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|at least 76[http://books.google.com/books?id=9i0QAAAAIAAJ&q=Two+thirds+of+Salihli,+with+a+population+of+10,000,+only+a+tenth+of+whom+were+Greeks,+had+been+burned+over,+seventy-six+people+were+known+to+have+burned+to+death,+and+a+hundred+young+girls+were+said+to+have+been+taken+away+by+Greek&dq=Two+thirds+of+Salihli,+with+a+population+of+10,000,+only+a+tenth+of+whom+were+Greeks,+had+been+burned+over,+seventy-six+people+were+known+to+have+burned+to+death,+and+a+hundred+young+girls+were+said+to+have+been+taken+away+by+Greek&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=LZe1UZmlBuyS0QW95YD4DA&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA [1<nowiki>]</nowiki>]
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|200[http://www.google.com/webhp?hl=nl&tab=ww#hl=nl&tbm=bks&sclient=psy-ab&q=which+was+one+third+of+Ushak.+We+stopped+the+passers-by+and+questioned+them.+The+reports+of+atrocities+were+becoming+grimmer.+Two+hundred+people+had+been+killed%2C+or+burned%2C+including+women&oq=which+was+one+third+of+Ushak.+We+stopped+the+passers-by+and+questioned+them.+The+reports+of+atrocities+were+becoming+grimmer.+Two+hundred+people+had+been+killed%2C+or+burned%2C+including+women&gs_l=serp.12...22559.23710.3.24299.1.1.0.0.0.0.50.50.1.1.0...0.0...1c..16.serp.3VG3QlDibL0&psj=1&bav=on.2,or.r_qf.&fp=1d0d5e2d7d41717&biw=1366&bih=643 [1<nowiki>]</nowiki>]
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Revision as of 09:08, 10 June 2013

The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in Turkey and its predecessors (numbers may be approximate, as estimates vary greatly):


Ottoman Empire (till 1914)

Name Date Location Deaths Responsible Party Victims Notes
Constantinople Massacre 1821 Constantinople unknown Ottoman government Greeks Greek Orthodox Patriarch Gregory V and other notables were executed, while local Muslims were encouraged to attack the Greek population.
Massacres of Badr Khan 1840 Hakkari 10,000[1] Kurdish Emirs of Buhtan, Hakkari Badr Khan, and Noorallah Christians Many who were not killed were sold into slavery
Hamidian massacres 1894–1896 Anatolia, Ottoman Empire 100,000-300,000[2] Ottoman Empire/Young Turk government Christian Armenians and Assyrians Many women were raped and forced into harems, and many women and children were sold as slaves
Massacres in Erzurum[3][4] 10/30/1895 Erzurum 1,500[5]-60,000+[citation needed] Ottoman soldiers and local Muslims Christian Armenians[6] Approximately 90 percent of the Armenians of Erzurum province were killed.[7]
Massacres of Diyarbakir (1895)[8] 10/25/1895 Diyarbakir 3,000[9]-25,000[10] Kurdish irregulars, Ottoman governors Christian Armenians and Assyrians
Adana massacre April 13, 1909 Adana Vilayet 15,000-30,000[11][12][13] Ottoman Empire/Young Turk government Armenian Christians

World War I (1914-1918)

Name Date Location Deaths Responsible Party Victims Notes
Greek genocide[14][15][16][17] 1914–1923 various 500,000-2,000,000 Ottoman Empire Greek Christians Reports detail systematic massacres, deportations, individual killings, rapes, burning of entire Greek villages, destruction of Greek Orthodox churches and monasteries, drafts for "Labor Brigades", looting, terrorism and other atrocities[18][19]
Assyrian genocide[20] 1914–1925 Ottoman Empire 270,000 - 750,000 Ottoman Empire/Young Turk government Assyrian Christians Denied by the Turkish government
Armenian Genocide[21] 1915–1923 various 600,000-1,800,000 Young Turk government Armenian Christians Denied by the Turkish government; is the second most studied case of genocide after the Holocaust
Massacres in the vilayet of Mamuretülaziz 1915 Harput, Vilayet of Mamuret-ul-Aziz more than 1,700 families; at least 6,000 men Ottoman government Armenian Christians Part of Armenian Genocide
Massacres in the Chorukh river valley 1914-1916 Artvin Province, Ardahan Province 45,000 civilians[22] Russian army, Cossack regiments, Armenian paramilitaries. Local Muslims During WWI the Russian army with Armenian paramilitaries launched a scorched earth policy against Muslim settlements in the Chorukh river valley, Muslim villages were destroyed.[23]

