Monarchism: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Revision as of 06:43, 20 April 2022

Monarchism is the advocacy of the system of monarchy or monarchical rule.^[1] A monarchist is an individual who supports this form of government independent of any specific monarch, whereas one who supports a particular monarch is a royalist. Conversely, the opposition to monarchical rule is referred to as republicanism.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Depending on the country, a royalist may advocate for the rule of the person who sits on the throne, a regent, a pretender, or someone who would otherwise occupy the throne but has been deposed.

History

Monarchical rule is among the oldest political institutions.^[5] Monarchies have existed in some form since ancient Sumeria.^[6] Monarchy has often claimed legitimacy from a higher power (in early modern Europe the divine right of kings, and in China the Mandate of Heaven). Monarchies were the most common form of government until the 20th century, by which time republics had replaced many monarchies. Today forty-three sovereign nations in the world have a monarch, including fifteen Commonwealth realms with Elizabeth II as their head of state.

In England, royalty ceded power elsewhere in a gradual process. In 1215, a group of nobles forced King John to sign the Magna Carta, which guaranteed its barons certain liberties and established that the king's powers were not absolute. In 1687–88, the Glorious Revolution and the overthrow of King James II established the principles of constitutional monarchy, which would later be worked out by Locke and other thinkers. However, absolute monarchy, justified by Hobbes in Leviathan (1651), remained a prominent principle elsewhere. In the 18th century, Voltaire and others encouraged "enlightened absolutism", which was embraced by the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II and by Catherine II of Russia.

In 1685 the Enlightenment began.^[7] This would result in new anti-monarchist ideas^[8] which resulted in several revolutions such as the 18th century American Revolution and the French Revolution which were both additional steps in the weakening of power of European monarchies. Each in its different way exemplified the concept of popular sovereignty upheld by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. 1848 then ushered in a wave of revolutions against the continental European monarchies.

World War I and the subsequent Interbellum

World War I and its aftermath saw the end of three major European monarchies: the Russian Romanov dynasty, the German Hohenzollern dynasty, including all other German monarchies and the Austro-Hungarian Habsburg dynasty.

Hungary

The rise of the Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919 provoked an increase in support for monarchism; however, efforts by Hungarian monarchists failed to bring back a royal head of state, and the monarchists settled for a regent, Admiral Miklós Horthy, to represent the monarchy until it could be restored. Horthy was regent from 1920 to 1944. During Horthy's rule, attempts were made by Karl von Habsburg to return to the Hungarian throne, which ultimately failed. Following Karl's death, his claim to the Kingdom of Hungary was inherited by Otto von Habsburg, although no further attempts were made to seize the Hungarian throne.

Spain

In similar wise the 1938 autocratic state of Franco in Spain claimed to have reconstituted the Spanish monarchy in absentia (and in this case ultimately yielded to a restoration, in the person of King Juan Carlos).

Germany

In 1920s Germany a number of monarchists gathered around the German National People's Party which demanded the return of the Hohenzollern monarchy and an end to the Weimar Republic; the party retained a large base of support until the rise of Nazism in the 1930s, which opposed monarchism.

Austria

Following the collapse of Austria-Hungary, the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed. The Constitutional Assembly of German Austria passed the Habsburg Law, which permanently exiled the Habsburg family from Austria. Despite this, significant support for the Habsburg family persisted in Austria. Following the Anschluss, the Nazi Government suppressed monarchist activities. By the time Nazi rule ended in Austria, support for monarchism had largely evaporated.^[9]

After World War II

With the arrival of socialism in Eastern Europe by the end of 1947, the remaining Eastern European monarchies, namely the Kingdom of Romania, the Kingdom of Hungary, the Kingdom of Albania, the Kingdom of Bulgaria and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, were all abolished and replaced by socialist republics.

The aftermath of World War II also saw the return of monarchist and republican rivalry in Italy, where a referendum was held on whether the state should remain a monarchy or become a republic. The republican side won the vote by a narrow margin, and the modern Republic of Italy was created.

