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Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia

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Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia are haplogroups of the male Y-chromosome found in South Asian populations.

Major Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups in South Asia

Main article: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
See also: Early human migrations
World map of early migrations of modern human beings based on the Y-chromosome DNA.

South Asia, located on the crossroads of Western Eurasia and Eastern Eurasia, accounts for about 39.49% of Asia's population,[1] and over 24% of the world's population.[2] It is home to a vast array of people who belong to diverse ethnic groups, who migrated to the region during different periods of time.[3]

The presence of Himalayas in northern and eastern borders of South Asia have limited migrations from Eastern Eurasia into Indian subcontinent in the past. Hence most of the male-mediated migrations into South Asia occurred from Western Eurasia into the region, as seen in the Y-chromosome DNA Haplogroup variations of populations in the region.[4]

The major paternal lineages of South Asian populations, represented by Y chromosomes, are haplogroups R1a1, R2, H, L, and J2,[5] as well as O-M175 in some parts (northeastern region) of the Indian subcontinent.[6] Haplogroup R is the most observed Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup among the populations of South Asia,[4] followed by H, L, and J, in the listed order.[4] These four haplogroups together constitute nearly 80% of all male Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups found in various populations of the region.[4]

The Y-chromosome DNA Haplogroups R1a1, R2, L, and J2, which are found in higher frequencies among various populations of the Indian subcontinent, are also observed among various populations of Europe, Central Asia, and Middle East.[7] Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups found in South Asia show strong affinity towards West Eurasian uniparental male line of ancestry while the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups found in most of the populations of the region show an admixture of West Eurasian and indigenous ancient South Asian uniparental female lines of ancestries in contrast.[4]

Some researchers have argued that Y-DNA Haplogroup R1a1 (M17) is of autochthonous South Asian origin.[8] However, proposals for a Eurasian Steppe origin for R1a1 are also quite common and supported by several more recent studies.[9] The spread of R1a1 in Indian subcontinent is associated with Indo-Aryan migrations into the region from South Central Asia that occurred around 3,500-4,000 years before present.[4]

The Haplogroup R2 is mostly restricted to various populations of the Indian subcontinent, in addition to some populations of South Central Asia and parts of Middle East where it is observed in low frequencies.[4] R2 has high frequency among the speakers of the Dravidian languages of South India and it spread throughout the Indian subcontinent during the spread of agriculture associated with the Neolithic Revolution, before the spread of R1a1 in the region.[4]

The Haplogroup H (also known as the "Indian marker"[4]), which is a direct descendant of the Upper Paleolithic Eurasian Haplogroup HIJK, is mostly restricted to South Asian populations of the Indian subcontinent,[4] in addition to some populations of South Central Asia and eastern Iranian plateau, where it is found in low frequencies.[5] It originated somewhere in the Middle East or South Central Asia and travelled to Indian subcontinent and adjoining areas of the eastern Iranian plateau around 40,000-50,000 years before present.[4]

The Haplogroup L, which is thought to have originated near Pamir mountains of present-day Tajikistan in South Central Asia,[4] travelled throughout Indian subcontinent during the Neolithic period, and it is associated with the spread of the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC) in South Asia, which existed around 3,300-5,300 years before present.[4] It is also observed among many populations of the Iranian plateau. The spread of the Haplogroup J2 from Iranian plateau into Indian subcontinent also occurred during the Neolithic period, alongside L.[4]

frequency distribution of Y-DNA haplogroup J2b2-M241

The Haplogroup O-M175, which is a major haplogroup observed among the populations of East and Southeast Asia, is found among many Austroasiatic and Tibeto-Burman speakers of northeastern regions of the Indian subcontinent.[6]

Frequencies in South Asian ethnic groups

Principal component (PC) scatter plot of mtDNA (a) and Y chromosomal (b) among the population of Maharashtra and other contemporary populations. [10]

Listed below are some notable groups and populations from South Asia by human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups based on various relevant studies.

