Geordie: Difference between revisions
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==In popular culture== |
==In popular culture== |
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[[File:Cheryl Cole Cannes 2014.jpg|thumb|125px|Singer [[Cheryl (singer)|Cheryl Tweedy]] is a famous Geordie speaker.]] |
[[File:Cheryl Cole Cannes 2014.jpg|thumb|125px|Singer [[Cheryl (singer)|Cheryl Tweedy]] is a famous Geordie speaker.]] |
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The Geordie dialect has featured prominently in the British media, as television presenters such as [[Ant & Dec]] (who first found fame in the Newcastle-set children's drama ''[[Byker Grove]]'') are now happy to use their natural accents on air.<ref name=AntDec>{{cite web | title = ANT & DEC | publisher = celebrity.itv.com | year = 2008 | url = http://celebrity.itv.com/2008/AntDec.html | accessdate = 14 January 2011}}</ref> |
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[[Brendan Foster]]<ref name=Bfost>{{cite web| last = Smith| first = Graeme| title = The long road well taken; Graeme Smith FACE TO FACE with Brendan Foster | work = The Herald (Glasgow)| date = 17 April 2000| url = http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/the-long-road-well-taken-graeme-smith-face-to-face-with-brendan-foster-1.239906}}</ref> and [[Sid Waddell]]<ref name=SWadd>{{cite web| last = Walters| first = Mike| title = Darts commentary legend Sid Waddell hopes he discovered the next Doctor Who| work = Daily Mirror| date = 18 December 2008| url = https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/more-sport/2008/12/18/darts-commentary-legend-sid-waddell-hopes-he-discovered-the-next-doctor-who-115875-20979257/}}</ref> have both worked as television sports commentators. [[Cheryl (singer)|Cheryl Tweedy]], a former member of [[Girls Aloud]] and judge on ''[[The X Factor (UK)|The X Factor]]'', has a Geordie accent,<ref name=CherylJoe>{{cite web| title = X-Factor's Cheryl and Joe's Geordie banter| work = Metro| date = 4 December 2009| url = http://www.metro.co.uk/showbiz/803049-cheryl-and-joes-geordie-banter}}</ref> she says that she's "proud to be Geordie!" as does [[Joe McElderry]] the winner of the ''[[The X Factor (UK series 6)|sixth series of The X Factor]]''.<ref name=CherylJoe/> In May 2011, while named Cheryl Cole, she was let go from the American version of ''[[The X Factor (U.S.)|The X Factor]]'' because its "producers feared the American audience would not understand her Geordie accent."<ref name=CherylX>{{cite news | title = Cheryl Cole in talks with over return to UK X Factor| work = The Daily Telegraph| date = 28 May 2011| url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/x-factor/8543477/Cheryl-Cole-in-talks-with-over-return-to-UK-X-Factor.html |
[[Brendan Foster]]<ref name=Bfost>{{cite web| last = Smith| first = Graeme| title = The long road well taken; Graeme Smith FACE TO FACE with Brendan Foster | work = The Herald (Glasgow)| date = 17 April 2000| url = http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/the-long-road-well-taken-graeme-smith-face-to-face-with-brendan-foster-1.239906}}</ref> and [[Sid Waddell]]<ref name=SWadd>{{cite web| last = Walters| first = Mike| title = Darts commentary legend Sid Waddell hopes he discovered the next Doctor Who| work = Daily Mirror| date = 18 December 2008| url = https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/more-sport/2008/12/18/darts-commentary-legend-sid-waddell-hopes-he-discovered-the-next-doctor-who-115875-20979257/}}</ref> have both worked as television sports commentators. [[Cheryl (singer)|Cheryl Tweedy]], a former member of [[Girls Aloud]] and judge on ''[[The X Factor (UK)|The X Factor]]'', has a Geordie accent,<ref name=CherylJoe>{{cite web| title = X-Factor's Cheryl and Joe's Geordie banter| work = Metro| date = 4 December 2009| url = http://www.metro.co.uk/showbiz/803049-cheryl-and-joes-geordie-banter}}</ref> she says that she's "proud to be Geordie!" as does [[Joe McElderry]] the winner of the ''[[The X Factor (UK series 6)|sixth series of The X Factor]]''.<ref name=CherylJoe/> In May 2011, while named Cheryl Cole, she was let go from the American version of ''[[The X Factor (U.S.)|The X Factor]]'' because its "producers feared the American audience would not understand her Geordie accent."<ref name=CherylX>{{cite news | title = Cheryl Cole in talks with over return to UK X Factor| work = The Daily Telegraph| date = 28 May 2011| url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/x-factor/8543477/Cheryl-Cole-in-talks-with-over-return-to-UK-X-Factor.html |
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| accessdate = 28 May 2011| location=London}}</ref> |
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| accessdate = 28 May 2011| location=London}}</ref> During May 2011, taping of ''[[Britain's Got Talent]]'', [[Declan Donnelly]] (of Ant & Dec) made an apparent attempt to stand up for Cole by asking co-producer and judge [[Simon Cowell]] on the show, "Can you understand my accent?".<ref name=CherylX2>{{cite news| title = Boos and cigarettes for Simon Cowell Cheryl Cole fans taunt X Factor boss| work = The Sun (United Kingdom)| date = 31 May 2011 |
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| url = http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/tv/x_factor/3609645/Simon-Cowell-Cheryl-Cole-has-had-it-with-me.html| accessdate = 31 May 2011| location=London |
