Stroke order

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Stroke order for the character 言 (word) shown by shade going from black to red.

Stroke order (simplified Chinese: 笔顺; traditional Chinese: 筆順; pinyin: bǐshùn; Japanese: 筆順 hitsujun or 書き順 kaki-jun; Korean: 필순 筆順 "pilsun" or 획순 畫順 "hoeksun") refers to the correct order in which the strokes of a Chinese character are written. A stroke is a movement of a writing instrument where the nib is touching the page. Chinese characters are used in various forms in the modern Chinese, Japanese, and in Korean. They are known as hanzi in Chinese, kanji in Japanese, and hanja in Korean. While these languages all utilize a common set of characters, the rules governing stroke order may differ in each language.

The number of strokes per character for most characters is between one and thirty, but the number of strokes in some obscure characters can reach as many as seventy. As such, official stroke order was devised to help speed, fluidity, and accuracy in composition. In the twentieth century, simplification of Chinese characters took place in mainland China, greatly reducing the number of strokes in some characters, and a similar but more moderate simplification also took place in Japan. In some cases the character was unchanged, but the stroke order changed; the basic rules of stroke order within each language, however, remained the same.

[edit] Development

The rules for stroke order evolved to facilitate vertical writing, to maximize ease of writing and reading, to aid in producing uniform characters, and – since a person who has learned the rules can infer the stroke order of most characters – to ease the process of learning to write. They were also influenced by the highly cursive Grass Script style of calligraphy.

Because writing characters in the normalised stroke order can greatly facilitate learning and memorization, children are required to learn and use correct stroke order in school; adults, however, may ignore or forget the normalised stroke order for certain characters, or develop idiosyncratic ways of writing. While this is rarely a problem in day-to-day writing, in calligraphy, stroke order is vital; incorrectly ordered or written strokes can produce a visually unappealing or, occasionally, incorrect character, particularly in styles such as Grass Script, in which individual strokes are often combined in fluid motions without lifting the brush from the paper. Also, the accuracy of handwriting recognition software may be reduced when entering strokes out of order.

The Eight Principles of Yong (永字八法 Pinyin: yǒngzì bā fǎ; Japanese: eiji happō; Korean: 영자팔법, yeongjapalbeop, yŏngjap'albŏp) uses the single character 永, meaning "eternity", to teach the eight most basic strokes.

[edit] Stroke order per style

Jiǎgǔwén Jīnwén Dàzhuàn Xiǎozhuàn Lìshū Kǎishū (t) Kǎishū (s) Source

[edit] Ancient China

In ancient China, the Jiǎgǔwén characters carved on ox scapula and tortoise plastrons showed no indication of stroke order. The characters show huge variations from piece to piece, sometimes even within one piece. During the divination ceremony, after the cracks were made, the characters were written with a brush on the shell or bone (to be carved in a workshop later). Although the brush-written stroke order is not discernible after carving, there exists some evidence that it was not entirely idiosyncratic: a few of the characters, often marginal administrative notations recording the provenance of the shells or bones, were not later recarved, and the stroke order of these characters tends to resemble traditional and modern stroke order (Keightley 1978). For those characters (the vast majority) which were later engraved into the hard surface using a knife, perhaps by a separate individual, there is evidence (from incompletely engraved pieces) that in at least some cases all the strokes running one way were carved, then the piece was turned, and strokes running another way were then carved (Keightley).

With the development of Jīnwén (Bronzeware script) and Dàzhuàn (Large Seal Script) we continue to see "cursive" signs which also do not indicate a clear stroke order. Moreover, it is evident that each archaic kingdom of current China had its own set of characters.

[edit] Imperial China

In Imperial China, the graphs on old steles — some dating from 200 BCE, and in Xiaozhuan style — start to reveal tiny indications of the stroke order of the time.

About 220 BCE, the emperor Qin Shi Huang, the first to conquer all China, imposed several reforms, among them Li Si's character uniformisation, which created a set of 3300 standardized Xiǎozhuàn characters^[1]. However, stroke order could still not yet be ascertained from the steles, and no paper from that time is extant.

The true starting point of stroke order is the Lìshū style (clerical script) which is more regularized, and in some ways similar to modern text. In theory, by looking at the Lìshū style steles' graphs and the placement of each stroke, we can see hierarchical priority between the strokes, which indicates the stroke order used by the calligrapher or stele sculptors.^{[citation needed]}

Kǎishū style (regular script) — still in use today — is more regularized, clearly allowing us to guess the stroke order used to write on the steles. In fact, the stroke order 1000 years ago was similar to that toward the end of Imperial China.^{[citation needed]} For example, the stroke order of 广 is clear in the Kangxi dictionary of 1716; but in a modern book, the official stroke order (the same) will not appear clearly. The Kangxi and current shapes have tiny differences, while current stroke order is still the same, according to the old style^[2].