The samples are taken from individuals identified with specific linguistic designations (IE=Indo-European, Dr=Dravidian, AA=Austro-Asiatic, ST=Sino-Tibetan) and individual linguistic groups, the third column (n) gives the sample size studied, and the other columns give the percentage of the respective haplogroups.

Majority of the Indo-European (IE) speakers of South Asia speak Indo-Aryan languages, followed by Iranian languages, both of which belong to Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family.[11][12] They form around 75% of the South Asian populations.[11]

The Dravidian (Dr) speakers of South Asia are mostly clustered in South India and Balochistan.[13] They form around 20% of the South Asian populations.[13]

The Sino-Tibetan (ST) speakers in northeastern parts of the Indian subcontinent speak various languages belonging to Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family.[14]

The Austroasiatic (AA) speakers of South Asia are scattered in parts of East India and Bangladesh.

Note: The converted frequencies from some old studies conducted in 2000s may lead to unsubstantial frequencies below. Table below has been sorted in alphabetical order based on the name of the population.

Frequencies of Y chromosome DNA haplogroups in some selected ethnic groups of South Asia
Population Language (if specified) n C E F G H I J K L N O P Q R R1 R1a R1b R2 T Others Reference
Andhra Tribals (Andhra Pradesh, India) Dr
(Telugu)		 29 0 0 10.3% 3.4% 34.5% 0 3.4% 0 6.9% 0 6.9% 0 0 0 0 27.6% 0 6.9% 0 Fornarino2009[15]
Balochi (Balochistan, Pakistan) IE
(Balochi)		 25 0 8% 0 0 4% 0 16% 0 24% 0 0 0 0 0 8% 20% 8% 12% 0 Sengupta2006[8]
Bengalis (Bangladesh) IE
(Bengali)		 42 7.14% 0 0 4.72% 35.71% 0 11.9% 0 4.76% 0 9.52% 0 2.38% 0 0 21.43% 0 7.14% 0 Poznik2016[16]
Bengalis (Bangladesh) IE
(Bengali)		 649 0 2.62% 0 1.08% 17.72% 4.16% 15.72% 0 17.41% 0.46% 0 0 6.93% 0 0 31.59% 0.62% 0 0 Hasan2019[17]
Bengalis (West Bengal, India) IE
(Bengali)		 31 3.2% 0 3.2% 3.2% 9.7% 0 9.7% 0 0 0 3.2% 0 0 0 0 38.7% 6.5% 22.6% 0 Kivisild2003[18]
Bhargavas (India) IE
(Indo-Aryan)		 96 6.3% 0 4.2% 0 16.7% 0 6.3% 4.2% 0 0 2.1% 4.2% 0 0 0 22.9% 1% 32.3% 0 Zhao2009[19]
Bihar Paswan (Bihar, India) IE
(Bhojpuri)		 27 0 0 3.7% 11.11% 14.81% 0 3.7% 0 7.41% 0 3.7% 0 0 3.7% 11.11% 40.74% 0 0 0 Sharma2009[20]
Bihar Brahmins (Bihar, India) IE
(Maithili)		 38 2.63% 0 0 0 0 0 2.63% 5.26% 13.16% 0 0 0 5.26% 0 5.26% 60.53% 0 5.26% 0 Sharma2009[20]