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The musicians [[Brian Johnson]] and [[Sting (musician)|Sting]] are Geordies.<ref name=stingKnoflerJohnson2012>{{cite news | last = Welford | first = Gary | title = Geordie stars Sting, Mark Knopfler and Brian Johnson in music’s rich list | newspaper = Shields Gazette | location = Shields | language = English | publisher = shieldsgazette.com | date = 26 April 2012 | url = https://www.shieldsgazette.com/whats-on/music/geordie-stars-sting-mark-knopfler-and-brian-johnson-in-music-s-rich-list-1-4484189 | access-date = }}</ref> |
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[[File:Brian Johnson.jpg|thumb|left|190px|AC/DC vocalist [[Brian Johnson]] has a strong Geordie accent.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ac/Dc's Brian Johnson To Receive Honorary Doctorate From U.K.'S Northumbria University|url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/acdcs-brian-johnson-to-receive-honorary-doctorate-from-u-k-s-northumbria-university/|publisher=Blabbermouth|date=12 December 2016}}</ref>]] |
[[File:Brian Johnson.jpg|thumb|left|190px|AC/DC vocalist [[Brian Johnson]] has a strong Geordie accent.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ac/Dc's Brian Johnson To Receive Honorary Doctorate From U.K.'S Northumbria University|url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/acdcs-brian-johnson-to-receive-honorary-doctorate-from-u-k-s-northumbria-university/|publisher=Blabbermouth|date=12 December 2016}}</ref>]] |
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{{Geordie sidebar}} |
{{Geordie sidebar}} |
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⚫ | In the lyrics of the song "Sailing to Philadelphia" by [[Mark Knopfler]], [[Jeremiah Dixon]], surveyor of the [[Mason-Dixon line]], describes himself as a "Geordie boy".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lyricsplayground.com/alpha/songs/s/sailingtophiladelphia.shtml|title=Sailing To Philadelphia|quote=I Am Jeremiah Dixon; I Am A Geordie Boy|accessdate=9 November 2007}}</ref> |
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The dialect was also popularized by the comic magazine ''[[Viz (comics)|Viz]]'', where the dialect is often conveyed phonetically by unusual spellings within the comic strips. ''Viz'' magazine was founded on Tyneside by two locals, [[Chris Donald]] and his brother [[Simon Donald|Simon]]. The [[Steve Coogan]]-helmed BBC comedy ''[[I'm Alan Partridge]]'' featured a Geordie named Michael ([[Simon Greenall]]) as the primary supporting character and de facto best friend of the eponymous hero, despite Partridge's referring to Michael at one point as 'just the Work Geordie' and having great difficulty understanding what he says. The movie ''[[Goal! (film)|Goal!]]'', which stars [[Kuno Becker]] and [[Alessandro Nivola]] (and also sees a cameo of Brian Johnson) prominently exposes the Newcastle football club, as well as exposing the Geordies and their dialect. |
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[[Mike Neville (anchorman)|Mike Neville]] presenter of the [[BBC]] local news programme ''[[BBC Look North (North East and Cumbria)|Look North]]'', in the 1960s and 1970s, not only incorporated Geordie into the show, albeit usually in comedy pieces pointing up the gulf between ordinary Geordies and officials speaking [[Standard English]], but were responsible for a series of recordings, beginning with ''Larn Yersel' Geordie''<ref>{{cite web|title=Neville,Mike: George House – Very Best Of Larn Yersel: Geordie & Geordierama|work=TV Presenter|date=13 December 1995|url=http://www.hmv.co.uk/hmvweb/displayProductDetails.do?ctx=281;1;-1;-1&sku=489140 |
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|accessdate=6 November 2007}}</ref> which attempted, not always seriously, to bring the Geordie dialect to the rest of England. |
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⚫ | In the lyrics of the song "Sailing to Philadelphia" by [[Mark Knopfler]], [[Jeremiah Dixon]], surveyor of the [[Mason-Dixon line]], describes himself as a "Geordie boy".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lyricsplayground.com/alpha/songs/s/sailingtophiladelphia.shtml|title=Sailing To Philadelphia|quote=I Am Jeremiah Dixon; I Am A Geordie Boy|accessdate=9 November 2007}}</ref> |
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''[[The Jocks and the Geordies]]'' was a ''[[The Dandy|Dandy]]'' comic strip running from 1975 to the early 1990s. [[Dorothy Samuelson-Sandvid|Dorfy]], real name Dorothy Samuelson-Sandvid, was a noted Geordie dialect writer who once wrote for the South Shields Gazette.<ref name=Dorphy>{{cite web|title=Dorphy, Dorothy Samuelson-Sandvid. Dorphy's Geordie dialog, South Shields Gazette|url=http://website.lineone.net/~d.ord/Dorphy.htm|accessdate=4 November 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20030413133406/http://website.lineone.net/~d.ord/Dorphy.htm |archivedate = 13 April 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sandvid |
''[[The Jocks and the Geordies]]'' was a ''[[The Dandy|Dandy]]'' comic strip running from 1975 to the early 1990s. [[Dorothy Samuelson-Sandvid|Dorfy]], real name Dorothy Samuelson-Sandvid, was a noted Geordie dialect writer who once wrote for the South Shields Gazette.<ref name=Dorphy>{{cite web|title=Dorphy, Dorothy Samuelson-Sandvid. Dorphy's Geordie dialog, South Shields Gazette|url=http://website.lineone.net/~d.ord/Dorphy.htm|accessdate=4 November 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20030413133406/http://website.lineone.net/~d.ord/Dorphy.htm |archivedate = 13 April 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sandvid |
