Dnepr (rocket): Difference between revisions

Dnepr (Dnipro/Konversiya)
Function	Orbital carrier rocket
Manufacturer	Yuzhnoye (design); Yuzhmash (manufacturing); Khartron (control system);
Country of origin	Soviet Union (original build),; Ukraine (commercial launches after 1999)
Size
Height	34.3 metres (113 ft)
Diameter	3 metres (9.8 ft)
Mass	211,000 kilograms (465,000 lb)
Stages	3
Capacity
Payload to LEO
Mass	4,500 kilograms (9,900 lb)
Payload to the ISS
Mass	3,200 kilograms (7,100 lb)
Payload to SSO
Mass	2,300 kilograms (5,100 lb)
Payload to TLI
Mass	550 kilograms (1,210 lb) (with ST-1)
Associated rockets
Based on	R-36M;
Launch history
Status	Active
Launch sites	Site 109/95, Baikonur; LC-13, Yasny
Total launches	22
Success(es)	21
Failure(s)	1
First flight	21 April 1999
Last flight	25 March 2015
First stage
Powered by	1 RD-264 module; (four RD-263 engines)
Maximum thrust	4,520 kN (1,020,000 lbf)
Specific impulse	318 s (3.12 km/s)
Burn time	130 seconds
Propellant	N2O4 / UDMH
Second stage
Powered by	1 RD-0255 module; (one RD-0256 main engine and one RD-0257 vernier)
Maximum thrust	755 kN (170,000 lbf)
Specific impulse	340 s (3.3 km/s)
Burn time	190 seconds
Propellant	N2O4 / UDMH
Third stage
Powered by	1 RD-864
Maximum thrust	20.2 kN (4,500 lbf)
Specific impulse	309 s (3.03 km/s)
Burn time	1,000 seconds
Propellant	N2O4 / UDMH
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Template:Launching/Dnepr

The Dnepr rocket (Template:Lang-ua; [Днепр, Dnepr] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)) is a space launch vehicle named after the Dnieper River. It is a converted ICBM used for launching artificial satellites into orbit, operated by launch service provider ISC Kosmotras. The first launch, on April 21, 1999, successfully placed UoSAT-12, a 350 kg demonstration mini-satellite, into a 650 km circular Low Earth orbit.^[1]^[2]

History

The Dnepr is based on the R-36 Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) – called the SS-18 Satan by NATO – designed in the 1970s by the Yuzhnoe Design Bureau in Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine, which was then a part of the USSR.

The Dnepr control system was developed and produced by the JSC "Khartron", Kharkiv. The Dnepr is a three-stage rocket using storable hypergolic liquid propellants. The launch vehicles used for satellite launches have been withdrawn from ballistic missile service with the Russian Strategic Rocket Forces and stored for commercial use. A group of a total of 150 ICBMs were allowed under certain geopolitical disarmament protocols to be converted for use, and can be launched through 2020. The Dnepr is launched from the Russian-controlled Baikonur cosmodrome in Kazakhstan and the Dombarovsky launch base, near Yasny, in the Orenburg region of Russia.

In February 2015, following a year of strained relations as a result of a Russian military intervention into Ukraine, Russia announced that it would sever its "joint program with Ukraine to launch Dnepr rockets and [was] no longer interested in buying Ukrainian Zenit boosters, deepening problems for [Ukraine's] space program and its struggling Yuzhmash factory."^[3] However ISC Kosmotras reported that they would continue to fulfill its obligations for three Dnepr launches in 2015 from which only one took place.^[4]

Performance

The Dnepr launch vehicle has only a small number of modifications compared to the R-36M ICBM in service. The main difference is the payload adapter located in the space head module and modified flight-control unit. This baseline version can lift 3,600 kg into a 300 km low earth orbit at an inclination of 50.6°, or 2,300 kg to a 300 km sun-synchronous orbit at an inclination of 98.0°. On a typical mission the Dnepr deploys a larger main payload and a secondary payload of Miniaturized satellites and CubeSats.

