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Roscosmos withdrew in wake of Fobos-Grunt failure, because technical aspects were also used in Indian lunar project www.asianscientist.com/topnews/india-chandrayaan-2-moon-mission-delayed-after-russian-probe-failure-lev-zelyony-2012/
added refs on Russia's reasons to withdraw.
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|publisher= Earthtimes.org}}</ref> ISRO would have the prime responsibility for the orbiter and rover, while [[Roskosmos]] was to provide lander. The design of the space craft was completed in August 2009, with scientists of both countries conducting a joint review.<ref name="design_complete_1">{{cite news|url=http://www.domain-b.com/aero/space/spacemissions/20090817_chandrayaan-2_design.html|title=ISRO completes Chandrayaan-2 design news|date=2009-08-17|publisher=domain-b.com|accessdate=2009-08-20}}</ref><ref name="design_complete_2">{{cite news|url=http://en.rian.ru/world/20090817/155832962.html|title=India and Russia complete design of new lunar probe|date=2009-08-17|accessdate=2009-08-20}}</ref> The launch date might slip because the loss of the [[Fobos-Grunt]] mission which was a planned as a test for the Russian landing system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asianscientist.com/topnews/chang-e-3-china-first-moon-rover-launch-in-2013/ |title=CChang’e-3: China To Launch First Moon Rover In 2013 |date=7 March 2012 |publisher=Asian Scientist, |accessdate=31 March 2012}}</ref>
|publisher= Earthtimes.org}}</ref> ISRO would have the prime responsibility for the orbiter and rover, while [[Roskosmos]] was to provide lander. The design of the space craft was completed in August 2009, with scientists of both countries conducting a joint review.<ref name="design_complete_1">{{cite news|url=http://www.domain-b.com/aero/space/spacemissions/20090817_chandrayaan-2_design.html|title=ISRO completes Chandrayaan-2 design news|date=2009-08-17|publisher=domain-b.com|accessdate=2009-08-20}}</ref><ref name="design_complete_2">{{cite news|url=http://en.rian.ru/world/20090817/155832962.html|title=India and Russia complete design of new lunar probe|date=2009-08-17|accessdate=2009-08-20}}</ref> The launch date might slip because the loss of the [[Fobos-Grunt]] mission which was a planned as a test for the Russian landing system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asianscientist.com/topnews/chang-e-3-china-first-moon-rover-launch-in-2013/ |title=CChang’e-3: China To Launch First Moon Rover In 2013 |date=7 March 2012 |publisher=Asian Scientist, |accessdate=31 March 2012}}</ref>


Although ISRO finalized the payload for Chandrayaan-2 per schedule,<ref name=payload/> the mission was postponed,<ref name='postponed'/> and rescheduled to 2016 because Russia was unable to develop the lander on time.<ref name='delay'>{{cite news | first = Srinivas Laxman | title = India’s Chandrayaan-2 Moon Mission Likely Delayed After Russian Probe Failure | date = February 6, 2012 | url = http://www.asianscientist.com/topnews/india-chandrayaan-2-moon-mission-delayed-after-russian-probe-failure-lev-zelyony-2012/ | work = Asian Scientist | accessdate = 2012-04-05}}</ref><ref>[http://canindia.com/2012/09/indias-next-moon-mission-depends-on-russia/ ‘India’s next moon mission depends on Russia’]. (September 9, 2012)</ref> Roscosmos withdrew in wake of the failure of the Russian [[Phobos-Grunt]] mission to Mars, reason being technical aspects connected with the Phobos-Grunt mission were also used in the lunar projects, which need to be reviewed.<ref name='delay'/>
Although ISRO finalized the payload for Chandrayaan-2 per schedule,<ref name=payload/> the mission was postponed,<ref name='postponed'/> and rescheduled to 2016 because Russia was unable to develop the lander on time.<ref name='delay'>{{cite news | first = Srinivas Laxman | title = India’s Chandrayaan-2 Moon Mission Likely Delayed After Russian Probe Failure | date = February 6, 2012 | url = http://www.asianscientist.com/topnews/india-chandrayaan-2-moon-mission-delayed-after-russian-probe-failure-lev-zelyony-2012/ | work = Asian Scientist | accessdate = 2012-04-05}}</ref> <ref name=canindia>[http://canindia.com/2012/09/indias-next-moon-mission-depends-on-russia/ ‘India’s next moon mission depends on Russia’]. (September 9, 2012)</ref> Roscosmos withdrew in wake of the failure of the Russian [[Phobos-Grunt]] mission to Mars, reason being technical aspects connected with the Phobos-Grunt mission were also used in the lunar projects, which need to be reviewed.<ref name='delay'/> When Russia cited its inability to provide the lander even by 2015, India decided to develop the lunar mission independently.<ref name='postponed'/>
When Russia cited its inability to provide the lander even by 2015, India decided to develop the lunar mission independently.<ref name='postponed'/>