Brahmins (India) IE (Indo-Aryan),
Dr (Dravidian)		 118 10.2% 0 2.5% 1.7% 11.9% 0 11.9% 1.7% 2.5% 0 4.2% 3.4% 0 0 0 28% 1.7% 20.3% 0 Zhao2009[19]
Brahui (Balochistan, Pakistan) Dr
(Brahui)		 25 4% 0 0 16% 4% 0 28% 0 8% 0 4% 0 0 0 0 24% 0 12% 0 Sengupta2006[8]
Burusho (Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan) Isolate
(Burushaski)		 97 8.2% 0 1% 1% 4.1% 0 8.2% 0 16.5% 0 3.1% 1% 2.1% 0 0 27.9% 0 14.4% 0% Firasat2006[21]
Chakma (Bangladesh) IE
(Chakma)		 116 0 1.72% 0 3.45% 4.31% 6.03% 10.34% 0 52.59% 1.72% 0 0 13.79% 0 0 4.31% 0 0 0 Hasan2019[17]
Chamar (Hindi Belt, India) IE
(Indo-Aryan)		 18 5.6% 0 0 0 44.4% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38.9% 0 11.1% 0 Sengupta2006[8]
Chaturvedis (Hindi Belt, India) IE
(Hindi)		 88 9.1% 0 3.4% 0 6.8% 0 12.5% 4.5% 2.3% 0 2.3% 3.4% 0 0 0 23.9% 0 31.8% 0 Zhao2009[19]
Chenchu (South India) Dr
(Telugu)		 41 4.9% 0 0 0 36.6% 0 7.3% 0 14.6% 0 0 0 0 0 0 26.8% 2.4% 7.3% 0 Kivisild2003[18]
Dawoodi Bohra (Gujarat, India) IE
(Gujarati)		 50 2% 0 4% 0 26% 0 8% 0 6% 0 0 8% 0 0 0 30% 0 16% 0 Eaaswarkhanth2009[22]
Dawoodi Bohra (Tamil Nadu, India) IE
(Urdu)		 26 0 0 0 0 38.5% 0 0 0 7.7% 0 0 0 0 0 0 53.9% 0 0 0 Eaaswarkhanth2009[22]
Gujarat Bhils (Gujarat, India) IE
(Bhil)		 22 9.09% 0 0 0 27.27% 0 18.18% 0 18.18% 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.09% 0 18.18% 0 Sharma2009[20]
Gujarat Brahmins (Gujarat, India) IE
(Gujarati)		 64 3.33% 3.33% 0 10.94% 1.56% 0 15.63% 3.13% 7.81% 3.13% 0 0 0 0 9.38% 32.81% 0 9.38% 0 Sharma2009[20]
Gujarati Indians (USA) IE
(Gujarati)		 58 20.69% 0 0 3.45% 20.69% 0 8.62% 0 8.62% 0 0 0 0 0 0 27.59% 1.72% 8.62% 0 Poznik2016[16]
Gujaratis (Gujarat, India) IE
(Gujarati)		 29 17.2% 0 0 0 13.8% 0 20.7% 0 10.4% 0 0 3.5% 0 3.5% 0 24.1% 0 3.5% 3.5% Kivisild2003[18]
Hazara (Balochistan, Pakistan) IE
(Hazaragi)		 25 40% 0 0 0 0 4% 4% 0 0 0 8% 0 8% 0 0 0 32% 4% 0 Sengupta2006[8]
Himachal Brahmin (Himachal Pradesh, India) IE
(Pahari)		 19 5.26% 0 15.79% 0 10.53% 0 5.26% 0 5.26% 0 0 0 0 0 5.26% 47.37% 0 5.26% 0 Sharma2009[20]
India IE (Indo-Aryan),
Dr (Dravidian),
AA (Austroasiatic),
ST (Tibeto-Burman)		 728 1.8% 0 5.2% 1.2% 26.4% 0 9.3% 0 18.7% 0 23.9% 0 0.4% 0 0 27.3% 0.5% 9.3% 0 Sengupta2006[8]
India IE (Indo-Aryan),
Dr (Dravidian),
AA (Austroasiatic),
ST (Tibeto-Burman)		 1152 1.4% 0 3% 0.1% 23% 0 9.1% 0 17.5% 0 18% 2.7% 0 0 0 28.3% 0.5% 13.5% 3.1% Trivedi2007[23]