Greco-Turkish War (1919-1923)

Name Date Location Deaths Responsible Party Victims Notes
Greek landing at Smyrna May 15-16, 1919 Smyrna 300-600 killed Greeks Turks The orderly landing of the Greek army soon turned into a riot against the local Turkish population by local Greeks and Greek soldiers. Stores and houses were looted, many cases of beatings, rape, killing. Estimates for killed Greeks are between 22-32, for Turks between 300-600.
Menemen massacre June 16–17, 1919 Menemen 100-1,000 Greeks Turks
Battle of Aydın June 27- July 4, 1919 Aydın 2,000-3,000 Greeks&Turks Turks&Greeks The Greek army occupied the city which was later taken by Turkish irregulars and then again by the Greeks. This resulted in the destruction of most of the city and massacres for both sides. Killed Greeks were estimated as 1,500-2,000, Turks as 1,200-2,000.
Iznik-Izmit region 9 June - 27 August 1920 Ortaköy, Geyve, Akhisar, Iznik at least hundreds or 1,520-1,620[24] Turkish irregulars Greeks Justin McCarthy: "The following are the figures of the Armenian and/or Greek patriarchates. The British warned that they contained "exaggerations."It can be assumed that the actual numbers were lower, but that the massacres actually did take place 9 June, Ortaköy, 270, 10 July, Geyve, 500, 15 July, Akhisar, 350, 27 August, Iznik, 400-500....I have not included some fanciful statements, e.g., "Fouladjik," where 400 were supposedly hanged, or the "village" of Foundouklia," where 1,700 men were supposedly shut up in one village church and many killed, etc"[25]
Gemlik-Yalova Peninsula Massacres 1920-21 Gemlik/Yalova Peninsula 5,500[26]-6,500[27] Greeks troops, local Greeks and Armenians Turks civilians The perpetrators were Greek troops and local Greek and Armenian gangs, who burned down Orhangazi, Yenişehir, Armutlu. In total 27 villages were razed and their population fled. In Armutlu women were methodically raped.[28]
Bilecik March-April 1921 Bilecik, Sögüt, Bozüyük 208 killed 226 raped.[29] Greeks troops, local Greeks Turks The town of Bilecik and crops were burned down by the retreating Greek army, local people were massacred.[30]Bilecik , Sögüt, Bozüyük and dozens of neighboring villages were burned or plundered by the hastily retreating Greek army, there haste limited the destruction.[31]
Izmit 24 June 1921 Izmit 300[32] Greek troops Turks Up to 300 people, mostly men, were executed by Greek troops. There bodies were buried in a mass grave outside the town. Arnold J. Toynbee was a reporter who described these events in the Manchester Guardian.[33]
Salihli September 1922 Salihli at least 76[1] Greeks Turks The city was burned by the retreating Greek army.[34] 65% of the buildings were destroyed.[dubious – discuss]
Turgutlu September 1922 Turgutlu 1,000[34] Greeks Turks The city was burned by the retreating Greek army.[34] 90% of the buildings were destroyed, 1,000 died.[34]
Uşak September 1922 Uşak 200[1] Greeks Turks The city was burned by the retreating Greek army.[34]33% of the buildings were destroyed.[dubious – discuss]
Akhisar 1922 Akhisar 7,000[35] Turkish Army Greeks As a result of the capture of the city by the Turkish nationalist army, all remaining local Greeks were murdered. Since then there is no Christian community in the city.[35]
Alaşehir September 1922 Alaşehir 3,000[36] Greeks Turks The city was burned by the retreating Greek army.[34]
Ayvalik 1922 Ayvalik 2,977[37] Turkish Army and paramilitaries Greeks The remaining Greek population, apart from 23 persons, was murdered.[37]
Catastrophe of Smyrna September 13–22, 1922 Smyrna 10,000-100,000[38][39] Turkish forces Greek and Armenian Christians Greeks and Armenians were massacred by Turkish forces in the aftermath of a devastating fire that destroyed their quarters in the city

Republic of Turkey (1923-present)