Monarchism as a political force internationally has substantially diminished since the end of the Second World War, though it had an important role in the 1979 Iranian Revolution and also played a role in the modern political affairs of Nepal. Nepal was one of the last states to have had an absolute monarch, which continued until King Gyanendra was peacefully deposed in May 2008 and the country became a federal republic. One of the world's oldest monarchies was abolished in Ethiopia in 1974 with the fall of Emperor Haile Selassie.

Current monarchies

The majority of current monarchies are constitutional monarchies. In most of these, the monarch wields only symbolic power, although in some, the monarch does play a role in political affairs. In Thailand, for instance, King Bhumibol Adulyadej, who reigned from 1946 to 2016, played a critical role in the nation's political agenda and in various military coups. Similarly, in Morocco, King Mohammed VI wields significant, but not absolute power.

Liechtenstein is a democratic principality whose citizens have voluntarily given more power to their monarch in recent years.

There remain a handful of countries in which the monarch is the true ruler. The majority of these countries are oil-producing Arab Islamic monarchies like Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, and the United Arab Emirates. Other strong monarchies include Brunei and Eswatini.

Justifications for monarchism

Absolute monarchy stands as an opposition to anarchism and, additionally since the Age of Enlightenment; liberalism, communism and socialism.

Otto von Habsburg advocated a form of constitutional monarchy based on the primacy of the supreme judicial function, with hereditary succession, mediation by a tribunal is warranted if suitability is problematic.^[10]^[11]

Nonpartisan head of state and unifying force

British political scientist Vernon Bogdanor justifies monarchy on the grounds that it provides for a nonpartisan head of state, separate from the head of government, and thus ensures that the highest representative of the country, at home and internationally, does not represent a particular political party, but all people.^[12] Bogdanor also notes that monarchies can play a helpful unifying role in a multinational state, noting that "In Belgium, it is sometimes said that the king is the only Belgian, everyone else being either Fleming or Walloon" and that the British sovereign can belong to all of the United Kingdom's constituent countries (England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland), without belonging to any particular one of them.^[12]

Safeguard for liberty

The International Monarchist League, founded in 1943, has always sought to promote monarchy on the grounds that it strengthens popular liberty, both in a democracy and in a dictatorship, because by definition the monarch is not beholden to politicians.

British-American libertarian writer Matthew Feeney argues that European constitutional monarchies "have managed for the most part to avoid extreme politics"—specifically fascism, communism, and military dictatorship—"in part because monarchies provide a check on the wills of populist politicians" by representing entrenched customs and traditions.^[13] Feeny notes that

European monarchies - such as the Danish, Belgian, Swedish, Dutch, Norwegian, and British - have ruled over countries that are among the most stable, prosperous, and free in the world.^[13]

Human desire for hierarchy

In a 1943 essay in The Spectator, "Equality", British author C.S. Lewis criticized egalitarianism, and its corresponding call for the abolition of monarchy, as contrary to human nature, writing,

A man's reaction to Monarchy is a kind of test. Monarchy can easily be 'debunked'; but watch the faces, mark well the accents, of the debunkers. These are the men whose tap-root in Eden has been cut: whom no rumour of the polyphony, the dance, can reach—men to whom pebbles laid in a row are more beautiful than an arch...Where men are forbidden to honour a king they honour millionaires, athletes, or film-stars instead: even famous prostitutes or gangsters. For spiritual nature, like bodily nature, will be served; deny it food and it will gobble poison.^[14]