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| place=|publisher=H Hill|year=1969| edition =|url=|isbn=978-0-900463-08-2|postscript=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sandvid|first=D| author-link =| author2-link =|title=I Remember| place=|publisher=Tree P|year=1976| edition =|url=|isbn=978-0-904790-02-3|postscript=}}</ref> |
| place=|publisher=H Hill|year=1969| edition =|url=|isbn=978-0-900463-08-2|postscript=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sandvid|first=D| author-link =| author2-link =|title=I Remember| place=|publisher=Tree P|year=1976| edition =|url=|isbn=978-0-904790-02-3|postscript=}}</ref> |
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⚫ | In 1974, [[Alan Price]]'s "Jarrow Song" reached number one in the old RNI International Service, and number 4 in the UK charts, which brought to the attention once again of the [[Jarrow Crusade]].<ref>{{cite web |title=RNI International Service Number One Hits, 1971–1974 |quote=14-06, "Jarrow Song", Alan Price |date=14 June 1974 |url=http://www.icce.rug.nl/~soundscapes/DATABASES/RNI/rni02extra03.shtml |accessdate=28 August 2009}}</ref> [[The Hairy Bikers]] are a pair of [[television chef]]s, consisting of Geordie Simon King and Lancastrian Dave Myers. The duo's lifestyle TV show ''[[The Hairy Bikers' Cookbook]]'' is a mixture of cookery and travelogue.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ferguson|first=Euan| author-link =| author2-link =|title=Meet the new Delia and Nigella|quote='just no relation to what you get late on a Geordie night out,' recalls Si.| work = Observer Food Monthly|date=11 December 2005|url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/foodmonthly/story/0,,1660787,00.html| location=London}}</ref> |
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''[[Auf Wiedersehen, Pet]]'' was a popular fictional British comedy-drama series about three Geordies ([[Dennis Patterson (Auf Wiedersehen Pet)|Dennis]], [[Leonard "Oz" Osborne|Oz]] and [[Neville Hope|Neville]]) leaving England to go and find work in Germany during the heights of unemployment in [[Margaret Thatcher|Thatcher]]'s Britain. Finding work on a building site in [[Düsseldorf]], they lived there on-site in a basic wooden hut (not dissimilar from ones seen in a WWII-era [[POW camp]]) as part of a group of seven British migrant construction workers: the other four were [[Wayne Winston Norris|Wayne]] from London, [[Brian "Bomber" Busbridge (Auf Wiedersehen, Pet)|Bomber]] from somewhere in the West Country, [[Barry Taylor (Auf Wiedersehen Pet)|Barry]] from the West Midlands, and [[Albert Arthur Moxey|Moxey]] from Liverpool.<ref>{{cite web|title=THE ORIGINAL AUF WIEDERSEHEN PET HOMEPAGE|url=http://www.aufpet.com/|accessdate=17 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite video|people = Wayne Winston Norris, Denis Patterson, Leonard "Oz" Osborne, Brian "Bomber" Busbridge, Barry Taylor, Neville Hope, Albert Arthur Moxey|date = 7 October 2002|title = Auf Wiedersehen Pet Box Set – The Complete Series 1 and 2 [1983]|url = https://www.amazon.co.uk/Auf-Wiedersehen-Pet-Box-Set/dp/B00005UPJX/ref=pd_bbs_6?ie=UTF8&s=dvd&qid=1199487505&sr=8-6|format = PAL|medium =|location = Region 2|accessdate=17 January 2008|time =|ASIN = B00005UPJX}}</ref> The three Geordie characters were supposed to be from Birtley Co. Durham (Dennis, played by [[Tim Healy (actor)|Tim Healy]]), Gateshead (Oz, played by [[Jimmy Nail]]), and North Shields (Neville, played by [[Kevin Whately]]) and all three actors who played them were Geordies themselves. |
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⚫ | In 1974, [[Alan Price]]'s "Jarrow Song" reached number one in the old RNI International Service, and number 4 in the UK charts, which brought to the attention once again of the [[Jarrow Crusade]].<ref>{{cite web |title=RNI International Service Number One Hits, 1971–1974 |quote=14-06, "Jarrow Song", Alan Price |date=14 June 1974 |url=http://www.icce.rug.nl/~soundscapes/DATABASES/RNI/rni02extra03.shtml |accessdate=28 August 2009}}</ref> |
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The character "[[The Catherine Tate Show#Geordie Georgie|Geordie Georgie]]", as portrayed by [[Catherine Tate]] in her [[The Catherine Tate Show|eponymous TV show]], is a Geordie, complete with a thick affected accent, and is portrayed regularly taking part in (mostly ridiculously ambitious) sponsored events for a North East-based [[Charitable organization|charity]] – the charity in question usually has a [[website]] with an outrageous [[domain name]], for instance, the site for the charity she supports for battered husbands is "www.chinnedbythemissus.co.uk". The sketches usually conclude with her remonstrating her co-worker Martin, sometimes by violent means, for his apparent non-support of her charitable crusades.<ref name=tate1>{{cite web | title = The Catherine Tate Show Series 3 |
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| quote = Geordie Georgie drums up support for all the little folk in the North East who suffer from sex addiction.| publisher = seesaw.com | url = http://www.seesaw.com/TV/Comedy/p-27264-Episode-5| accessdate = 23 February 2011}}</ref> |
