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Italy-Mexico relations
Map indicating locations of Italy and Mexico

Italy
Mexico

Italy–Mexico relations refers to the diplomatic relations between Italy and Mexico. Both nations are members of the G20, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the United Nations.

History

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The first contact between Italy and Mexico was in 1869, just before the end of Italian unification in 1870; when Italy expressed its desire to open a consulate in Mexico. An Italian consulate was opened in Mexico in December 1872, however, diplomatic relations between the two nations were not established until 15 December 1874.[1] In 1875, Mexico opened a diplomatic office in Rome.[1]

During World War I, Mexico remained neutral because it was involved in its own revolution during the same time and closed its diplomatic office in Rome. It re-opened its diplomatic office in 1922.[1] In the 1930s, diplomatic relations between the two nations began to deteriorate when Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini invaded and annexed Abyssinia (now Ethiopia) during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War in 1935–1936. Mexico was one of the few countries to vehemently oppose the occupation of Abyssinia by Italian forces.[2] During World War II, on 22 May 1942, Mexico declared war on the Axis powers (which included Italy) due to German U-boat attacks on two Mexican oil tankers in the Gulf of Mexico that same year. Diplomatic relations were re-established on 1 June 1946[1] and Italy and Mexico signed a Treaty of Peace on 10 February 1947.[3]

In 1974, President Luis Echeverría Álvarez became the first Mexican head-of-state to visit Italy. In 1981, President Sandro Pertini became the first Italian head-of-state to visit Mexico. Since the initial visits, there have been numerous visits between leaders of both nations. Both nations have signed several bilateral agreements and have worked closely on several projects. In 2014, the Mexican Agency of International Cooperation for Development (AMEXCID) and the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation have collaborated in funding and coordinating 12 research projects in strategic sectors, such as exact sciences, biomedical sciences, environment and energy, agriculture and agri-food, aerospace and technologies applied to cultural goods.[3]

On 17 October 2017, the V Meeting of the Mexico-Italy Binational Commission was held in Rome, headed by the Mexican Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Luis Videgaray and the Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs Angelino Alfano.[3]

High-level visits

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Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto with Italian Prime Minister Matteo Renzi; 2016
Former Italian Prime Minister Enrico Letta with Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto on an official visit to Mexico in January 2014

High-level visits from Italy to Mexico[4][5][6][7][8]

High-level visits from Mexico to Italy[9]

Bilateral agreements

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Both nations have signed numerous bilateral agreements. Including: Treaty of General Compulsory Arbitration (1907); Agreement in the Recognition of Consular Marriages Celebrated and Administered in both Nations Diplomatic Missions (1910); Agreement of Cultural Exchanges (1965); Agreement on Air Transportation (1965); Agreement on Technical Cooperation (1981); Agreement on the Avoidance of Double-Taxation and Tax Evasion (1991); Agreement of Cooperation in the Fight against the Misuse and Illicit Trafficking in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (1991);Agreement on Tourism Cooperation (1993); Framework Cooperation Agreement (1994); Convention to avoid double taxation and to prevent tax evasion (1995); Agreement in Scientific and Technological Cooperation (1997); Free Trade Agreement with the European Union which includes Italy (1997); Agreement in the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments (1999); Agreement of Cooperation in Combating Organized Crime (2001); Agreement on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Customs Matters (2011); Extradition Treaty (2011) and a Treaty in the Assistance in Criminal Legal Matters (2011); ASI-AEM Memorandum of Understanding for space cooperation for peaceful purposes (2012); Memorandum of Understanding for the creation of the Italian-Mexican Business Council (2012); Air Services Agreement Update of the Air Services Agreement between the Italian Republic and the Mexican United States signed in 1965 (2014); Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in the field of Tourism (2015); Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in the Energy Sector (2016); Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation on Biodiversity, Climate Change Vulnerability, Risk Assessment, Adaptation and Myths (2016).[3][10]

Transportation

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There are direct flights between Italy and Mexico with the following airlines: Alitalia, Blue Panorama Airlines and Neos airline.