Notable works

Notable works arguing in favor of monarchy include

De Regno, to the King of Cyprus (1267) by Thomas Aquinas
De Monarchia (c. 1312) by Dante Alighieri
The Six Books of the Republic (1576) by Jean Bodin
De Romano Pontifice, On the Roman Pontiff (1588) by Robert Bellarmine
The True Law of Free Monarchies (1598) by James VI and I
Basilikon Doron (1599) by James VI & I
Eikon Basilike (1649) by Charles I of England
Leviathan (1651) by Thomas Hobbes
Patriarcha (1680) by Robert Filmer
Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture (1709) by Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet
Considerations on France (1797) by Joseph de Maistre
Of Buonaparte, and the Bourbons, and of the Necessity of Rallying Round Our Legitimate Princes (1814) by François-René de Chateaubriand
European Civilization: Protestantism and Catholicity Compared in their Effects on the Civilization of Europe^{[note 1]} (1850) by Jaime Balmes
Vive le Roi! (1871) by Louis Gaston Adrien de Ségur
Invitation to Monarchy (1936) by Ralph Adams Cram
Liberty or Equality: The Challenge of Our Times (1952) by Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn
A Focus of Loyalty Higher Than the State (1991) by Roger Scruton
The Minimal Monarchy: And Why It Still Makes Sense For Australia (1995) by Tony Abbott
Monarchy and War (2000) by Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn
Democracy: The God That Failed (2001) by Hans Hermann-Hoppe
Un Prince Français (2009) by Jean, Count of Paris
Star-Spangled Crown: A Simple Guide to the American Monarchy (2016) by Charles A. Coulombe

Support for the restoration of monarchy

The following is a list of countries and opinion polls for the restoration of abolished monarchies in those countries.

Country	Polling firm/source	Sample size	Percentage of supporters	Date conducted	Ref.
Austria	^{[note 2]}	^{[note 2]}	20%^{[note 2]}	^{[note 2]}	^[15]
Brazil	Círculo Monárquico Brasileiro	188	32%	September 2019	^[16]
Croatia	Consilium Regium Croaticum	1,759	41%	2019	^[17]
Czech Republic	SC&C Market Research		13%	2018	^[18]
France	BVA Group	953	17%	March 2007	^[19]
Georgia	Doctrina	560	30%	July 2015	^[20]
Germany	YouGov	1,041	16%	April 2016	^[21]
Greece	Kappa Research	2,040	11.6%	April 2007	^[22]
Hungary	Azonnali	3,541	46%	May 2021	^[23]
Iran	GAMAAN		14.6%	2018	^[24]
Italy	Piepoli institute		15%	2018	^[25]
Mexico	Parametría		7.6%	July 2014	^[26]
Nepal	Interdisciplinary Analysts	3,000	49%	January 2008	^[27]
Portugal	Catholic University of Portugal/Diário de Notícias	1,148	11%	March 2010	^[28]
Romania	Institutul Român pentru Evaluare și Strategie	1,073	21%	March 2016	^[29]
Russia	Russian Public Opinion Research Center	~1,800	28%^{[note 3]}	March 2017	^[30]
Serbia	SAS Intelligence	1,615	39.7%	April 2013	^[31]
United States	YouGov	1,493	5%	April 2021	^[32]

Notable Monarchists

Some notable monarchists include:

Winston Churchill (1874–1965)
J.R.R. Tolkien^[33] (1892–1973)
Charles Maurras^[34] (1868-1952)
Tony Abbott^[35]^[36] (born 1957)
Joshua Norton (1818–1880)

Antimonarchism

Criticism of monarchy can be targeted against the general form of government—monarchy—or more specifically, to particular monarchical governments as controlled by hereditary royal families. In some cases, this criticism can be curtailed by legal restrictions and be considered criminal speech, as in lèse-majesté. Monarchies in Europe and their underlying concepts, such as the Divine Right of Kings, were often criticized during the Age of Enlightenment, which notably paved the way to the French Revolution and the proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy in France. Earlier, the American Revolution had seen the Patriots suppress the Loyalists and expel all royal officials. In this century, monarchies are present in the world in many forms with different degrees of royal power and involvement in civil affairs:

Absolute monarchies in Brunei, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Swaziland, the United Arab Emirates, and the Vatican City;
Constitutional monarchies in the United Kingdom and its sovereign's Commonwealth Realms, and in Belgium, Denmark, Japan, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Monaco, The Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, and others.