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Actor [[Robson Green]] and stand-up comic [[Ross Noble]] are both Geordies.<ref name=rGreen2015>{{cite news | last = Fagan | first = Gabrielle | title = He's the reel deal: We catch up with actor Robson Green | newspaper = Belfast Telegraph | location = Belfast | language = English | publisher = belfasttelegraph.co.uk | date = 7 February 2015 | url = https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/life/features/hes-the-reel-deal-we-catch-up-with-actor-robson-green-30967187.html | access-date = 31 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=rNoble2009>{{cite news | last = Cavendish | first = Dominic | title = Ross Noble: how my family survived the Australian fires | newspaper = Telegraph | location = London | language = English | publisher = telegraph.co.uk | date = 10 March 2009 | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/journalists/dominic-cavendish/4967556/Ross-Noble-how-my-family-survived-the-Australian-fires.html | access-date = 31 July 2018}}</ref> Capitalising on pride in speaking Geordie, a number of objects are sold that highlight Geordie speech and culture, such as a "Borth Sortificat for a genuine Geordie", coffee mugs, etc.<ref>p. 146, 147. Joan C. Beal. 2009. "Enregisterment, commodification, and historical context: 'Geordie' versus 'Sheffieldish{{'"}}. ''American Speech'' vol. 84, no. 2, pp. 138–156.</ref> |
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[[Charlie Hunnam]], who hails from Newcastle, refers to the [[wikt:swagger|swagger]] he walks with in ''[[Pacific Rim (film)|Pacific Rim]]'' as a "Geordie walk".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2013/07/11/charlie-hunnam-pacific-rim-movie/2446761/|title=Charlie Hunnam brings swagger to world of 'Pacific Rim' |author=Brian Truitt |date=11 July 2013|publisher=|accessdate=27 October 2014|work=USA Today}}</ref> |
[[Charlie Hunnam]], who hails from Newcastle, refers to the [[wikt:swagger|swagger]] he walks with in ''[[Pacific Rim (film)|Pacific Rim]]'' as a "Geordie walk".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2013/07/11/charlie-hunnam-pacific-rim-movie/2446761/|title=Charlie Hunnam brings swagger to world of 'Pacific Rim' |author=Brian Truitt |date=11 July 2013|publisher=|accessdate=27 October 2014|work=USA Today}}</ref> |
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In the BBC Radio drama series ''[[The Archers]]'', the character [[Ruth Archer]] |
In the BBC Radio drama series ''[[The Archers]]'', the character [[Ruth Archer]] is played as a Geordie.<ref name=rArcher2011>{{cite news | last = Staff | title = 60 things you never knew you wanted to know about The Archers | newspaper = Independent | location = London | language = English | publisher = independent.co.uk | date = 1 January 2011 | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/features/60-things-you-never-knew-you-wanted-to-know-about-the-archers-2173365.html | access-date = 31 July 2018}}</ref> |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231854084_Tyneside_English |
|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231854084_Tyneside_English |
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* {{cite book | last = Adams | first = Richard | title = The Plague Dogs | publisher = Oneworld Publications | year = 2015 | location = England | language = English | isbn = 9781780747927 | ref=harv}} |
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* {{Accents of English|hide1=y|hide3=y|mode=cs2}} |
* {{Accents of English|hide1=y|hide3=y|mode=cs2}} |
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Revision as of 22:31, 31 July 2018
Geordie (/ˈdʒɔːrdi/) is a nickname for a person from the Tyneside area of North East England,[1] and the dialect spoken by its inhabitants. The term is also used to refer to anyone from North East England.[2]
Geordie is a continuation and development of the language spoken by Anglo-Saxon settlers employed by the ancient Brythons to fight the Pictish invaders after the end of Roman rule in Britain in the 5th century. The Angles, Saxons and Jutes who arrived became ascendant politically and culturally over the native British through subsequent migration from tribal homelands along the North Sea coast. The Anglo-Saxon kingdoms that emerged in the Dark Ages spoke largely mutually intelligible varieties of what is now called Old English, each varying somewhat in phonology, morphology, syntax and lexicon. This linguistic conservatism means that poems by the Anglo-Saxon scholar the Venerable Bede translate more successfully into Geordie than into Standard English.[3]
In Northern England and the Scottish borders, then dominated by the kingdom of Northumbria, there developed a distinct Northumbrian Old English dialect. Later Irish migrants influenced Geordie phonology from the early 19th century onwards.[4][5]
The word "Geordie" can refer to a supporter of Newcastle United.[6] The Geordie Schooner glass was traditionally used to serve Newcastle Brown Ale.[7]
The Geordie dialect and identity are primarily associated with those of a working-class background. A 2008 newspaper survey found the Geordie accent the "most attractive in England".[8]
Geographical coverage
When referring to the people, as opposed to the dialect, dictionary definitions of a Geordie typically refer to "a native or inhabitant of Newcastle upon Tyne, England, or its environs",[9] an area that encompasses Blyth, Ashington, North Tyneside, Newcastle, South Tyneside and Gateshead.[10][11] This area has a combined population of around 2,597,000, based on 2011 Census data.
