Wikipedia:IPA for Catalan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Catalan language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. There are two major standards, one of Catalan (based in Barcelona, encompassing most Eastern Catalan features) and one of Valencian (based in Southern Valencia, encompassing most Western Catalan features). Neither variant is preferred over the other at Wikipedia except in cases where a local pronunciation is clearly more relevant (such as a place in the Valencian Community or a Catalan artist).
See Catalan phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Catalan.
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[edit] Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Voiced obstruents /b d ɡ v z dz ʒ dʒ/ are devoiced [p t k f s ts ʃ tʃ] at the end of an utterance. In North-Western and Central Catalan, /p t k/ and /b/ are elided when occurring utterance-finally after a nasal consonant (e.g. amb, seient, sang), in the case of /t/, in some of these dialects, this has extended also after liquids (e.g. alt, hort).
- ^ a b c In Catalan and Valencian, /b d ɡ/ become lenited [β ð ɣ] (that is, fricatives or approximants of the same place of articulation) when in the syllable onset and after a continuant. Otherwise they are pronounced as voiced (or devoiced) stops, not dissimilar to English b, d, g and p, t, k. Exceptions include /d/ after a lateral consonant, and /b/ after /f/.
- ^ a b c In most of Majorcan the velar plosives, /k/ and /ɡ/, become palatal, [c] and [ɟ], before front vowels and word-finally (e.g. guix [ˈɟiʃ], sac [ˈsac]), in some of these dialects, this has extended to all environments except before liquids and back vowels.
- ^ a b Catalan orthography distinguishes between ‹ll› (representing /ʎ/), and ‹l·l› (representing a geminated /lː/). In regular speech gemination of ‹l·l› is ignored altogether.
- ^ a b c d e f g The sonorants /l n m ɲ ʎ/ only contrast before vowels. Before consonants, they assimilate to the consonant's place of articulation (e.g. [ŋ] occurs before a velar consonant, [ɲ] and [ʎ] before a palatal consonant, [m] before a labial consonant). Between a vowel and a pause, only [l] and [n] are found.
- ^ a b The phoneme /l/ is always dark [ɫ] in Eastern Catalan. In other dialects, like Valencian, it may vary allophonically with the alveolar lateral approximant, [l ~ ɫ].
- ^ a b c The rhotic consonants /ɾ/ ‹r› and /r/ ‹rr› only contrast between vowels. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution as ‹r› with, [r] occurring word-initially, after /l/, /n/, and /s/, in compounds and at the end of an utterance; [ɾ] is found elsewhere. Utterance-final /r/ is pronounced as [ɾ] in Valencian. In all Catalan dialects, except most of Valencian, word final /r/ is generally dropped (e.g. parlar [pərˈɫa], fer [ˈfe]), still and all there are many exceptions (e.g. per [pər]). In most cases, word final ‹r› is pronounced when the following word begins with a vowel (e.g. fer-hi [ˈfeɾi].
- ^ The pronunciation of words with the digraph ‹ix› varies; an absent [j] is generally more common in Eastern Catalan dialects (e.g. caixa [ˈkaʃə]) and [j]-retention is more common in Valencian and North-Western Catalan (e.g. caixa [ˈkajʃa]), though there are exceptions.
- ^ a b c d e f While /ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ/ are often described simply as "postalveolar" by many sources, phonetic work done by Daniel Recasens shows the postalveolar sibilants to be alveolo-palatal ([ɕ], [ʑ], [tɕ] and [dʑ], respectively). Nevertheless, since ‹ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ› are overwhelmingly used in the linguistic literature on Catalan and Valencian, those characters are also used at Wikipedia.
- ^ Several dialects have /v/ as a separate phoneme, in particular, Balearic, Alguerese, standard Valencian, and certain parts of Tarragona; e.g. viu [ˈviw]. Betacism (that is, merging of /b/ and /v/) is general in the rest of Catalan areas (e.g. viu [ˈbiw]).
- ^ a b Marginal sounds are found in loanwords and interferences from other languages.
- ^ a b Other than in loanwords and interjections, the letter ‹h› is always silent.
- ^ All Catalan dialects contrast seven stressed vowels /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/ (though Balearic, especially Majorcan, contrasts eight stressed vowels; the former ones, plus /ə/: sec [ˈsəc]). In Alguerese and Northern Catalan open-mid and close-mid vowels may merge into mid vowels [e̞] and [o̞]. In unstressed position, the seven-way vowel contrast is reduced in all dialects.
- Eastern Catalan (Central Catalan, Northern Catalan, Balearic and Alguerese): /e/, /ɛ/, and /a/ reduce to [ə] (though in Alguerese /e/, /ɛ/, and /a/ merge to [a]) while /o/ and /ɔ/ reduce to [u] (however, in most of Majorcan /ɔ/ and /o/ merge to [o]).
- Western Catalan (North-Western Catalan and Valencian): /ɛ/ reduces to [e] and /ɔ/ reduces to [o]. Exceptionally there are some cases where unstressed ‹e› and ‹o› may reduce to [a] and [u] respectively. Furthermore, unstressed ‹e› may reduce to [i] in some other cases. In these dialects, open-mid vowels [ɛ] and [ɔ] can also appear in unstressed syllables.
- ^ In Northern Catalan /u/ becomes [ø] in some instances in contact with palatal consonants (e.g. fulles [ˈføjəs]~[ˈfuʎəs]). In other cases it may appear in French interferences, such as sœur or jeunesse, instead of Catalan germana and joventut.
- ^ The semivowels /w/ and /j/ can be combined with most vowels to form diphthongs and triphthongs.
- ^ If the consonants are doubled between vowels, they are geminated. In IPA, gemination can be represented either by doubling the consonant: cotna [ˈkonnə]; or with the length marker ‹ ː › (e.g. [ˈkonːə]).
[edit] See also
[edit] References
Catalan
- Burguet Ardiaca, Francesc (1980). Introducció a la fonologia, fonètica i ortografia del català. Mataró (Barcelona): Robrenyo. ISBN 84-7466-025-4. (Catalan)
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1-2): 53–56
- Recasens i Vives, Daniel (1991). Fonètica descriptiva del català : assaig de caracterització de la pronúncia del vocalisme i consonantisme del català al segle XX. Institut d'Estudis Catalans. ISBN 8472831728. (Catalan)
- Romeu i Juvé, Xavier (1983). Manual de fonologia catalana. Barcelona: Barcanova. ISBN 847533119X. (Catalan)
- Veny, Joan (1978). Els Parlars. Barcelona: Dopesa. ISBN 8472353885. (Catalan)
- Wheeler, Max W (2005). The Phonology Of Catalan. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199258147. (English)
Valencian
- "L'estàndard oral valencià". Valencia: Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL). (Catalan)