The twentieth century, beginning with the 1917 February Revolution in Russia and accelerated by two world wars, saw many European countries replace their monarchies with republics, while others replaced their absolute monarchies with constitutional monarchies. Reverse movements have also occurred, with brief returns of the monarchy in France under the Bourbon Restoration, the July Monarchy, and the Second French Empire, the Stuarts after the English Civil War and the Bourbons in Spain after the Franco dictatorship.

Notes

^ Chapters LVIII-LXIV
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Figures for Austria is the average percentage of supporters from several opinion polls taken prior to November 2018; as reported by EFE.
^ Among respondents, 22 per cent answered that they were not opposed to a monarchy in principle, but could not think of a person "worthy of the Russian throne", whereas 6 per cent believed there was.

References

^ Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, 1989 edition, p. 924.
^ Bohn, H. G. (1849). The Standard Library Cyclopedia of Political, Constitutional, Statistical and Forensic Knowledge. p. 640. A republic, according to the modern usage of the word, signifies a political community which is not under monarchical government ... in which one person does not possess the entire sovereign power.
^ "Definition of Republic". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 2017-02-18. a government having a chief of state who is not a monarch ... a government in which supreme power resides in a body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by elected officers and representatives responsible to them and governing according to law
^ "The definition of republic". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2017-02-18. a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them. ... a state in which the head of government is not a monarch or other hereditary head of state.
^ "Sumerian King List" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
^ "The Sumerian king list: translation". etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 2020-06-22.
^ "Enlightenment". HISTORY. Retrieved 2020-06-22.
^ "A beginner's guide to the Age of Enlightenment (article)". Khan Academy. Retrieved 2020-06-22.
^ Wasserman, Janek (2014). "Östeneichische Aktion: Monarchism, Authoritarianism, and the Unity of the Austrian Conservative Ideological Field during the First Republic". Central European History. 47 (1): 76–104. doi:10.1017/S0008938914000636. ISSN 0008-9389. JSTOR 43280409. S2CID 145335762.
^ "Archived copy". home1.gte.net. Archived from the original on 10 February 2001. Retrieved 11 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Otto von Habsburg "Monarchy or Republic?". ("Excerpted from The Conservative Tradition in European Thought, Copyright 1970 by Educational Resources Corporation.")
^ ^a ^b Bogdanor, Vernon (6 December 2000). "The Guardian has got it wrong". The Guardian.
^ ^a ^b Feeney, Matthew (July 25, 2013). "The Benefits of Monarchy". Reason magazine.
^ C.S. Lewis (26 August 1943). "Equality". The Spectator.
^ "A century after Austrian-Hungarian Empire's fall, some nostalgic for monarchy". www.efe.com. EFE, S.A. 11 November 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
^ "CMB Pesquisa de conhecimento e opinião pública" (in Portuguese). 27 September 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
^ Thomas, Mark. "Two-fifths of Croatians want a return to the monarchy". www.thedubrovniktimes.com. The Dubrovnik Times. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
^ "Průzkum ke 100 rokům od vzniku Československa: kdyby se monarchie nerozpadla, měli bychom se lépe nebo stejně". iROZHLAS (in Czech). Retrieved 3 December 2018.
^ "BVA Group - Société d'études et conseil" (PDF). BVA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
^ Kikacheishvili, Tamar (17 April 2017). "Georgia: Five-Year-Old Prince Prepares to Reign". eurasianet.org. Eurasianet. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
^ Schmidt, Matthias (13 April 2016). "König(in) von Deutschland: Jeder Sechste wäre dafür". yougov.de (in German). YouGov. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
^ "Το ΒΗΜΑ onLine - ΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΑ" (in Greek). 25 April 2007. Archived from the original on 25 April 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
^ "GYŐZTEK A HABSBURGOK: AZ AZONNALI OLVASÓINAK 46 SZÁZALÉKA ÚJRA KIRÁLYSÁGOT SZERETNE". azonnali.hu. 17 May 2021.
^ Maleki, Ammar (August 2018). "The Findings of a Survey on Political Attitudes of Iranians by GAMAAN (The Group for Analyzing and Measuring Attitudes in IRAN)". doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.19332.37765. Retrieved 6 July 2021. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ "Emanule Filiberto: "Politici? Sono dei parac***"". Occhio, il Savoia vuole fare il re" (in Italian). Retrieved 3 December 2018.
^ "¿Qué opinan los mexicanos de la Monarquía?". Parametría (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 June 2021.
^ "In Nepal, Long-Lived Monarchy Fades From View". NY Times. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
^ "Portugueses optam com clareza pela república" [Portuguese opt clearly for the Republic]. Diário de Notícias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 13 September 2021.
^ Victor, Lupu (25 April 2016). "Only 21 pc of Romanians want monarchy". www.romaniajournal.com. Romania Journal. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
^ Galanina, Angelina (23 March 2017). "Россияне против монархии". Izvestia (in Russian). National Media Group. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
^ Danas. "39 percent of Serbians in favor of monarchy, poll shows". b92. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
^ "American Monarchy a Good Thing" (PDF). YouGov. 10 April 2021.
^ Letters, no. 52, to Christopher Tolkien, 29 November 1943
^ "Charles Maurras on the French Revolution · Liberty, Equality, Fraternity". Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media. Archived from the original on 6 January 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
^ Pearlman, Johnathan (7 September 2013). "Ten things you didn't know about Tony Abbott". telegraph.co.uk. Telegraph Media Group Limited. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 19 Nov 2013.
^ Johnson, Carol; Wanna, John; Lee, Hsu-Ann (2015). Abbott's Gambit: The 2013 Australian Federal Election. ANU Press. p. 281. ISBN 978-1-9250-2209-4.