India IE (Indo-Aryan),
Dr (Dravidian),
AA (Austroasiatic),
ST (Tibeto-Burman)		 1,615 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.3% 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sharma2007[24]
India (Central) IE (Indo-Aryan),
Dr (Dravidian)		 50 0 0 4% 2% 20% 0 4% 0 4% 0 8% 0 0 0 0 50% 0 6% 0% Sahoo2006[25]
India (East) IE (Indo-Aryan),
AA (Austroasiatic),
Dr (Dravidian)		 367 0.8% 0 2.7% 0 19.3% 0 4.1% 0 1.9% 0 20.7% 2.7% 0 0 0 23.2% 0 15.5% 3.8% Sahoo2006[25]
India (West) IE
(Indo-Aryan)		 204 5.4% 0 0.5% 0 33.3% 0 11.3% 0 11.8% 0 0 2.5% 0 0 0 35% 0 6.4% 0.5% Sahoo2006[25]
India (North) IE (Indo-Aryan),
ST (Tibeto-Burman)		 180 0 0 1.1% 0.6% 24.5% 0 7.8% 0 1.7% 0 2.3% 0 0 0 0 48.9% 0.6% 11.1% 0% Trivedi2007[23]
India (Northeast) ST
(Tibeto-Burman)		 108 0 0 0 0 0.9% 0 0 0 0 0 79.7% 4.6% 0 0 0 1.9% 0 0 0 Trivedi2007[23]
India (S. Gujarat tribals) IE
(Indo-Aryan)		 284 8.5% 0 4.2% 0 40.1% 0 10.2% 2.8% 3.2% 0 0 0 2.8% 0 0 18.7% 0 9.5% 0 Khurana2014[26]
India (South) Dr
(Dravidian)		 372 1.9% 0 4% 0 27.5% 0 19.7% 0 10.8% 0 0 1.6% 0 0 0 26.7% 1.3% 21.5% 5.1% Trivedi2007[23]
India Shia (India) IE
(Urdu)		 161 3.7% 1.9% 5.6% 5% 8.6% 0 28.7% 0 0 0 0.6% 5% 0 0 3.7% 27.9% 0 9.3% 0 Eaaswarkhanth2009[22]
Indian Dravidians Dr
(Dravidian)		 353 1.7% 0 9.3% 2.3% 32.9% 0 19.7% 0 11.6% 0 13.6% 0 0.3% 0 0 26.7% 0.3% 6.2% 0 Sengupta2006[8]
Indian Indo-Europeans IE
(Indo-Aryan)		 205 2.4% 0 2.4% 0.5% 28.8% 0 11.3% 0 3.9% 0 4.9% 0 1% 0 0 48.9% 1.5% 13.7% 0 Sengupta2006[8]
Indian Munda AA
(Munda)		 892 0 0 4% 0 23.1% 0 3.9% 0 0 0 57.2% 1.8% 0 0 0 5.4% 0 4.4% 0 Kumar2007[27]
Indian Sunni (India) IE
(Urdu)		 129 0 0 3.1% 2.3% 14% 0 20.1% 2.3% 3.1% 0 0 1.5% 0 0 2.3% 39.5% 0 11.6% 0 Eaaswarkhanth2009[22]
Indian tribes IE (Indo-Aryan),
Dr (Dravidian),
AA (Austroasiatic),
ST (Tibeto-Burman)		 505 2.2% 0 2% 0.2% 21.2% 0 2.6% 0 3.2% 0 40.6% 3.2% 0 0 0 7.9% 1% 6.1% 4.2% Trivedi2007[23]
Indian Sino-Tibetans ST
(Tibeto-Burman)		 87 1.1% 0 0 0 2.3% 0 0 0 0 0 86.2% 0 0 0 0 4.6% 0 5.7% 0 Sengupta2006[8]
Indian Telugus (UK) Dr
(Telugu)		 60 1.67% 0 0 0 26.67% 0 6.67% 0 1.67% 1.67% 0 0 1.67% 0 0 26.67% 0 20% 0 Poznik2016[16]
India's Lower Castes IE (Indo-Aryan),
Dr (Dravidian)		 261 0.8% 0 4.6% 0 27.6% 0 3.1% 0 5.4% 0 0.4% 2.3% 0 0 0 15.7% 0 27.6% 4.6% Trivedi2007[23]
India's Middle Castes IE (Indo-Aryan),
Dr (Dravidian)		 175 0.6% 0 5.1% 0 21.1% 0 9.7% 0 5.7% 0 0 2.9% 0 0 0 26.3% 0 18.9% 1.7% Trivedi2007[23]