The term itself, according to Brockett, originated from all the North East coal mines.[12] The catchment area for the term "Geordie" can include Northumberland and County Durham[13][14] or be confined to an area as small as the city of Newcastle upon Tyne and the metropolitan boroughs of Tyneside.[1]
People from Sunderland differentiate themselves as "Mackems". The earliest known recorded use of the term found by an Oxford English Dictionary word hunt occurred only as late as 1988.[15][16]
Just as a Cockney is often colloquially defined as someone "born within the sound of the Bow bells", the term Geordie is sometimes defined as "within spitting distance of the Tyne"[17] and thus the area more associated with the Geordie accent could be thought of as the watershed and bioregion of the River Tyne, and Geordies as its inhabitants. Geordie is referred to as Tyneside English in academic journals.[18][19][20][21]
Etymology
A number of rival theories explain how the term came about, though all accept that it derives from a familiar diminutive form of the name George,[22] "a very common name among the pitmen"[12][23] (coal miners) in North East England; indeed, it was once the most popular name for eldest sons in the region.[citation needed]
One explanation is that it was established during the Jacobite Rebellion of 1715. The Jacobites declared that the natives of Newcastle were staunch supporters of the Hanoverian kings, in particular of George I during the 1715 rebellion. This contrasted with rural Northumberland, which largely supported the Jacobite cause. If true, the term may have derived from the popular anti-Hanoverian song "Cam Ye O'er Frae France?",[24] which calls the first Hanoverian king "Geordie Whelps", a play on "George the Guelph".
Another explanation for the name is that local miners in the northeast of England used Geordie safety lamps, designed by George Stephenson, known locally as "Geordie the engine-wright",[25] in 1815[26] rather than the competing Davy lamps, designed by Humphry Davy, used in other mining communities. Using the chronological order of two John Trotter Brockett books, Geordie was given to North East pitmen; later he acknowledges that the pitmen also christened their Stephenson lamp Geordie.[12][23]
Alternatively; Geordie could also have been a derivative or continuation of the North Sea Germanic name Jordanes; which in-turn itself also derives from an Old Norse root word- jord ("land, earth") and possibly may have been brought over to the Eastern coast of Britain by Germanic or Nordic tribes; during Migration Period. Moreover, Roman bureaucrat and historian Jordanes bore this name; and consequently was believed to be a Romanised German author of Gothic background. Further supporting this hypotheses is that the Geordie dialect of English still retains the accent as well as many ancient words of Old English and Norse origin; which are usually not found in the other spoken regional dialects of Modern English.[original research?]
Linguist Katie Wales[27] also dates the term earlier than does the current Oxford English Dictionary; she observes that Geordy (or Geordie) was a common name given to coal mine pitmen in ballads and songs of the region, noting that such usage turns up as early as 1793. It occurs in the titles of two songs by songwriter Joe Wilson (1841–1875): "Geordy, Haud the Bairn" and "Keep your Feet Still, Geordie". Citing such examples as the song "Geordy Black", written by Rowland Harrison of Gateshead, she contends that, as a consequence of popular culture, the miner and the keelman had become icons of the region in the 19th century, and "Geordie" was a label that "affectionately and proudly reflected this," replacing the earlier ballad emblem, the figure of Bob Crankie.
In the English Dialect Dictionary of 1900, Joseph Wright gave the definition A man from Tyneside; a miner; a north-country vessel, quoting two sources from Northumberland, one from East Durham and one from Australia. The source from Durham stated, "In South Tyneside even, this name was applied to the Lower Tyneside men."[28]
Newcastle publisher Frank Graham's Geordie Dictionary states:
The origin of the word Geordie has been a matter of much discussion and controversy. All the explanations are fanciful and not a single piece of genuine evidence has ever been produced.
In Graham's many years of research, the earliest record he found of the term's use was in 1823 by local comedian Billy Purvis. Purvis had set up a booth at the Newcastle Races on the Town Moor. In an angry tirade against a rival showman, who had hired a young pitman called Tom Johnson to dress as a clown, Billy cried out to the clown:
Ah man, wee but a feul wad hae sold off his furnitor and left his wife. Noo, yor a fair doon reet feul, not an artificial feul like Billy Purvis! Thous a real Geordie! gan man an hide thysel! gan an' get thy picks agyen. Thou may de for the city, but never for the west end o' wor toon.[This quote needs a citation]
(Rough translation: "Oh man, who but a fool would have sold off his furniture and left his wife? Now, you're a fair downright fool, not an artificial fool like Billy Purvis! You're a real Geordie! Go on, man, and hide yourself! Go on and get your picks [axes] again. You may do for the city, but never for the west end of our town!")
Graham is backed up historically by John Camden Hotten, who wrote in 1869: "Geordie, general term in Northumberland and Durham for a pitman, or coal-miner. Origin not known; the term has been in use more than a century."[14] Using Hotten[14] as a chronological reference, Geordie has been documented for at least 255 years as a term related to Northumberland and County Durham.
Bad-weather Geordy was a name applied to cockle sellers:
As the season at which cockles are in greatest demand is generally the most stormy in the year – September to March – the sailors' wives at the seaport towns of Northumberland and Durham consider the cry of the cockle man as the harbinger of bad weather, and the sailor, when he hears the cry of 'cockles alive,' in a dark wintry night, concludes that a storm is at hand, and breathes a prayer, backwards, for the soul of Bad-Weather-Geordy.
— S. Oliver, Rambles in Northumberland, 1835
Travel writer Scott Dobson used the term "Geordieland" in a 1973 guidebook to refer collectively to Northumberland and Durham.[13]
Phonology
The phonemic notation used in this article is based on the set of symbols used by Watt & Allen (2003). Other scholars may use different transcriptions.
Consonants
Geordie consonants generally follow those of Received Pronunciation, with these unique characteristics as follows:
- /ɪŋ/ appearing in an unstressed final syllable of a word (such as in reading) is pronounced as [ən] (thus, reading is [ˈɹiːdən]).
- Geordie is characterised by a unique type of glottal stops. /p, t, k/ can all be glottalised in Geordie, both at the end of a syllable and sometimes before a weak vowel.[29]
- T-glottalisation, in which /t/ is realised by [ʔ] before a syllabic nasal (e.g., button as [ˈbʊʔn̩]), in absolute final position (get as [ɡɛʔ]), and whenever the /t/ is intervocalic so long as the latter vowel is not stressed (pity as [ˈpɪʔi]).