Launch history

Before the Dnepr entered commercial service it was in service with the Strategic Rocket Forces which launched the ICBM version over 160 times with a reliability of 97%. The rocket has been used several times for commercial purposes with a single failure.

The Dnepr has at two points held the record for the most satellites orbited in a single launch; the April 2007 launch with 14 payloads held the record until 20 November 2013, when an American Minotaur I placed 29 satellites and two experiment packages into orbit.^[5] The next day a Dnepr re-took the record, placing 32 satellites and an experiment package bolted to the upper stage into low Earth orbit.^[6] This record was broken by an Antares launch in January 2014 which carried 34 spacecraft.

Flight	Date (UTC)	Payload	Orbit	Site
1	April 21, 1999 04:59	UoSAT-12	LEO 650 km / 65˚	Baikonur
2	September 26, 2000 10:05	MegSat-1 (Italy) UniSat (Italy) TiungSat-1 (Malaysia) SaudiSat-1A/1B (Saudi Arabia)	LEO 650 km / 65˚	Baikonur
3	December 20, 2002 17:00	LatinSat 1/2 (Argentina) SaudiSat-1S (Saudi Arabia) UniSat 2 (Italy) Rubin 2 (Germany) TrailBlazer Test (USA)	LEO 650 km / 65˚	Baikonur
4	June 29, 2004 06:30	Demeter (France) Saudicomsat-1/2 (Saudi Arabia) SaudiSat 2 (Saudi Arabia) LatinSat C/D (Argentina) Unisat-3 (Italy) Amsat Echo (USA)	SSO 700 × 850 km / 98˚	Baikonur
5	August 23, 2005 21:10	OICETS (Japan) INDEX / Reimei (Japan)	SSO 600 × 550 km / 98˚	Baikonur
6	July 12, 2006 14:53	Genesis I (USA)	LEO 560 km / 65˚	Yasny
7	July 26, 2006 19:43	BelKA (Belarus) UniSat-4 (Italy) PiCPoT (Italy) Baumanets (Russia) AeroCube-1 PolySat CP-1/2 ICEcube-1/2 ION KUTESat Merope Rincon 1 Mea Huaka`i (Voyager) (USA) SACRED (USA) HAUSAT-1 (South Korea) Ncube-1 (Norway) SEEDS (Japan)	failed to reach orbit	Baikonur
8	April 17, 2007 06:46	EgyptSat 1 SaudiSat 3 SaudiComSat 3-7 PolySat CP-3/4 CAPE-1 Libertad 1 (Colombia) AeroCube 2 CubeSat TestBed 1 MAST	SSO 692 × 665 km / 98˚^[7]	Baikonur
9	June 15, 2007 02:14	TerraSAR-X	LEO 514 km / 97˚^[8]	Baikonur
10	June 28, 2007 15:02	Genesis II	LEO 560 km / 65˚	Yasny
11	August 29, 2008 07:16	RapidEye 1-5	^[9]	Baikonur
12	October 1, 2008 06:37	THEOS	SSO	Yasny
13	July 29, 2009 18:46	DubaiSat-1 Deimos-1 UK-DMC 2 Nanosat 1B AprizeSat-3/4	SSO	Baikonur
14	April 8, 2010 13:57	Cryosat-2	Polar	Baikonur
15	June 15, 2010 14:42	Prisma PICARD BPA-1	SSO	Yasny
16	June 21, 2010 02:14	TanDEM-X	LEO	Baikonur
17	August 17, 2011 07:12	Sich-2 NigeriaSat-2 NigeriaSat-X RASAT EduSAT AprizeSat-5/6 BPA-2	LEO	Yasny
18^[10]	August 22, 2013 14:39	KOMPSat-5	LEO	Yasny
19^[11]	November 21, 2013 07:10	STSAT-3 DubaiSat-2 SkySat 1 WNISAT 1 Lem (BRITE-PL) AprizeSat-7/8 UniSat 5 Delfi-n3Xt Dove 3/4 Triton 1 CINEMA 2/3 OPTOS CubeBug 2 GOMX 1 NEE-02 Krysaor FUNcube-1 HiNCube ZACUBE-1 ICube 1 HumSat-D PUCP-SAT 1 First-MOVE UWE 3 VELOX-P 2 BeakerSat 1 $50SAT QubeScout S1 Wren Pocket-PUCP BPA 3	LEO	Yasny
20^[12]	June 19, 2014 19:11	Deimos-2 KazEOSat 2 UniSat 6 SaudiSat-4 AprizeSat-9/10 Hodoyoshi 3 / Hodoyoshi 4 BRITE CA-1/2 TabletSat-Aurora BugSat 1 Perseus-M 1/2 QB50 P1/P2 NanoSatC-Br 1 DTUSat 2 POPSAT-HIP 1 PolyITAN 1 PACE Duchifat-1 Flock-1c 1-11 AeroCube 6 Lemur 1 ANTELSAT Tigrisat	LEO	Yasny
21^[13]	November 6, 2014 07:35	ASNARO 1 Hodoyoshi 1 ChubuSat 1 Tsubame QSAT-EOS	LEO	Yasny
22^[14]	March 25, 2015 22:08	KOMPSat-3A	LEO	Yasny