India's Upper Castes IE (Indo-Aryan),
Dr (Dravidian)		 211 0.9% 0 1.9% 0 23.3% 0 10% 0 11.4% 0 0 1.9% 0 0 0 30.5% 0.5% 9% 0 Trivedi2007[23]
Indo-Aryan Castes (India) IE
(Indo-Aryan)		 29 5.3% 0 3.6% 0.6% 6.5% 0 16.6% 1.2% 11.2% 0 1.2% 4.1% 0 0 0 40.2 0 8.9% 0 Cordaux2004[28]
Iranian Shia (India) IE
(Indo-Aryan)		 25 0 0 16% 8% 4% 0 24% 28% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4% 0 16% 0 Eaaswarkhanth2009[22]
Jats (Punjab) IE
(Punjabi) 		302 0 1% 0 3.6% 3.6% 1% 9.6% 0 36.8% 0 0 0 15.6% 28.5% 0 0 0 0 0.3% Mahal2017[29]
J&K Kashmir Gujars (Jammu and Kashmir, India) IE
(Gujari)		 49 2.04% 0 4.08% 0 10.2% 0 6.12% 8.16% 16.33% 0 0 0 2% 0 2.04% 40.86% 0 8.16% 0 Sharma2009[20]
J&K Kashmiri Pandits (Jammu and Kashmir, India) IE
(Kashmiri)		 51 1.96% 0 3.92% 1.96% 9.8% 0 9.8% 9.8% 5.88% 0 0 0 5.88% 1.96% 11.76% 23.53% 0 13.73% 0 Sharma2009[20]
Kalash (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan) IE
(Kalasha)		 44 0 0 0 18.2% 20.5% 0 9.1% 0 25% 0 0 0 0 0 0 18.2% 0 0 0 Firasat2006[21]
Kathmandu (Nepal) IE (Indo-Aryan),
ST (Tibeto-Burman)		 77 7.8% 0 0 0 11.7% 0 10.4% 0 0 0 20.8% 0 1.3% 0 0 35.1% 0 10.4% 0 Gayden2007[30]
Khasi (Meghalaya, India) AA
(Khasi)		 92 0 0 10.9% 0 6.5% 0 0 0 0 0 72.8% 4.4% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kumar2007[27]
Kodava (Karnataka, India) Dr
(Kodava) 		50 2% 0 2% 0 8% 0 16% 0 18% 0 0 0 0 0 0 38% 0 16% 0 NI-Shodhganga[31]
Khasi (Bangladesh) AA
(Khasi)		 90 0 12.75% 0 0 3.92% 0 9.80% 0 45.10% 0 0 0 15.69% 0 0 12.75% 0 0 0 Hasan2019[17]
Kokanastha Brahmin (Maharashtra, India) IE
(Marathi)		 25 0 0 0 0 12% 0 28% 0 4% 0 0 0 0 0 0 40% 0 20% 0 Sengupta2006[8]
Konkanastha Brahmins (Maharashtra, India) IE
(Marathi)		 43 2.3% 0 2.3% 0 9.3% 0 14% 2.3% 18.6% 0 0 0 0 0 0 41.9% 0 9.3% 0 Kivisild2003[18]
Koraga Tribals (Karnataka, India) Dr
(Koraga)		 33 0 0 0 0 87.9% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.1% 0 DE=6.1% Cordaux2004[28]
Koya (Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, India) Dr
(Koya)		 41 0 0 26.8% 0 70.7% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.4% 0 0 0 Kivisild2003[18]
Lambadi (Rajasthan, India) IE
(Lambadi)		 35 17.1% 0 2.9% 0 8.6% 0 5.7% 0 17.1% 0 0 2.9% 0 0 0 8.6% 37.1% 0 0 Kivisild2003[18]
Madhya Pradesh Brahmins (Madhya Pradesh, India) IE
(Hindi)		 42 0 0 2.38% 0 7.14% 0 23.81% 0 7.14% 2.38% 0 2.38% 4.76% 0 0 38.1% 0 0 0 Sharma2009[20]