Economic cooperation

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Italy and Mexico have developed solid economic relations. Italy is Mexico's 13th supplier and its second European business partner after Germany, and their current market share is 1.2%. In the mid-2010's there was a commercial exchange that exceeded 5 billion euros. Italy's main exports to Mexico include: pharmaceutical products, nuclear reactors, boilers, machines, apparatus and mechanical devices and precious metals. Mexico's main exports to Italy include: vehicles, crude oil, lead minerals and their concentrates and ethylene polyterephthalate.[3]

There are about 1,600 Italian companies operating in Mexico, also including small investments in the hotel and restaurant sectors. There are about 350 companies present in a structured way (including the commercial presence only). Of these, about a hundred with a production plant. The large industrial groups operating in Mexico have determined the arrival of dozens of small/medium subcontractors, with plants located in the industrial districts, particularly in the automotive and energy sectors. Italian companies are concentrated in the metropolitan areas of Mexico City and Monterrey, in the industrial park of Querétaro and in the "footwear district" in Guanajuato, in addition to small/medium investments in the hospitality and catering sectors in the tourist area of the "Riviera Maya". Both big national industrial companies and medium-sized companies have increased interest in Mexico and have carried out important projects (among others, Enel Green Power, Ferrero, Pirelli, FCA, Brembo, Barilla, Saipem, Micoperi, Bonatti, Elica, OMPI Stevanato, Maccaferri, Eurotranciatura, Sicinsaldo, Techint, Bomi Group, Bormioli, Chiesi, DiaSorin, Kedrion). Eni was the first foreign company to start oil extraction in the Gulf of Mexico in 2019. Mexican multinational companies such as Gruma, Avntk, Mexichem and Grupo Bimbo operate in Italy. Mexico also invests in Italy in particular in the food, plastic piping, aeronautics, financial and design sectors. [11]

The Italy-Mexico Business Council was established in 2012 to strengthen cooperation in the economic field and encourage opportunities for meetings between businesses and economic operators.[12]

In the mid-2010's, the Mexican government introduced new reforms in the financial sector that have favored foreign investment. In particular, it approved an infrastructure investment program for the five-year period 2014-2018, with the aim of investing 7.7 billion pesos (over 8% of GDP) in six key sectors: energy (which represents over 50% of appropriations), urban development, transport and communications, plumbing, tourism and health. In all these sectors, the potential for collaboration between Italian and Mexican companies is vast and strategic partnerships have been developed between the two countries. [13]

Diplomacy, administration and culture

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  • Embassy of Italy in Mexico City
    Embassy of Italy in Mexico City
  • Embassy of Mexico in Rome
    Embassy of Mexico in Rome

Cultural cooperation

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A relationship of cultural diplomacy between Mexico and Italy was officially born in 1965, when the Agreement of Cultural Exchanges was signed. Alongside this, diverse political, economical and cultural agreements were signed. The birth of the cultural agreements between Italy and Mexico should be understood in a broad perspective of the political rapprochement between Mexico and Europe after World War II. The political and economic climate in which the cultural agreement was born saw, on the one hand, a Mexico politically and economically in difficulty and Italy living the years of the famous "Italian economic miracle" (1958-1963). Italy had affirmed itself as an industrial country and enjoyed an economic renaissance of which the United States had been the determining element after World War II. Italy, unlike Mexico, had adhered to the postwar liberalization of international exchanges with a considerable increase in the total volume of world trade, also due to the stability and exchange between currencies after the Bretton Woods Agreements. The cultural agreements were the witnesses of a trajectory of political, economic and financial rapprochement as a consequence of Mexico's insertion into the global economy when it became a member of the GATT (in 1986) and then the OECD (since 1992) and after the liberalization of trade with its accession to the FTA / NAFTA. Only since 1994 has Mexico's foreign policy assumed an aspect of openness and cooperation.[20]

As Italy and Mexico share the Latin matrix, the two countries have in common numerous cultural, social and religious values. Italy and Mexico are linked by an important flow of tourism, symbol of the reciprocal attraction the countries have.[21]

In addition, the Istituto Italiano di Cultura can be found in the capital. It is an office of the Italian embassy and its main aim is the promotion and spread of the Italian language and culture.[22] More than 30,000 Mexican students attend the courses offered by the Istituto Italiano di Cultura, by the cultural institution Società Dante Alighieri and by Mexican schools and universities.[21]