Launch failure

The committee investigating the failed launch on July 26, 2006 concluded that the failure was caused by a malfunctioning of the pumping hydraulic drive of combustion chamber #4. The control malfunctioning brought about the disturbances, which led to the roll instability, excessive dispersions of the yaw and pitch angles. Thrust termination occurred at 74 seconds after lift off. The crash site was located 150 km from the launch pad in an unpopulated area of Kazakhstan. Toxic propellants did pollute the crash site, forcing Russia to pay US$1.1m in compensation.^[15] The rocket used for this launch was more than twenty years old. Procedures for launch have been changed to prevent future malfunctions of this kind.

References

^ "The Dnepr launcher". RussianSpaceWeb.com.
^ "UoSAT-12 Integrates with Dnepr for Launch on 21 April". Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd.
^ Messier, Doug (6 February 2015). "Russia Severing Ties With Ukraine on Dnepr, Zenit Launch Programs". Parabolic Arc. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
^ Clark, Stephen (6 February 2015). "Customers assured of Dnepr rocket's near-term availability". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
^ Graham, William (20 November 2013). "Orbital's Minotaur I successfully lofts multitude of payloads". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
^ Graham, William (21 November 2013). "Russian Dnepr conducts record breaking 32 satellite haul". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
^ "EgyptSat 1/Saudisat-3 launch details" (in Russian). Roskosmos.
^ "TerraSAR-X launch details" (in Russian). Roskosmos.
^ "Five RapidEye remote sensing satellites launched". Spaceflight Now.
^ William Graham (2013-08-22). "Russian Dnepr rocket launches with Arirang-5". NASASpaceflight.com.
^ Stephen Clark (21 November 2013). "Silo-launched Dnepr rocket delivers 32 satellites to space". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
^ Stephen Clark. "Russian Dnepr rocket lofts record haul of 37 satellites". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
^ Stephen Clark (6 November 2014). "Japanese satellites launched on Soviet-era missile". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
^ William Graham and Chris Bergin (2015-03-25). "Russia's Dnepr rocket launches Kompsat-3A mission". NASASpaceflight.com.
^ "Russia to pay Kazakhstan over US$1 million in compensation for damage from rocket crash". International Herald Tribune. 2006-10-03.

External links

"Kosmotras launch service provider".
"DNEPR User's guide" (PDF). MIT. November 2001.
"Astronautix entry - R-36M2".
"Space Calendar (JPL)". NASA.
"Riding the strangest rocket in the world". BBC. March 2010.