Name Date Location Deaths Responsible Party Victims Notes
Zilan massacre July 1930 Van Province 4,500-47,000[40] Turkish security forces Sunni Kurds 5,000 women, children, and the elderly were reportedly killed[41]
Dersim Massacre Summer 1937-Spring 1938 Tunceli Province 13,806-70,000[42] Turkish security forces Alevi Zazas The killings have been condemned by some as an ethnocide or genocide[43][44]
Istanbul Pogrom 6–7 September 1955 Istanbul, Izmir, Hatay 13-30[45] Turkish government Greek and Armenian Christians, Jews The killings are identified as genocidal by Alfred-Maurice de Zayas.[46] Many of the minorities, mostly Greek Christians, forced to leave Turkey. Several churches are demolished by explosives.
Taksim Square massacre May 1, 1977 Taksim Square in Istanbul 34[47]-42[48] Turkish government Leftist demonstrators
Bahçelievler massacre October 9, 1978 Bahçelievler, Ankara 7[49] Neo-fascists Leftist students
Maraş Massacre December 19–26, 1978 Kahramanmaraş Province 109[50] Grey Wolves[50] Alevi Kurds
Çorum Massacre May–July, 1980 Çorum Province 57[51] Grey Wolves Alevi Turks
Sivas massacre[52] July 2, 1993 Sivas, Turkey 37 Islamists Alevi intellectuals
Gazi Quarter massacre March 15, 1995 Istanbul and Ankara 23[53] Turkish government Alevi Turks More than 400 injured[53]
  • Aftermath of the massacres at Erzurum
    Aftermath of the massacres at Erzurum
  • An Armenian town left pillaged and destroyed, during the Adana massacre
    An Armenian town left pillaged and destroyed, during the Adana massacre
  • Photo taken after the Smyrna fire. The text inside indicates that the photo had been taken by representatives of the Red Cross in Smyrna
    Photo taken after the Smyrna fire. The text inside indicates that the photo had been taken by representatives of the Red Cross in Smyrna
  • Armenian woman kneeling beside dead child in field "within sight of help and safety at Aleppo"
    Armenian woman kneeling beside dead child in field "within sight of help and safety at Aleppo"