Madhya Pradesh Gonds (Madhya Pradesh, India) Dr
(Gondi)		 64 0 0 0 0 62.5% 0 0 6.25% 0 0 6.25% 0 6.25% 0 0 18.75% 0 0 0 Sharma2009[20]
Madhya Pradesh Saharia (Madhya Pradesh, India) IE
(Hindi)		 57 0 0 5.27% 0 33.33% 0 0 3.51% 0 0 0 0 1.75% 0 0 50.87% 0 5.3% 0 Sharma2009[20]
Maharashtra Brahmins (Maharashtra, India) IE
(Marathi)		 30 3.33% 0 0 3.33% 10% 0 16.67% 3.33% 10% 3.33% 3.33% 0 0 0 0 43.33% 0 3.33% 0 Sharma2009[20]
Manipuri (Bangladesh) ST
(Meitei)		 102 0 0 0 5.56% 2.22% 10.00% 11.11% 0 25.56% 1.11% 0 0 15.56% 0 0 11.11% 0 0 0 Hasan2019[17]
Mappila Muslims (Kerala, India) Dr
(Malayalam)		 40 0 0 0 0 27.5% 0 20% 5% 10% 0 0 0 0 0 0 32.5% 0 5% 0 Eaaswarkhanth2009[22]
Mundari (East India) AA
(Munda)		 789 0 0 3.3% 0 25.4% 0 4.4% 0 0 0 55% 1.5% 0 0 0 0 0 4.9% 0 Kumar2007[27]
New Delhi Hindus (New Delhi, India) IE
(Hindi)		 49 0 0 0 2% 18.3% 0 8.1% 0 4.1% 0 2% 0 6.1% 0 0 34.7% 0 20.4% 0 Fornarino2009[15]
Pakistan IE
(Indo-Aryan, Iranian)		 176 7.4% 0 0 6.2% 6.2% 0 15.3% 0 13.1% 0 2.3% 0 3.4% 0 0 24.4% 7.4% 7.4% 0 Sengupta2006[8]
Pakistan IE (Indo-Aryan, Iranian),
Dr (Brahui)		 638 3% 0 0.8% 2.7% 2.5% 0 20.2% 0 11.6% 0 0.5% 0 2.2% 0 0 37.1% 0 7.8% 0 Firasat2006[21]
Parsis (Western India – Lay) IE
(Persian) 		122 0 5.7% 0 0 0 0 54.9% 1.6% 2.5% 0 0 23.8% 0 0 0 5.7% 0 0 0 BT=5.7% López2017[32]
Parsis (Western India – Priest) IE
(Persian) 		71 0 1.4% 0 0 0 0 4.2% 0 54.9% 0 0 31.0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BT=8.5% López2017[32]
Pashtun (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan) IE
(Pashto)		 96 0 0 2.1% 11.5% 4.2% 0 6.2% 0 12.5% 0 5.2% 0 5.2% 0 0 44.8% 0 0 1% Firasat2006[21]
Pathan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan) IE
(Pashto)		 21 4.8% 0 0 9.5% 14.3% 0 0 0 9.5% 0 0 0 9.5% 4.8% 0 38.1% 9.5% 9.5% 0 Sengupta2006[8]
Punjab Brahmin (Punjab, India) IE
(Punjabi)		 28 3.58% 0 3.57% 3.57% 0 0 21.43% 0 7.14% 0 0 0 0 0 0 35.71% 0 25% 0 Sharma2009[20]
Punjabi (Punjab, India) IE
(Punjabi)		 66 3% 0 0 0 4.6% 0 21.2% 0 12.1% 0 0 0 0 0 0 47% 7.6% 4.6% 0 Kivisild2003[18]
Punjabis (Punjab, Pakistan) IE
(Punjabi)		 48 2.08% 0 0 8.33% 6.25% 0 27.08% 0 4.17% 0 0 0 4.17% 0 0 35.42% 0 12.5% 0 Poznik2016[16]
Rajput (North India) IE
(Indo-Aryan)		 29 3.4% 0 3.4% 0 20.7% 0 17.2% 0 6.9% 0 3.4% 0 0 0 0 31% 0 13.8% 0 Sengupta2006[8]
Rakhine (Bangladesh) ST
(Arakanese)		 107 0 0 0 1.87% 6.54% 1.87% 13.08% 0 29.91% 3.74% 0 0 28.04% 0 0 10.28% 0 0 0 Hasan2019[17]