[1] "The Dnepr launcher". RussianSpaceWeb.com.

[2] "UoSAT-12 Integrates with Dnepr for Launch on 21 April". Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd.

[pa20150206-3] Messier, Doug (6 February 2015). "Russia Severing Ties With Ukraine on Dnepr, Zenit Launch Programs". Parabolic Arc. Retrieved 8 February 2015.

[sfn20150206-4] Clark, Stephen (6 February 2015). "Customers assured of Dnepr rocket's near-term availability". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 8 February 2015.

[5] Graham, William (20 November 2013). "Orbital's Minotaur I successfully lofts multitude of payloads". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved 22 November 2013.

[6] Graham, William (21 November 2013). "Russian Dnepr conducts record breaking 32 satellite haul". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved 22 November 2013.

[7] "EgyptSat 1/Saudisat-3 launch details" (in Russian). Roskosmos.

[8] "TerraSAR-X launch details" (in Russian). Roskosmos.

[9] "Five RapidEye remote sensing satellites launched". Spaceflight Now.

[10] William Graham (2013-08-22). "Russian Dnepr rocket launches with Arirang-5". NASASpaceflight.com.

[11] Stephen Clark (21 November 2013). "Silo-launched Dnepr rocket delivers 32 satellites to space". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 22 November 2013.

[12] Stephen Clark. "Russian Dnepr rocket lofts record haul of 37 satellites". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 19 June 2014.

[13] Stephen Clark (6 November 2014). "Japanese satellites launched on Soviet-era missile". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 7 November 2014.

[14] William Graham and Chris Bergin (2015-03-25). "Russia's Dnepr rocket launches Kompsat-3A mission". NASASpaceflight.com.

[15] "Russia to pay Kazakhstan over US$1 million in compensation for damage from rocket crash". International Herald Tribune. 2006-10-03.

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 == History ==
-The Dnepr is based on the [[R-36 (missile)|R-36MUTTH]] [[Intercontinental ballistic missile]] (ICBM){{spaced ndash}}called the ''SS-18 Satan'' by NATO{{spaced ndash}}designed in the 1970s by the [[Yuzhnoe Design Bureau]] in [[Dnipropetrovsk]], [[Ukraine]], which was then a part of the [[USSR]].
+The Dnepr is based on the [[R-36 (missile)|R-36]] [[Intercontinental ballistic missile]] (ICBM){{spaced ndash}}called the ''SS-18 Satan'' by NATO{{spaced ndash}}designed in the 1970s by the [[Yuzhnoe Design Bureau]] in [[Dnipropetrovsk]], [[Ukraine]], which was then a part of the [[USSR]].
 The Dnepr control system was developed and produced by the [[Khartron|JSC "Khartron"]], [[Kharkiv]]. The Dnepr is a [[multistage rocket|three-stage]] rocket using storable [[hypergolic]] liquid propellants. The launch vehicles used for satellite launches have been withdrawn from ballistic missile service with the [[Russian Strategic Rocket Forces]] and stored for commercial use. A group of a total of 150 ICBMs were allowed under certain geopolitical disarmament protocols to be converted for use, and can be launched through 2020. The Dnepr is launched from the Russian-controlled [[Baikonur]] cosmodrome in [[Kazakhstan]] and the [[Dombarovsky (air base)|Dombarovsky]] launch base, near Yasny, in the Orenburg region of [[Russia]].