- Glottaling in Geordie is often perceived as a full glottal stop [ʔ] but it is in fact more often realised as 'pre-glottalisation', which is 'an occlusion at the appropriate place of articulation and 'glottalisation', usually manifested as a short period of laryngealised voice before and/or after and often also during the stop gap'.[30] This type of glottal is unique to Tyneside English.[31]
- Other voiceless stops, /p, k/, are glottally reinforced in medial position, and preaspirated in final position.[30]
- The dialect is non-rhotic, like most British dialects, most commonly as an alveolar approximant [ɹ], although a labiodental realisation [ʋ] is also growing for younger females (this is also possible by older males, albeit rarer). Traditionally, intrusive R was not present, instead glottalising between boundaries, however is present in newer varieties.[30]
- Yod-coalescence in both stressed and unstressed syllables (so that dew becomes [dʒuː]).
- /l/ is traditionally clear in all contexts, meaning the velarised allophone is absent. However, modern accents may periodically use [ɫ] in syllable final positions, sometimes it may even be vocalised (as in bottle [ˈbɒʔʊ]).[30]
Vowels
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Geordie_vowel_chart.svg/250px-Geordie_vowel_chart.svg.png)
Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
unrounded | rounded | |||||
short | long | short | long | |||
Close | ɪ | iː | ʊ | uː | ||
Close-mid | eː | øː | ə | oː | ||
Open-mid | ɛ | ɛː | ɔː | |||
Open | a | (aː) | ɒ | ɒː |
- Length
- For some speakers, vowel length alternates with vowel quality in a very similar way to the Scottish vowel length rule.[32]
- Vowel length is phonemic for many speakers of Geordie and there is often no other phonetic difference between /ɛ/ and /ɛː/ on one hand and /ɒ/ and /ɒː/ on the other.[32] If traditional dialect forms are considered, /a/ also has a phonemic long counterpart (/aː/), but they contrast only before voiceless consonants. There are minimal pairs such as tack /tak/ vs. talk /taːk/ (normal Geordie pronunciation: /tɔːk/). If they are disregarded, this [aː] is best regarded as a phonetic realisation of /ɔː/ in certain words (roughly, those spelt with a). It occurs only in broad Geordie. Another [aː] appears as an allophone of /a/ before final voiced consonants in words such as lad [laːd].[33]
- Phonetic quality and phonemic incidence
- /iː, uː/ are typically somewhat closer than in other varieties; /uː/ is also less prone to fronting than in other varieties of BrE and its quality is rather close to the cardinal [u]. However, younger women tend to use a central [ʉː] instead.[32]
- /iː, uː/ are monophthongs [iː, uː ~ ʉː] only in morphologically closed syllables. In morphologically open syllables, they are realised as closing diphthongs [ei, ɵʊ]. This creates minimal pairs such as freeze [fɹiːz] vs. frees [fɹeiz] and bruise [bɹuːz ~ bɹʉːz] vs. brews [bɹɵʊz].[32][34] For simplicity, the monophthongal allophone of /uː/ is transcribed with [uː] throughout the article.
- The HAPPY vowel is tense [i] and is best analysed as belonging to the /iː/ phoneme.[35]
- As other Northern English varieties, Geordie lacks the FOOT-STRUT split, so that words like cut, up and luck have the same /ʊ/ phoneme as put, sugar and butcher. The typical phonetic realisation is unrounded [ɤ], but it may be hypercorrected to [ə] among middle-class (especially female) speakers.[36]
- The long close-mid vowels /eː, oː/ may be realised as monophthongs [eː, oː] or as opening diphthongs [ɪə, ʊə]. Alternatively, /eː/ can be a closing diphthong [eɪ] and /oː/ can be centralised to [ɵː].[32] The opening diphthongs are recessive, as younger speakers reject them in favour of the monophthongal [eː, oː ~ ɵː].[37]
- Other, now archaic, realisations of /oː/ include [aː] in snow [snaː] and [aʊ] in soldiers [ˈsaʊldʒɐz].[32]
- Geordie does not always adhere to the same distributional patters of vowels found in Received Pronunciation or even the neighbouring accents. Examples of that include the words no and stone, which may be pronounced [niː] and [stɪən], so with vowels that are best analysed as belonging to the /iː/ and /eː/ phonemes.[32]
- Many female speakers merge /oː/ with /ɔː/, but the exact phonetic quality of the merged vowel is uncertain.[32]
- /øː/ may be phonetically [øː] or a higher, unrounded vowel [ɪː].[32] An RP-like vowel [ɜ̝ː] is also possible.[34]
- In broad Geordie, /øː/ merges with /ɔː/ to [ɔː] under the influence of a uvular [ʁ] that once followed it (when Geordie was still a rhotic dialect).[34][38] The fact that the original /ɔː/ vowel is never hypercorrected to [øː] or [ɜ̝ː] suggests that either this merger was never categorical, or that speakers are unusually successful in sorting those vowels out again.[34]