External links

The Monarchist League
IMC, official site of the International Monarchist Conference.
SYLM, Support Your Local Monarch, the independent monarchist community.

[15] Chapters LVIII-LXIV

[Austria-16] Figures for Austria is the average percentage of supporters from several opinion polls taken prior to November 2018; as reported by EFE.

[32] Among respondents, 22 per cent answered that they were not opposed to a monarchy in principle, but could not think of a person "worthy of the Russian throne", whereas 6 per cent believed there was.

[1] Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, 1989 edition, p. 924.

[2] Bohn, H. G. (1849). The Standard Library Cyclopedia of Political, Constitutional, Statistical and Forensic Knowledge. p. 640. A republic, according to the modern usage of the word, signifies a political community which is not under monarchical government ... in which one person does not possess the entire sovereign power.

[M-W-3] "Definition of Republic". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 2017-02-18. a government having a chief of state who is not a monarch ... a government in which supreme power resides in a body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by elected officers and representatives responsible to them and governing according to law

[4] "The definition of republic". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2017-02-18. a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them. ... a state in which the head of government is not a monarch or other hereditary head of state.

[5] "Sumerian King List" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2012.

[6] "The Sumerian king list: translation". etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 2020-06-22.

[7] "Enlightenment". HISTORY. Retrieved 2020-06-22.

[8] "A beginner's guide to the Age of Enlightenment (article)". Khan Academy. Retrieved 2020-06-22.

[9] Wasserman, Janek (2014). "Östeneichische Aktion: Monarchism, Authoritarianism, and the Unity of the Austrian Conservative Ideological Field during the First Republic". Central European History. 47 (1): 76–104. doi:10.1017/S0008938914000636. ISSN 0008-9389. JSTOR 43280409. S2CID 145335762.

[10] "Archived copy". home1.gte.net. Archived from the original on 10 February 2001. Retrieved 11 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[11] Otto von Habsburg "Monarchy or Republic?". ("Excerpted from The Conservative Tradition in European Thought, Copyright 1970 by Educational Resources Corporation.")