[edit] Cursive styles and hand-written styles

Cursive styles such as Xíngshū (semi-cursive or running script) and Cǎoshū (cursive or grass script) show stroke order very clearly, as each move made by the writing tool is visible. However, calligraphic stroke order does not always follow standard stroke order.

Native writers, moreover, often create their own stroke order rules for their own use, with some tiny differences from the official stroke order taught in school.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Stroke order per polity

The various official standard stroke orders agree on the vast majority of characters, but each have their differences. No modern standard matches the stroke orders used in Imperial China completely. The differences below are not exhaustive.

• Traditional stroke order: Imperial China. Practiced mainly by informed calligraphers. Also called "calligraphic" stroke order. Many characters have more than one stroke correct stroke order and form.
• ROC stroke order: Modern Taiwan. This standard diverges from the traditional stroke order in that the upper-right dot of the 戈 component is written second to last. The vertical stroke in 忄 is written second. 成 starts with the horizontal. Also, the 𠂇 component, as seen in 左 and 右, is written with the horizontal stroke first in all instances, while the traditional stroke order differentiates the stroke order of 𠂇 according to character structure.
• Japanese stroke order: Modern Japan and Korea. This standard diverges from the traditional stroke order in that the two sides of the grass radical (艹) are joined, and written with three strokes. Also, this standard is influenced by semi-cursive script, leading to some vertical strokes to precede intersecting horizontal strokes if the vertical stroke does not pass through the lowest horizontal stroke, as in 隹 and 生. 必 is written with the top dot first, while the traditional stroke order writes the 丿 first. The occupation of Korea by Japan (1910-1945), and their close intellectual and artistic exchanges meant that they developed similar calligraphies and now follow the same stroke order.^{[citation needed]} Some Japanese kanji were reformed in 1946.
• PRC stroke order: Modern Mainland China (PRC). The Chinese government reformed the Chinese character set in 1956, and also reformed the stroke order of some characters. This standard diverges from the traditional stroke order in characters with the 艹 radical, merging both sides like the Japanese standard. Also, the horizontal stroke of the 𠂇 component is written first in all instances. 乃 ends with 丿. 成 starts with the horizontal.
• Hong Kong stroke order: Modern Hong Kong. As well as standardizing character forms relatively removed from etymologically correct models, the Hong Kong standard stroke order differs from the traditional stroke order in that the the 艹 radical is written vertical, horizontal, vertical, horizontal. The traditional stroke order ends 艹 with the right vertical stroke. 成 starts with the horizontal.

[edit] General rules

Note that there are exceptions within and among different standards.

1. Write from left to right, and from top to bottom

As a general rule, characters are written from left to right, and from top to bottom. For example, among the first characters usually learned is the number one, which is written with a single horizontal line: 一. This character has one stroke which is written from left to right.

The character for "two" has two strokes: 二. In this case, both are written from left to right, but the top stroke is written first. The character for "three" has three strokes: 三. Each stroke is written from left to right, starting with the uppermost stroke:

The Chinese character meaning "person" (, Chinese: rén, Korean: in, Japanese: hito, nin; jin). The character has two strokes, the first shown here in dark, and the second in red. The black area represents the starting position of the writing instrument.

This rule also applies to the order of components. For example, 校 can be divided into two. The entire left side (木) is written before the right side (交). There are some exceptions to this rule, mainly occurring when the right side of a character has a lower enclosure (see below).

When there are upper and lower components, the upper components are written first, then the lower components, as in 品 and 星.

2. Horizontal before vertical

When strokes cross, horizontal strokes are usually written before vertical strokes: the character for "ten," 十, has two strokes. The horizontal stroke 一 is written first, followed by the vertical stroke → 十.

In the Japanese standard, a vertical stroke may precede intersecting horizontal strokes if the vertical stroke does not pass through the lowest horizontal stroke.

3. Cutting strokes last

Vertical strokes that "cut" through many other strokes are written after the strokes through which they pass, as in 聿 and 弗.

Horizontal strokes that pass through many other strokes are written last, as in 毋 and 舟.