Shia (India) IE
(Urdu)		 154 9.1% 11% 3.3% 9.7% 7.8% 0 19.5% 3.3% 3.9% 0 2% 2% 0 0 0 15.6% 0 13% 0 Zhao2009[19]
Sindhi (Sindh, Pakistan) IE
(Sindhi)		 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 33.3% 0 4.8% 0 0 0 4.8% 0 0 52.4% 0 4.8% 0 Sengupta2006[8]
Sinhalese (Sri Lanka) IE
(Sinhala)		 39 0 0 10.3% 0 10.3% 0 10.3% 0 18% 0 0 0 0 0 0 12.8% 0 38.5% 0 Kivisild2003[18]
Sri Lanka IE
(Sinhala)		 74 0 0 9% 0 15% 0 14% 1% 19% 0 0 3% 0 0 0 27% 0 12% 0 Mustak2019[33]
Sourashtrians (Tamil Nadu, India) IE (Gujarati),
Dr (Tamil)		 46 6.5% 0 4.4% 0 15.2% 0 2.2% 0 26.1% 0 2.2% 0 0 0 0 39.1% 0 4.3% 0 Cordaux2004[28]
South Indian Tribals (South India) Dr (Dravidian),
AA (Austroasiatic)		 315 8.6% 0 18.1% 0 31.1% 0 2.9% 0 7% 0 6.7% 6% 0 0 0 8.9% 0 4.4% 0 DE=0.6% Cordaux2004[28]
South castes (South India) Dr
(Dravidian)		 447 5.1% 0 11.9% 0 14.1% 0 9.8% 5.6% 21.9% 0 1.6% 1.9% 0 0 0 13.6% 0 10.6% 0 Cordaux2004[28]
Sri Lanka IE (Sinhala),
Dr (Tamil)		 91 3.3% 0 9.9% 5.5% 25.3% 0 19.8% 0 15.4% 0 1.1% 3.3% 0 0 0 13.2% 0 0 0 Karafet2005[34]
Sri Lankan Tamils (UK) Dr
(Tamil)		 55 1.8% 0 0 0 29.1% 0 14.5% 0 18.2% 0 0 0 3.6% 0 0 27.3% 0 5.5% 0 Poznik2016[16]
Sunni (India) IE
(Urdu)		 104 7.7% 0 2% 5.8% 10.6% 0 15.4% 2% 3.8% 0 2.9% 2% 0 0 0 28.8% 0 19.2% 0 Zhao2009[19]
Tamil Nadu (India) Dr
(Tamil)		 1680 4.4% 0.3% 16.3% 3.1% 23.6% 0 2.1% 14.0% 2.0% 0 0.4% 1.5% 2.0% 12.7% 0 8.2% 0 0.8% 0 ArunKumar 2012[35]
Terai Hindus (Terai, Nepal) IE
(Nepali)		 26 11.5% 0 0 0 3.8% 0 3.8% 0 0 0 3.8% 0 0 0 0 69.2% 0 3.8% 0 Fornarino2009[15]
Tharu (Nepal) IE
(Tharu)		 171 0.6% 0 0 0 25.7% 0 14% 0 2.3% 0 36.8% 0 1.2% 0 0 8.8% 0 4.7% 0 Fornarino2009[15]
Tripuri (Bangladesh) ST
(Kokborok)		 107 0 9.41% 0 1.18% 3.53% 3.53% 10.59% 0 65.88% 0 0 0 4.71% 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hasan2019[17]
Uttar Pradesh (South) Kols (Uttar Pradesh, India) AA
(Munda)		 54 0 0 0 0 11.11% 0 33.34% 0 0 0 40.74% 0 0 0 0 14.81% 0 0 0 Sharma2009[20]
Uttar Pradesh (South) Gonds (Uttar Pradesh, India) Dr
(Gondi)		 37 0 0 0 0 59.46% 0 18.92% 10.81% 0 2.7% 8.11% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sharma2009[20]
Uttar Pradesh Brahmin (Uttar Pradesh, India) IE
(Hindi)		 31 0 0 0 0 16.13% 0 3.23% 0 3.21% 0 0 0 6.46% 0 0 67.74% 0 3.23% 0 Sharma2009[20]
West Bengal Brahmins (West Bengal, India) IE
(Bengali)		 18 0 0 0 0 5.56% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 72.22% 0 22.22% 0 Sharma2009[20]