References

  1. ^ Gaunt & Beṯ-Şawoce 2006, p. 32
  2. ^ Akçam, Taner. A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006, p. 42. ISBN 0-8050-7932-7.
  3. ^ Erzerum, The Nuttall Encyclopædia, http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Wood-NuttallEncyclopaedia/e/erzerum.html
  4. ^ The Parliamentary Debates - Page 39 by Great Britain Parliament, Great Britain [date missing]
  5. ^ British Diplomacy and the Armenian Question, Arman Dzhonovich Kirakosian, page 260, 2003
  6. ^ MASSACRE OF CHRISTIANS. - Washington Post (1877-1954) - Washington, D.C. [page needed][date missing]
  7. ^ Hewsen. "Summit of the Earth", p. 60.
  8. ^ de Courtois 2004, p. 105
  9. ^ British Diplomacy and the Armenian Question, Arman Dzhonovich Kirakosian, page 260, 2003
  10. ^ Angold, Michael (2006), O’Mahony, Anthony (ed.), Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 5, Eastern Christianity, Cambridge University Press, p. 512, ISBN 978-0521811132
  11. ^ Akcam, Taner. A Shameful Act. 2006, page 69–70: "fifteen to twenty thousand Armenians were killed"
  12. ^ "30,000 KILLED IN MASSACRES". The New York Times. April 25, 1909. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  13. ^ Century of Genocide: Eyewitness Accounts and Critical Views By Samuel. Totten, William S. Parsons, Israel W. Charny
  14. ^ IAGS Resolution on Genocides committed by the Ottoman Empire retrieved via the Internet Archive (PDF), International Association of Genocide Scholars
  15. ^ Genocide Resolution approved by Swedish Parliament — full text containing the IAGS resolution and the Swedish Parliament resolution from news.am
  16. ^ Gaunt, David. Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2006.
  17. ^ Schaller, Dominik J; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction". Journal of Genocide Research. 10 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1080/14623520801950820.
  18. ^ The New York Times Advanced search engine for article and headline archives (subscription necessary for viewing article content).
  19. ^ Alexander Westwood and Darren O'Brien, Selected bylines and letters from The New York Times, The Australian Institute for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 2006
  20. ^ Travis, Hannibal. "'Native Christians Massacred': The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians During World War I." Genocide Studies and Prevention, Vol. 1, No. 3, December 2006, pp. 327–371. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
  21. ^ Armenia: The Survival of A Nation by Christopher J. Walker, Croom Helm (Publisher) London 1980, pp. 200-203
  22. ^ Gerwarth, Robert; Horne, John (2012). War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe After the Great War. Oxford University Press. p. 176. ISBN 9780199654918.
  23. ^ Gerwarth, Robert; Horne, John (2012). War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe After the Great War. Oxford University Press. p. 176. ISBN 9780199654918.
  24. ^ Death and exile: the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922, Justin McCarthy, page 323, 1995
  25. ^ Death and exile: the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922, Justin McCarthy, page 323, 1995
  26. ^ McNeill, William H. (1989). Arnold J. Toynbee: A Life. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199923397. To protect their flanks from harassment, Greek military authorities then encouraged irregular bands of armed men to attack and destroy Turkish populations of the region they proposed to abandon. By the time the Red Crescent vessel arrived at Yalova from Constantinople in the last week of May, fourteen out of sixteen villages in that town's immediate hinterland had been destroyed, and there were only 1500 survivors from the 7000 Moslems who had been living in these communities.
  27. ^ http://e-dergi.atauni.edu.tr/index.php/taed/article/view/1438/1434
  28. ^ Sorrowful Shores, Ryan Gingeras, page 111-112, 2009
  29. ^ http://atam.gov.tr/bilecik-ve-cevresinde-yunan-mezalimi/
  30. ^ State-Nationalisms in the Ottoman Empire, Greece and Turkey: Benjamin C. Fortna,Stefanos Katsikas,Dimitris Kamouzis,Paraskevas Konortas, page 64, 2012
  31. ^ http://atam.gov.tr/bilecik-ve-cevresinde-yunan-mezalimi/
  32. ^ Sorrowful Shores, Ryan Gingeras, page 112, 2009
  33. ^ Sorrowful Shores, Ryan Gingeras, page 112, 2009
  34. ^ a b c d e f U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park to Secretary of State, Smyrna, 11 April 1923. US archives US767.68116/34
  35. ^ a b Jonsson, David J. (2005). The clash of ideologies : the making of the Christian and Islamic worlds. [Longwood, Fla.]: Xulon Press. p. 316. ISBN 9781597810395.
  36. ^ Mango, Atatürk, p. 343.
  37. ^ a b Clark, Bruce (2006). Twice a stranger : the mass expulsion that forged modern Greece and Turkey. Cambridge (Massachusetts): Harvard University Press. p. 25. ISBN 9780674023680.
  38. ^ Rudolph J. Rummel, Irving Louis Horowitz (1994). "Turkey's Genocidal Purges". Death by Government. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56000-927-6. {{cite book}}: Check |first= value (help), p. 233.
  39. ^ Naimark. Fires of Hatred, pp. 47-52.
  40. ^ M. Kalman, Belge, tanık ve yaşayanlarıyla Ağrı Direnişi 1926-1930, Pêrî Yayınları, İstanbul, 1997, ISBN 978-975-8245-01-7, p. 105. Template:Tr icon
  41. ^ Ahmet Kahraman, ibid, pp. 207-208. Template:Tr icon
  42. ^ "Dersim massacre monument to open next month". Today's Zaman. 24 October 2012. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
  43. ^ The Suppression of the Dersim Rebellion in Turkey (1937-38) Excerpts from: Martin van Bruinessen, "Genocide in Kurdistan? The suppression of the Dersim rebellion in Turkey (1937-38) and the chemical war against the Iraqi Kurds (1988)", in: George J. Andreopoulos (ed), Conceptual and historical dimensions of genocide. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994, pp. 141-170.
  44. ^ İsmail Besikçi, Tunceli Kanunu (1935) ve Dersim Jenosidi, Belge Yayınları, 1990.
  45. ^ Λιμπιτσιούνη, Ανθή Γ. "Το πλέγμα των ελληνοτουρκικών σχέσεων και η ελληνική μειονότητα στην Τουρκία, οι Έλληνες της Κωνσταντινούπολης της Ίμβρου και της Τενέδου" (PDF). University of Thessaloniki. p. 29.
  46. ^ Alfred de Zayas publication about the Istanbul Pogrom http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/865v4835x83m3757/
  47. ^ Özcan, Emine (2006-04-28). "1977 1 Mayıs Katliamı Aydınlatılsın". bianet (in Turkish).
  48. ^ Mavioglu, Ertugrul (2007-05-02). "30 yıl sonra kanlı 1 Mayıs (4)". Radikal (in Turkish). {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  49. ^ Yalçın, Soner (1997). "The Bahcelievler Massacre". Reis: Gladio’nun Türk Tetikçisi. Su Yayinlari. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  50. ^ a b A modern history of the Kurds, By David McDowall, page 415, at Google Books
  51. ^ Cüneyt Arcayürek: Darbeler ve Gizli Servisler, (Sayfa.221)
  52. ^ "Turkey commemorates 15th anniversary of Sivas massacre". Hürriyet. 2008-07-02. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
  53. ^ a b "Ergenekon zanlısı, Gazi mahallesi provokatörü çıktı -". Star Gazete (in Turkish). 2008-07-04. Retrieved 2012-02-18.
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