tröster; Huang Xingtao; Zhiyi Yang; Zou Zhenhuan (June 24, 2011). Discourses of Weakness in Modern China: Historical Diagnoses of the »Sick Man of East Asia«. Campus Verlag. p. 270. ISBN 978-3-593-50902-0.
  23. ^ Gayle, Curtis Anderson (2003-08-29). Marxist History and Postwar Japanese Nationalism. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203217771. ISBN 978-1-134-43159-5.
  24. ^ Myers, Brian Reynolds (December 28, 2016). "Still the Unloved Republic". Sthele Press. Retrieved June 26, 2019. ... Someone who is asked by a pollster whether he is prouder of the Taehan minguk or of the minjok therefore knows which answer is better, more progressive-sounding. In all likelihood he is not prouder of the republic than of his Koreanness. One should be wary of polls on this issue that were not conducted precisely and clearly.
  25. ^ Baogang He (8 July 2015). Governing Taiwan and Tibet: Democratic Approaches. Edinburgh University Press. p. 81.
  26. ^ Hankwon Kim (2022). Cultural and State Nationalism: South Korean and Japanese Relations with China. American University.
  27. ^ Jonathan Unger (26 September 2016). Chinese Nationalism. Taylor & Francis.
  28. ^ Chang, Che (1 December 2020). "The Nazi Inspiring China's Communists". The Atlantic.
  29. ^ a b Thomas R.H. Havens (March 8, 2015). Farm and Nation in Modern Japan: Agrarian Nationalism, 1870-1940. Princeton University Press. p. 319.
  30. ^ Cengiz Gunes (2020). The Political Representation of Kurds in Turkey: New Actors and Modes of Participation in a Changing Society. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 6.

Bibliography

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