Chronological development of haplogroups

Haplogroup Possible time of origin Possible place of origin Possible TMRCA[36]
A00 235,900[36] or 275,000 years ago[37] Africa[38] 37,600 years ago
CT 88,000[36] or 101-100,000 years ago[39][40] Africa 68,500 years ago
C 65,900[36] or 50,000-70,000 years ago[41] Indian subcontinent[41] (part of first migration out of Africa to Southeast Asia through Coastal India[4]) 48,800 years ago
E 65,200,[36] 69,000,[39] or 73,000 years ago[40] Northeast Africa[42] or Middle East[43] (part of second migration out of Africa, initially settled in the Middle East[4]) 52,300 years ago
F 65,900 years ago[36] Northeast Africa[4] or Middle East[4] (its descendants are present in nearly 90% of all non-African populations[4]) 48,800 years ago
GHIJK 49,000 - 59,000 years ago[44] Indian subcontinent or Southeast Asia[45] 48,500 years ago
HIJK 48,500 - 59,000 years ago[36][44] Eurasia 48,500 years ago
G more than 48,500 years ago[36] Eastern edge of Iranian plateau,[4] close to the Indus valley[4] (border of Middle East and Indian subcontinent[4]) 25,200 years ago
K 47,200 years ago[36] Iran[4] or South Central Asia[4] 45,400 years ago
H 45,400 years ago[36] Middle East or South Central Asia,[4] known as "Indian Marker"[4][46][47] 45,600 years ago
P 45,400 years ago[36] South Central Asia,[4] North of Hindu Kush mountains[4] 41,500 years ago
J 42,900 years ago[36][42] Mesopotamia in northern Fertile Crescent region of the Middle East[4] 31,600 years ago
I 42,900 years ago[36] Europe, Near East, Central Asia, known as the "European Haplogroup"[4] 27,500 years ago
L 42,600 years ago[36] Eastern Iranian plateau in the Middle East[48][19][49] or Pamir Mountains of Tajikistan in South-Central Asia[4][50][47] 23,100 years ago
T 42,600 years ago[36] Europe,[4] Middle East,[51][52] Northeast Africa[4] 26,900 years ago
O 41,750[53] or 36,800 years ago[36] Central or East Asia[4] 30,500 years ago
N 36,800 years ago[36][54] North Eurasia[55] or East Asia[54] 22,000 years ago
R 31,900 years ago[36] Central Asia (from Caspian sea to border of Western China)[4] or Siberia[4] 28,200 years ago
Q 31,700 years ago[56][57] Southern Siberia (adjacent to the border between Central Asia and North Asia)[4][56][57] 28,700 years ago
J-M172 (J2) 31,600 years ago[36][42] Iranian plateau in Middle East 27,600 years ago
R-M173 (R1) 28,200 years ago[36] Central Asia 22,800 years ago
R-M479 (R2) 28,200 years ago[36] Indian subcontinent or South Central Asia 16,300 years ago
R-M420 (R1a) 22,800 years ago[36][20] Eurasia 18,200 years ago
R-M17 (R1a1) 13,000[20] or 18,000 years ago[58] Eurasian Steppe[4] or Indian subcontinent[20][8]
R-M343 (R1b) 22,800 years ago[36][59] Eurasia[60] 20,400 years ago

See also

References

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