There is no time frame set for the mission as this mission requires the [[GSLV]] rocket, which is still in experimental stage. At least two successful [[GSLV]] test launches are required for it to be used as a launch vehicle.
There is no time frame set for the mission as this mission requires the [[GSLV]] rocket, which is still in experimental stage. At least two successful [[GSLV]] test launches are required for it to be used as a launch vehicle.
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The rover will weigh 30–100&nbsp;kg and will operate on solar power. The rover will move on wheels on the lunar surface, pick up samples of soil or rocks, perform chemical analysis and send the data to the orbiter above, which will relay it to the Earth station.<ref name=payload/><ref name='Economic'/>
The rover will weigh 30–100&nbsp;kg and will operate on solar power. The rover will move on wheels on the lunar surface, pick up samples of soil or rocks, perform chemical analysis and send the data to the orbiter above, which will relay it to the Earth station.<ref name=payload/><ref name='Economic'/>


The initial plan was for the rover to be designed in Russia and fabricated in India. However, Russia gave up on its plan on designing the rover in May 2010.<ref name='delay'/> Subsequently, [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]] decided on designing and fabricating the rover. [[IIT Kanpur]] is developing three subsystems to provide mobility:
The initial plan was for the rover to be designed in Russia and fabricated in India. However, Russia gave up in May 2010 on its plan on designing the rover.<ref name='delay'/><ref name='postponed'/><ref name=canidia/> Subsequently, [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]] decided on designing and fabricating the rover. [[IIT Kanpur]] is developing three subsystems to provide mobility:
#Stereophonic camera based 3D vision - will provide the ground team controlling the rovers a 3D view of the surrounding terrain.
#Stereophonic camera based 3D vision - will provide the ground team controlling the rovers a 3D view of the surrounding terrain.
#Kinematic traction control - will enable the rover to negotiate the rough lunar terrain using independent steering provided on four of its wheels.
#Kinematic traction control - will enable the rover to negotiate the rough lunar terrain using independent steering provided on four of its wheels.

Revision as of 20:20, 9 December 2013

Template:Infobox Spacecraft Chandrayaan-2 (Template:Lang-sa pronunciationⓘ), is India's second lunar exploration mission. Developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), the mission is proposed to be launched to the Moon by a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV),[1] includes a lunar orbiter, a lander and a lunar rover, all developed by India. According to ISRO, this mission will use and test various new technologies and conduct new experiments.[2][3] The wheeled rover will move on the lunar surface and will pick up soil or rock samples for on-site chemical analysis. The data will be relayed to Earth through the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter.[4] Initially the mission was a joint venture of ISRO and its Russian counterpart Roskosmos, but the latter withdrew from the mission failing to provide a lander within the proposed time.[1] There is no time frame set for the mission.

History

The Indian Government approved the mission in a meeting of the Union Cabinet held on 18 September 2008 chaired by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.[5]

On November 12, 2007, representatives of the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roskosmos) and ISRO signed an agreement for the two agencies to work together on the Chandrayaan-2 project.[6] ISRO would have the prime responsibility for the orbiter and rover, while Roskosmos was to provide lander. The design of the space craft was completed in August 2009, with scientists of both countries conducting a joint review.[7][8] The launch date might slip because the loss of the Fobos-Grunt mission which was a planned as a test for the Russian landing system.[9]

Although ISRO finalized the payload for Chandrayaan-2 per schedule,[10] the mission was postponed,[1] and rescheduled to 2016 because Russia was unable to develop the lander on time.[11] [12] Roscosmos withdrew in wake of the failure of the Russian Phobos-Grunt mission to Mars, reason being technical aspects connected with the Phobos-Grunt mission were also used in the lunar projects, which need to be reviewed.[11] When Russia cited its inability to provide the lander even by 2015, India decided to develop the lunar mission independently.[1]

There is no time frame set for the mission as this mission requires the GSLV rocket, which is still in experimental stage. At least two successful GSLV test launches are required for it to be used as a launch vehicle.

