Tai Le script
| Dehong Dai/Tai Le | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Script type | abugida
|
Time period | ca. 1200 CE – present |
| Direction | Left-to-right  |
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Tale (353), Tai Le |
| Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Tai Le |
| U+1950–U+197F | |
Tai Le is Tai Nüa script, the script used for the Tai Nüa language in south central Yunnan, China. (The language is also known as Nɯa, Dehong Dai, and Chinese Shan.) It is written in horizontal lines from left to right with spaces only between clauses and sentences.
Tai Le script has a long history (700–800 years) and has used several different orthographic conventions.[1] Between 1952 and 1988 the script went through four reforms.[2] The third reform (1963/1964) used diacritics to represent tones while the fourth reform (1988-present) uses standalone tone letters.[1][2]
Letters
In modern Tai Le orthographies, initial consonants precede vowels, vowels precede final consonants, and tone marks, if present, follow the entire syllable.[1] Consonants have an inherent vowel /a/ unless followed by a dependent vowel sign. When vowels occur initially in a word or syllable, they are preceded by the vowel carrier ᥟ.
| Initials (IPA in brackets) | ||||||||||
| ᥐ [k] |
ᥑ [x] |
ᥒ [ŋ] |
ᥓ [ts] |
ᥔ [s] |
ᥕ [j] |
ᥖ [t] |
ᥗ [tʰ] |
ᥘ [l] | ||
| ᥙ [p] |
ᥚ [pʰ] |
ᥛ [m] |
ᥜ [f] |
ᥝ [v] |
ᥞ [h] |
ᥟ [ʔ] |
ᥠ [kʰ] |
ᥡ [tsʰ] |
ᥢ [n] | |
| Finals (IPA in brackets) | ||||||||||
| ᥣ [a] |
ᥤ [i] |
ᥥ [e] |
ᥦ [ɛ], [ia] |
ᥧ [u] |
ᥨᥝ [o] |
ᥩ [ɔ], [ua] |
ᥪ [ɯ] |
ᥫ [ə] |
ᥬ [aɯ] | |
| ᥭ [ai] |
ᥣᥭ [aːi] |
ᥧᥭ [ui] |
ᥨᥭ [oi] |
ᥩᥭ [ɔi] |
ᥪᥭ [ɯi] |
ᥫᥭ [əi] | ||||
| -ᥝ [au] |
ᥣᥝ [aːu] |
ᥤᥝ [iu] |
ᥥᥝ [eu] |
ᥦᥝ [ɛu] |
ᥪᥝ [ɯu] |
ᥫᥝ [əu] | ||||
| -ᥛ [am] |
ᥣᥛ [aːm] |
ᥤᥛ [im] |
ᥥᥛ [em] |
ᥦᥛ [ɛm] |
ᥧᥛ [um] |
ᥨᥛ [om] |
ᥩᥛ [ɔm] |
ᥪᥛ [ɯm] |
ᥫᥛ [əm] | |
| -ᥢ [an] |
ᥣᥢ [aːn] |
ᥤᥢ [in] |
ᥥᥢ [en] |
ᥦᥢ [ɛn] |
ᥧᥢ [un] |
ᥨᥢ [on] |
ᥩᥢ [ɔn] |
ᥪᥢ [ɯn] |
ᥫᥢ [ən] | |
| -ᥒ [aŋ] |
ᥣᥒ [aːŋ] |
ᥤᥒ [iŋ] |
ᥥᥒ [eŋ] |
ᥦᥒ [ɛŋ] |
ᥧᥒ [uŋ] |
ᥨᥒ [oŋ] |
ᥩᥒ [ɔŋ] |
ᥪᥒ [ɯŋ] |
ᥫᥒ [əŋ] | |
| -ᥙ [ap] |
ᥣᥙ [aːp] |
ᥤᥙ [ip] |
ᥥᥙ [ep] |
ᥦᥙ [ɛp] |
ᥧᥙ [up] |
ᥨᥙ [op] |
ᥩᥙ [ɔp] |
ᥪᥙ [ɯp] |
ᥫᥙ [əp] | |
| -ᥖ [at] |
ᥣᥖ [aːt] |
ᥤᥖ [it] |
ᥥᥖ [et] |
ᥦᥖ [ɛt] |
ᥧᥖ [ut] |
ᥨᥖ [ot] |
ᥩᥖ [ɔt] |
ᥪᥖ [ɯt] |
ᥫᥖ [ət] | |
| -ᥐ [ak] |
ᥣᥐ [aːk] |
ᥤᥐ [ik] |
ᥥᥐ [ek] |
ᥦᥐ [ɛk] |
ᥧᥐ [uk] |
ᥨᥐ [ok] |
ᥩᥐ [ɔk] |
ᥪᥐ [ɯk] |
ᥫᥐ [ək] | |
| Tone letters (current usage) | ||||||||||
| (unmarked) mid-level |
ᥰ high-level |
ᥱ low-level |
ᥲ mid-fall |
ᥳ high-fall |
ᥴ mid-rise | |||||
| Tone diacritics (old orthography) | ||||||||||
| (unmarked) mid-level |
◌̈ high-level |
◌̌ low-level |
◌̀ mid-fall |
◌̇ high-fall |
◌́ mid-rise | |||||
Note that old orthography tone diacritics combine with short letters (as in /ka²/ ᥐ̈) but appear to the right of tall letters (as in /ki²/ ᥐᥤ̈).[1]
Unicode
Tai Le script was added to the Unicode Standard in April, 2003 with the release of version 4.0.
The Unicode block for Tai Le is U+1950–U+197F:
| Tai Le[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+195x | ᥐ | ᥑ | ᥒ | ᥓ | ᥔ | ᥕ | ᥖ | ᥗ | ᥘ | ᥙ | ᥚ | ᥛ | ᥜ | ᥝ | ᥞ | ᥟ |
| U+196x | ᥠ | ᥡ | ᥢ | ᥣ | ᥤ | ᥥ | ᥦ | ᥧ | ᥨ | ᥩ | ᥪ | ᥫ | ᥬ | ᥭ | ||
| U+197x | ᥰ | ᥱ | ᥲ | ᥳ | ᥴ | |||||||||||
| Notes | ||||||||||||||||
The tone diacritics used in the old orthography (specifically the third reform) are located in the Combining Diacritical Marks Unicode block:
- U+0300 ◌̀ COMBINING GRAVE ACCENT
- U+0301 ◌́ COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT
- U+0307 ◌̇ COMBINING DOT ABOVE
- U+0308 ◌̈ COMBINING DIAERESIS
- U+030C ◌̌ COMBINING CARON
See also
- New Tai Lue script for the Tai Lü language, derived from Old Tai Lue script "Dai Tam"
References
- ^ a b c d Everson, Michael (2001-10-05). "L2/01-369: Revised proposal for encoding the Tai Le script in the BMP of the UCS" (PDF).
- ^ a b c Zhou, Minglang (2003). Multilingualism in China: The Politics of Writing Reforms for Minority Languages, 1949-2002. De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3110178968.