- The schwa /ə/ is often rather open ([ɐ]). It also tends to be longer in duration than the preceding stressed vowel, even if that vowel is phonologically long. Therefore, words such as water and meter are pronounced [ˈwɔd̰ɐː] and [ˈmid̰ɐː].[32] This feature is shared with the very conservative (Upper Crust) variety of Received Pronunciation.[39]
- Words such as voices and ended have /ə/ in the second syllable (so /ˈvoesəz, ˈɛndəd/), rather than the /ɪ/ of RP. That does not mean that Geordie has undergone the weak vowel merger because /ɪ/ can still be found in some unstressed syllables in place of the more usual /ə/. An example of that is the second syllable of seven /ˈsɛvɪn/, but it can also be pronounced with a simple schwa /ə/ instead. Certain weak forms also have /ɪ/ instead of /ə/; these include at /ɪt/, of /ɪv/, as /ɪz/, can /kɪn/ and us /ɪz/.[40]
- As in other Northern English dialects, the BATH vowel is short /a/ in Geordie. There are very few exceptions to this rule; for instance, master, plaster and sometimes also disaster are pronounced with /ɒː/.[41]
- Some speakers unround /ɒː/ to [ɑː].[32] Regardless of the rounding, the difference in backness between /ɒː/ and /a/ is very pronounced, a feature which Geordie shares with RP and some northern cities such as Stoke-on-Trent and Derby, but not with the accents of the middle north.[33]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Geordie_diphthong_chart_-_part_1.svg/250px-Geordie_diphthong_chart_-_part_1.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Geordie_diphthong_chart_-_part_2.svg/250px-Geordie_diphthong_chart_-_part_2.svg.png)
Endpoint | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Front | Central | Back | ||
Start point | Front | iɐ | æu | |
Central | ai | |||
Back | oe | uɐ |
- As the transcription indicates, the second elements of /iɐ, uɐ/ are commonly as open as the typical Geordie realisation of /ə/ ([ɐ]).[38]
- The first element of /æu/ is phonetically [ä] or [ɛ][42] or an intermediate [æ].[30] Traditionally, this vowel was a monophthong [uː] and this pronunciation can still be heard, as can a narrower diphthong [əu].[40]
- /ai/ is phonetically [äi], but the Scottish vowel length rule applied by some speakers of Geordie creates an additional allophone [ɛi] that has a shorter, higher and more front onset than the main allophone [äi]. [ɛi] is used in words such as knife [nɛif], whereas [äi] is used in e.g. knives [näivz].[32] For simplicity, both of them are written [ai] in this article.
Vocabulary
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png)
The Geordie dialect shares similarities with other Northern English dialects, as well as with the Scots language (See Rowe 2007, 2009).
In her column for the South Shields Gazette, Dorothy Samuelson-Sandvid attests many samples of Geordie language usage, such as the nouns bairn ("child")[43] and clarts ("mud");[44] the adjectives canny ("pleasant")[45] and clag ("sticky");[44] and the imperative verb phrase howay ("hurry up!"; "come on!")[46]
Howay is broadly comparable to the invocation "Come on!" or the French "Allez-y!" ("Go on!"). Examples of common use include Howay man!, meaning "come on" or "hurry up", Howay the lads! as a term of encouragement for a sports team for example (the players' tunnel at St James' Park has this phrase just above the entrance to the pitch), or Ho'way!? (with stress on the second syllable) expressing incredulity or disbelief.[47] The literal opposite of this phrase is haddaway ("go away"); although not as common as howay, it is perhaps most commonly used in the phrase "Haddaway an' shite" (Tom Hadaway, Figure 5.2 Haddaway an' shite; 'Cursing like sleet blackening the buds, raging at the monk of Jarrow scribbling his morality and judgement into a book.'[48]).
Another word, divvie or divvy ("idiot"), seems to come from the Co-op dividend,[49] or from the two Davy lamps (the more explosive Scotch Davy[50] used in 1850, commission disapproved of its use in 1886 (inventor not known, nicknamed Scotch Davy probably given by miners after the Davy lamp was made perhaps by north east miners who used the Stephenson Lamp[26][51]), and the later better designed Davy designed by Humphry Davy also called the Divvy.[52]) As in a north east miner saying 'Marra, ye keep way from me if ye usin a divvy.' It seems the word divvie then translated to daft lad/lass. Perhaps coming from the fact one would be seen as foolish going down a mine with a Scotch Divvy when there are safer lamps available, like the Geordie, or the Davy.