[Bogdanor-12] Bogdanor, Vernon (6 December 2000). "The Guardian has got it wrong". The Guardian.

[Feeney-13] Feeney, Matthew (July 25, 2013). "The Benefits of Monarchy". Reason magazine.

[14] C.S. Lewis (26 August 1943). "Equality". The Spectator.

[17] "A century after Austrian-Hungarian Empire's fall, some nostalgic for monarchy". www.efe.com. EFE, S.A. 11 November 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018.

[18] "CMB Pesquisa de conhecimento e opinião pública" (in Portuguese). 27 September 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2020.

[19] Thomas, Mark. "Two-fifths of Croatians want a return to the monarchy". www.thedubrovniktimes.com. The Dubrovnik Times. Retrieved 26 January 2019.

[20] "Průzkum ke 100 rokům od vzniku Československa: kdyby se monarchie nerozpadla, měli bychom se lépe nebo stejně". iROZHLAS (in Czech). Retrieved 3 December 2018.

[21] "BVA Group - Société d'études et conseil" (PDF). BVA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2018.

[22] Kikacheishvili, Tamar (17 April 2017). "Georgia: Five-Year-Old Prince Prepares to Reign". eurasianet.org. Eurasianet. Retrieved 20 April 2020.

[23] Schmidt, Matthias (13 April 2016). "König(in) von Deutschland: Jeder Sechste wäre dafür". yougov.de (in German). YouGov. Retrieved 20 April 2020.

[24] "Το ΒΗΜΑ onLine - ΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΑ" (in Greek). 25 April 2007. Archived from the original on 25 April 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2018.

[25] "GYŐZTEK A HABSBURGOK: AZ AZONNALI OLVASÓINAK 46 SZÁZALÉKA ÚJRA KIRÁLYSÁGOT SZERETNE". azonnali.hu. 17 May 2021.

[26] Maleki, Ammar (August 2018). "The Findings of a Survey on Political Attitudes of Iranians by GAMAAN (The Group for Analyzing and Measuring Attitudes in IRAN)". doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.19332.37765. Retrieved 6 July 2021. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[27] "Emanule Filiberto: "Politici? Sono dei parac***"". Occhio, il Savoia vuole fare il re" (in Italian). Retrieved 3 December 2018.

[28] "¿Qué opinan los mexicanos de la Monarquía?". Parametría (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 June 2021.

[29] "In Nepal, Long-Lived Monarchy Fades From View". NY Times. Retrieved 31 December 2019.

[30] "Portugueses optam com clareza pela república" [Portuguese opt clearly for the Republic]. Diário de Notícias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 13 September 2021.

[31] Victor, Lupu (25 April 2016). "Only 21 pc of Romanians want monarchy". www.romaniajournal.com. Romania Journal. Retrieved 20 April 2020.

[33] Galanina, Angelina (23 March 2017). "Россияне против монархии". Izvestia (in Russian). National Media Group. Retrieved 20 April 2020.

[34] Danas. "39 percent of Serbians in favor of monarchy, poll shows". b92. Retrieved 31 December 2019.

[35] "American Monarchy a Good Thing" (PDF). YouGov. 10 April 2021.

[36] Letters, no. 52, to Christopher Tolkien, 29 November 1943

[37] "Charles Maurras on the French Revolution · Liberty, Equality, Fraternity". Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media. Archived from the original on 6 January 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2019.

[38] Pearlman, Johnathan (7 September 2013). "Ten things you didn't know about Tony Abbott". telegraph.co.uk. Telegraph Media Group Limited. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 19 Nov 2013.

[AbMir-39] Johnson, Carol; Wanna, John; Lee, Hsu-Ann (2015). Abbott's Gambit: The 2013 Australian Federal Election. ANU Press. p. 281. ISBN 978-1-9250-2209-4.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[note 1]

[note 2]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[note 3]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]