Design

Spacecraft

The mission is planned to fly on a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mk-II (GSLV) with an approximate lift-off weight of 2,650 kg from Satish Dhawan Space Center on Sriharikota Island.[13]

Orbiter

ISRO will design the orbiter, which will orbit the Moon at an altitude of 200 km.[14] The mission would carry five instruments on the orbiter. Three of them are new, while two others are improved versions of those flown on Chandrayaan-1 orbiter. The approximate launch mass will be 1,400 kg.[10][13]

Lander

Unlike Chandrayaan-1's lunar probe, which impacted the Moon's surface, the lander will make a soft landing.[13] The approximate weight of the lander and rover is 1,250 kg. Initially, the lander was slated to be developed by Russia in collaboration with India. When Russia stated its inability provide the lander to meet even the revised time frame of 2015, Indian officials decided to develop the lander independently. The cancellation of the Russian lander also meant that mission profile had to be changed. The design of the indigenous lander and the preliminary configuration study has been completed by the Space Applications Centre (SAC) in Ahmedabad.[1]

Rover

The rover will weigh 30–100 kg and will operate on solar power. The rover will move on wheels on the lunar surface, pick up samples of soil or rocks, perform chemical analysis and send the data to the orbiter above, which will relay it to the Earth station.[10][13]

The initial plan was for the rover to be designed in Russia and fabricated in India. However, Russia gave up in May 2010 on its plan on designing the rover.[11][1][15] Subsequently, ISRO decided on designing and fabricating the rover. IIT Kanpur is developing three subsystems to provide mobility:

  1. Stereophonic camera based 3D vision - will provide the ground team controlling the rovers a 3D view of the surrounding terrain.
  2. Kinematic traction control - will enable the rover to negotiate the rough lunar terrain using independent steering provided on four of its wheels.
  3. Control and motor dynamics - The rover will have six wheels, each driven by an independent electric motor. Four of the wheels will also be capable of independent steering. A total of 10 electric motors will be used for traction and steering.

Payload

ISRO has announced that an expert committee has decided on five payloads for the orbiter, and two for the rover.[10][16] While it was initially reported that NASA and ESA would participate in the mission by providing some scientific instruments for the orbiter,[17] ISRO has later clarified that due to weight restrictions it will not be carrying foreign payloads on this mission.[14]

Orbiter payload
  • L and S band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) from Space Applications Centre (SAC), Ahmedabad for probing the first few tens of metres of the lunar surface for the presence of different constituents, including water ice. SAR is expected to provide further evidence confirming the presence of water ice below the shadowed regions of the Moon.[10]
  • Imaging IR Spectrometer (IIRS) from SAC, Ahmedabad for mapping of lunar surface over a wide wavelength range for the study of minerals, water molecules and hydroxyl present.[10]
  • Terrain Mapping Camera-2 (TMC-2) from SAC, Ahmedabad for preparing a three-dimensional map essential for studying the lunar mineralogy and geology.[10]
Rover payload

Later there were reports of plans to send a seismometer to moon to study about moon-quakes.[18]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f "Chandrayaan-2: India to go it alone". The Hindu. January 22, 2013.
  2. ^ "Chandrayaan-2 to be finalised in 6 months". The Hindu. 2007-09-07. Retrieved 2008-10-22.
  3. ^ "Chandrayaan-II will try out new ideas, technologies". The Week. 2010-09-07. Retrieved 2010-09-07.
  4. ^ "ISRO plans Moon rover". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 2007-01-04. Retrieved 2008-10-22.
  5. ^ "Cabinet clears Chandrayaan-2". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 2008-09-19. Retrieved 2008-10-23.
  6. ^ "India, Russia to expand n-cooperation, defer Kudankulam deal". Earthtimes.org. 2008-11-12. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
  7. ^ "ISRO completes Chandrayaan-2 design news". domain-b.com. 2009-08-17. Retrieved 2009-08-20.
  8. ^ "India and Russia complete design of new lunar probe". 2009-08-17. Retrieved 2009-08-20.
  9. ^ "CChang'e-3: China To Launch First Moon Rover In 2013". Asian Scientist,. 7 March 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Payloads for Chandrayaan-2 Mission Finalised". Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). ISRO. 30 August 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
  11. ^ a b c "India's Chandrayaan-2 Moon Mission Likely Delayed After Russian Probe Failure". Asian Scientist. February 6, 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-05. {{cite news}}: |first= missing |last= (help)
  12. ^ ‘India’s next moon mission depends on Russia’. (September 9, 2012)
  13. ^ a b c d "Chandrayaan-2 to get closer to moon". The Economic Times. 2 September 2010. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
  14. ^ a b 'We're launching Chandrayaan-2 for a total coverage of the Moon'
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference canidia was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ Johnson (August 31, 2010). "Three new Indian payloads for Chandrayaan 2, decides ISRO". Indian Express. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  17. ^ "NASA and ESA to partner for Chandrayaan-2". Skaal Times. February 4, 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-22. {{cite news}}: |first= missing |last= (help)
  18. ^ Mallikarjun, Y. (29 May 2013). "India plans to send seismometer to study moonquakes". The Hindu. Hyderabad, India. Retrieved 2013-06-01.
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