4. Diagonals right-to-left before diagonals left-to-right

Right-to-left diagonals (ノ) are written before left-to-right diagonals (乀): 文.

Note that this is for symmetric diagonals; for asymmetric diagonals, as in 戈, the left-to-right may precede the right-to-left, based on other rules.

5. Center before outside

Vertically centered components are written before components on the left or right. Components on the left are written before components on the right, as in 兜 and 承.

6. Enclosures before contents

Outside enclosing components are written before inside components; bottom strokes in the enclosure are written last, as in 日 and 口. This applies also to enclosures that have no bottom stroke, such as 同 and 月.

7. Left vertical before enclosing

Left vertical strokes are written before enclosing strokes. In the following two examples, the leftmost vertical stroke (|) is written first, followed by the uppermost and rightmost lines (┐) (which are written as one stroke): 日 and 口.

8. Bottom enclosures last

Bottom enclosing components are usually written last: 道, 建, 凶.

9. Dots and minor strokes last

Minor strokes are usually written last, as the small "dot" in the following: 玉, 求, 朮.

[edit] See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: CJK stroke order

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of CJK

• Chinese character
• East Asian calligraphy
• CJK strokes
• Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts

[edit] Notes

1. ^ Fazzioli, Edoardo. Chinese calligraphy : from pictograph to ideogram : the history of 214 essential Chinese/Japanese characters. calligraphy by Rebecca Hon Ko. New York: Abbeville Press. pp. 13. ISBN 0896597741. "And so the first Chinese dictionary was born, the Sān Chāng, containing 3,300 characters" 
2. ^ 康熙字典 Kangxi Zidian, 1716. Scanned version available at www.kangxizidian.com. See by example the radicals 卩, 厂 or 广, p.41. The 2007 common shape for those characters don't allow clearly to "guess" the stroke order, but old versions, visible on the Kangxi Zidian p.41 clearly allow us to guess the stroke order.

[edit] References

[edit] Traditional stroke order

• 田蘊章. 《歐楷解析》. 天津人民美術出版社. ISBN 7530525875.
• 田其湜. 《六体书法大字典》. 湖南人民出版社. ISBN 7543836688.

[edit] ROC stroke order

• 常用國字標準字體筆順手冊 by the Taiwan Ministry of Education. Book available online (authoritative work). ISBN 957-00-7082-X

[edit] Japanese stroke order

• Hadamitzky, Wolfgang & Mark Spahn. A Handbook of the Japanese Writing System. Charles E. Tuttle Co. ISBN 0-8048-2077-5.
• Henshall, Kenneth G. A Guide to Remembering Japanese Characters. Charles E. Tuttle Co. ISBN 0-8048-2038-4.
• O'Neill, P.G. Essential Kanji: 2,000 Basic Japanese Characters Systematically Arranged for Learning and Reference. Weatherhill. ISBN 0-8348-0222-8.
• Pye, Michael The Study of Kanji: A Handbook of Japanese Characters. Hokuseido Press. ISBN 0-8934-6232-2.
  • Includes a translation of the Japanese Ministry of Education rules on Kanji stroke order.

[edit] Archaic characters

• Keightley, David N. (1978). Sources of Shang History: The Oracle-Bone Inscriptions of Bronze Age China. University of California Press, Berkeley. ISBN 0-520-02969-0

[edit] External links

[edit] ROC stroke order

• Learning Program for Stroke Order of Frequently Used Chinese Characters (常用國字標準字體筆順學習網) with animated stroke order, by the Ministry of Education, R.O.C. (Taiwan).

[edit] PRC stroke order

• Animated stroke order, from the California State University, Long Beach

[edit] Hong Kong stroke order

• 香港標準字形及筆順 - stroke orders following the Hong Kong Department of Education's List of Commonly Used Characters

[edit] Japanese Kanji and Korean Hanja stroke order

• Mechanical Rules to write Kanji, from the Engineering Department of New Mexico Tech, Socorro.
• Saiga Japanese Kanji Dictionary, 3205 Kanji with stroke order.
• Kanji alive, a free interactive online tool for learning Japanese kanji with stroke order animations, from the University of Chicago.
• SODER Project, 1,513 Japanese kanji stroke order diagrams and animations, freely downloadable under license.
• Kakijun kanji stroke order animations.(Japanese)
• hanja.naver.com, 한자사전(漢字辭典) with stroke order diagrams (Korean)
• Kanji Stroke Order Font, 6,373 Japanese kanji stroke order diagrams presented as a TrueType font.