Besides providing courses on Italian language and culture (on literature, arts, theatre and cinema) the Institute organizes festivals, concerts, art exhibitions, conferences, theatre and dance performances. Furthermore, the Institute encourages the participation of Italian artists at local events and tries to implement relations between Mexican and Italian universities and schools.[22]

Country comparison

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Italy Mexico
Flag
Coat of Arms
Capital Rome Mexico City
Largest City Rome – 2,743,796 (4,300,000 Metro) Mexico City – 8,918,653 (20,400,000 Metro)
Population 60,317,116 128,649,565
Area 301,340 km2 (116,350 sq mi) 1,972,550 km2 (761,610 sq mi)
Government Unitary parliamentary republic Federal presidential constitutional republic
First Leader Victor Emmanuel II (king)
Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour (prime minister) 		Agustín I of Mexico (Emperor)
José Manuel de Herrera (Prime Minister)
Leaders President: Sergio Mattarella
Prime Minister: Mario Draghi 		President: Andrés Manuel López Obrador
Ambassadors Luigi de Chiara Carlos García de Alba Zepeda
Official language Italian (de facto and de jure) Spanish (de facto and de jure)
Main religions 83% Roman Catholicism
12.4% Non-Religious Unstated
4.4% Islam
1.3% Hinduism
0.7% Sikhism
0.4% Judaism
0.4% Buddhism 		83% Roman Catholicism
11% Protestantism
5% Non-Religious
0.2% Other
Ethnic groups Italians Mexicans
GDP (PPP) $2.443 trillion ($40,470 per capita) $2.715 trillion ($21,362 per capita)
Currency Euro Peso

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d History of diplomatic relations between Italy and Mexico (Spanish)
  2. ^ "Diplomatic relations between Italy and Mexico during World War II (Italian)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-04. Retrieved 2013-06-11.
  3. ^ a b c d e Relations between Mexico and Italy (in Spanish)
  4. ^ "Visita oficial de Estado al señor Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, Presidente de la República Italiana (in Spanish)". Archived from the original on 2018-10-02. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
  5. ^ President Sandro Pertini visits Mexico (in Spanish)
  6. ^ "Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi attends the Monterrey Consensus in Monterrey, Mexico; 2002. (in Spanish)". Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-05-29.
  7. ^ Letta viaja el lunes a México para reforzar los intercambios comerciales (in Spanish)
  8. ^ Arriba a México el Primer Ministro Italiano Matteo Renzi (in Spanish)
  9. ^ Visita ofical a la República Italiana (in Spanish)
  10. ^ "Accordi economico-commerciali con l'Italia (MESSICO)". www.infomercatiesteri.it. Retrieved 2021-06-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. ^ "Homepage (MESSICO) - infoMercatiEsteri". www.infomercatiesteri.it. Retrieved 2021-06-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  12. ^ "Business Council italo-messicano". ISPI (in Italian). 2015-06-18. Retrieved 2021-06-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  13. ^ "Italia-Messico: partnership strategiche pubblico-private per favorire gli investimenti". ISPI (in Italian). 2015-06-12. Retrieved 2021-06-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  14. ^ Embassy of Italy in Mexico City
  15. ^ "La rete consolare". ambcittadelmessico.esteri.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-05-20.
  16. ^ Embassy of Mexico in Rome
  17. ^ Consulate of Mexico in Milan
  18. ^ "Consulados Honorarios". embamex.sre.gob.mx. Retrieved 2021-05-21.
  19. ^ "Istituto Di Cultura - Messico". iicmessico.esteri.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-05-27.
  20. ^ Branciforte, Laura María (2005). "Las relaciones culturales y diplomáticas entre México e Italia (del siglo XVI al presente)". Studia Historica. Historia Contemporánea (in Spanish). 23. ISSN 2444-7080.
  21. ^ a b "Cultural cooperation Italy-Mexico". Retrieved 2021-06-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  22. ^ a b "Istituto Italiano di Cultura in Mexico City". Retrieved 2021-06-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)


Mexico Category:Bilateral relations of Mexico

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