v t e Soviet and Russian launch vehicles
Active	Angara 1.2 A5 Soyuz-2 2.1a 2.1b 2-1v UR Proton-M
In development	Amur Irtysh Yenisei
Retired	Dnepr Energia Kosmos 1 2I 3 3M N1 R-7 Luna Molniya M L Polyot Soyuz original L M U U2 FG Soyuz/Vostok Sputnik Voskhod Vostok L K 2 2M R-29 Shtil' Volna Start-1 Tsyklon original 2 3 UR UR-500 Proton-K Rokot Strela Zenit 2 2M 3SL 3SLB 3F
Cancelled (no launch attempts)	Tsyklon-4 Proton Light Medium

v t e Orbital launch systems
List of orbital launch systems Comparison of orbital launch systems
Current	Angara 1.2 A5 Ariane 6 Atlas V Ceres 1 1S Chollima-1 Electron Falcon 9 Block 5 Falcon Heavy Firefly Alpha Gravity-1 GSLV H-IIA H3 Hyperbola-1 Jielong 1 3 KAIROS^† Kaituozhe 2 Kinetica 1 Kuaizhou 1 1A 11 Long March 2C 2D 2F 3A 3B/E 3C 4B 4C 5 5B 6 6A 7 7A 8 11 11H LVM3 Minotaur I IV V C Nuri OS-M1^† Pegasus XL Proton-M PSLV Qaem 100 Qased RS1^† Shavit 2 Simorgh SLS Block 1 Soyuz-2 2.1a / STA 2.1b / STB 2-1v SSLV Starship Tianlong-2 Unha Vega C Vulcan Centaur Zhuque 2
In development	Antares 330 Bloostar Cyclone-4M Deca Epsilon S Eris Gravity-2 Hyperbola-2 Irtysh Kuaizhou 21 31 Long March 9 10 12 Miura 5 MLV Neutron New Glenn New Line 1 NGLV Nova OS-M 2 4 Orbex Prime Pallas-1 Red Dwarf SLS Block 1B Block 2 Soyuz-7 Terran R Tianlong-3 VLM Vega E Zero Zhuque 3 Zuljanah
Retired	Antares 110 120 130^† 230 230+ Ariane 1 2 3 4 5 ASLV Athena I II Atlas B D E/F G H I II III LV-3B SLV-3 Able^† Agena Centaur Black Arrow Conestoga^† Delta A B C D E G J L M N 0100 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 II III IV IV Heavy Diamant Dnepr Energia Epsilon Europa I^† II^† Falcon 1 Falcon 9 v1.0 v1.1 v1.2 "Full Thrust" Feng Bao 1 GSLV Mk I H-I H-II H-IIB Juno I Juno II Kaituozhe-1 Kosmos original 1 2/2I 3 3M Lambda 4S LauncherOne Long March 1 1D^† 2A 2E 3 3B 4A Mu 4S 3C 3H 3S 3SII V N1^† N-I N-II Naro-1 Paektusan^† Pilot-2^† R-7 Luna Molniya M L Polyot Soyuz original FG L M U U2 Soyuz/Vostok Sputnik Voskhod Vostok L K 2 2M R-29 Shtil' Volna^† Rocket 3 Safir 1 1A 1B Saturn I IB V Scout X-1 Blue Scout II^† X-2^† X-2M X-3 X-3M X-4 X-2B^† B A B-1 D-1 A-1 E-1 F-1 G-1 Shavit original 1 SLV Space Shuttle SPARK^† Sparta SS-520 Start-1 Terran 1^† Thor Able Ablestar 1 2 Agena A B D Burner 1 2 Delta DSV-2U Thorad-Agena SLV-2G SLV-2H Titan II GLV IIIA IIIB IIIC IIID IIIE 34D 23G CT-3 IV Tsyklon R-36-O original 2 3 Universal Rocket UR-500 Proton Proton-K Rokot Strela Vanguard Vega original VLS-1^† Zenit 2 2M 2FG 3SL 3SLB 3F Zhuque 1^†
Classes	Sounding rocket Small-lift launch vehicle Medium-lift launch vehicle Heavy-lift launch vehicle Super heavy-lift launch vehicle
This Template lists historical, current, and future space rockets that at least once attempted (but not necessarily succeeded in) an orbital launch or that are planned to attempt such a launch in the future Symbol ^† indicates past or current rockets that attempted orbital launches but never succeeded (never did or has yet to perform a successful orbital launch)