The Geordie word netty,[53] meaning a toilet and place of need and necessity for relief[53][54][55] or bathroom,[53][54][55] has an uncertain origin,[56] though some have theorised that it may come from slang used by Roman soldiers on Hadrian's Wall,[57] which may have later become gabinetti in the Romanic Italian language[57] (such as in the Westoe Netty, the subject of a famous painting from Bob Olley[57][58]). However, gabbinetto is the Modern Italian diminutive of gabbia, which actually derives from the Latin cavea ("hollow", "cavity", "enclosure"), the root of the loanwords that became the Modern English cave,[59] cage,[60] and gaol.[61] Thus, another explanation would be that it comes from a Modern Romanic Italian form of the word gabinetti,[56] though only a relatively small number of Italians have migrated to the North of England, mostly during the 19th century.[62]
Some etymologists connect the word netty to the Modern English word needy. John Trotter Brockett, writing in 1829 in his A glossary of north country words...,[55] claims that the etymon of netty (and its related form neddy) is the Modern English needy[63] and need.[64]
Bill Griffiths, in A Dictionary of North East Dialect, points to the earlier form, the Old English níd; he writes: "MS locates a possible early ex. "Robert Hovyngham sall make... at the other end of his house a knyttyng" York 1419, in which case the root could be OE níd 'necessary'".[54] Another related word, nessy is thought (by Griffiths) to derive from the Modern English "necessary".[54]
A poem called "Yam" narrated by author Douglas Kew, demonstrates the usage of a number of Geordie words.[65][66]
- aa/aye/ai, yes[67]
- aall, all[68]
- aalwiz, always[69]
- aboot, about[68]
- alang, along[70]
- alreet, alright[71]
- an, and[68]
- baccy, tobacco[68]
- bairn, child[43]
- cannit, cannot[72]
- canny, pleasant[45]
- childhud, childhood[73]
- clag, sticky[44]
- clarts, mud[44]
- dee, do[68][74]
- dinnor, dinner[68]
- divvn't, don't[75][76]
- divvy, idiot
- doilum, idiot
- Frida, Friday[77]
- fud, food[78]
- gan hyem, go home
- gan on, go on[79]
- gan, go[80]
- gan't, gone to[81]
- geet, very, really
- guzzlin, eating[68]
- haad, hold (e.g. keep a haad is 'keep a hold' and had yer gob becomes 'keep quiet'.)[47]
- haadaway, get away, (disbelief)[82]
- heor, hear[79]
- hinny, honey (a term of endearment)[47][83]
- hoose, house[68]
- hooswife, Housewife[68]
- hord, heard[84]
- howay, hurry up, come on[46]
- hoy, to throw[47]
- hyem-myed, home made[85]
- ivry, every[86]
- lang, long[85]
- larns, learns[87]
- larnt, taught[88]
- ma/mar/mam, mother[68]
- mesel, myself[68]
- Monda, Monday[88]
- neebody, nobody[89]
- neet, night[80]
- noo, now[90]
- nooadays, nowadays[80]
- nowt, nothing[47][68]
- oot, out[91]
- owt, anything
- pianna, piano[80]
- reelise, realise[68]
- reet, right[92]
- roond, around or round[93]
- smaall, small[94]
- stotty-cyek, stotty cake (bread)[79]
- summack or summit, something[80]
- Sunda, Sunday[85]
- taak, talk[79]
- thor's, there's[82]
- Thorsda', Thursday[88]
- waarms, warms[79]
- watt, what[95]
- wawd, word[79]
- wesh, wash[96]
- wheor, where[80]
- wor, our[79]
- worsel's, ourselves[97]
- y'kin, you can[98]
In popular culture
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Cheryl_Cole_Cannes_2014.jpg/125px-Cheryl_Cole_Cannes_2014.jpg)
Brendan Foster[99] and Sid Waddell[100] have both worked as television sports commentators. Cheryl Tweedy, a former member of Girls Aloud and judge on The X Factor, has a Geordie accent,[101] she says that she's "proud to be Geordie!" as does Joe McElderry the winner of the sixth series of The X Factor.[101] In May 2011, while named Cheryl Cole, she was let go from the American version of The X Factor because its "producers feared the American audience would not understand her Geordie accent."[102]
The musicians Brian Johnson and Sting are Geordies.[103]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Brian_Johnson.jpg/190px-Brian_Johnson.jpg)
Geordie song-related topics |
---|
See also: |
In the lyrics of the song "Sailing to Philadelphia" by Mark Knopfler, Jeremiah Dixon, surveyor of the Mason-Dixon line, describes himself as a "Geordie boy".[105]
The Jocks and the Geordies was a Dandy comic strip running from 1975 to the early 1990s. Dorfy, real name Dorothy Samuelson-Sandvid, was a noted Geordie dialect writer who once wrote for the South Shields Gazette.[106][107][108][109][110]
In 1974, Alan Price's "Jarrow Song" reached number one in the old RNI International Service, and number 4 in the UK charts, which brought to the attention once again of the Jarrow Crusade.[111] The Hairy Bikers are a pair of television chefs, consisting of Geordie Simon King and Lancastrian Dave Myers. The duo's lifestyle TV show The Hairy Bikers' Cookbook is a mixture of cookery and travelogue.[112]
Actor Robson Green and stand-up comic Ross Noble are both Geordies.[113][114] Capitalising on pride in speaking Geordie, a number of objects are sold that highlight Geordie speech and culture, such as a "Borth Sortificat for a genuine Geordie", coffee mugs, etc.[115]
Charlie Hunnam, who hails from Newcastle, refers to the swagger he walks with in Pacific Rim as a "Geordie walk".[116]
In the BBC Radio drama series The Archers, the character Ruth Archer is played as a Geordie.[117]
Notes
- ^ a b "AskOxford.com – a person from Tyneside". Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 1 September 2007.
- ^ "Geordie Accent and Dialect Origins". englandsnortheast.co.uk. 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
- ^ Simpson, David (2009). "Venerable Bede". Retrieved 6 August 2010.
Bede's Latin poems seem to translate more successfully into Geordie than into modern day English!
- ^ A Source Book for Irish English. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
- ^ "Migration of Irish to Newcastle upon Tyne and Weetslade Northumberland". Retrieved 27 October 2014.
- ^ Andy Gray & Richard Keys: EPL predictions
- ^ Ewalt, David M. "Meet The Geordie Schooner". Forbes.
- ^
Published on 24/09/2008 22:31 (24 September 2008). "Scots accent is UK's second favourite - UK - Scotsman.com". Thescotsman.scotsman.com. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "geordie – Definitions from Dictionary.com". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
- ^ "Jarrow Song". allyrics.net. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
- ^ "Blaydon Races". Archived from the original on 6 November 2007. Retrieved 29 September 2007.
- ^ a b c Brockett, John Trotter (1829). A Glossary of North Country Words in Use with Their Etymology and Affinity to Other Languages, and Occasional Notices of Local Customs and Popular Superstitions. E. Charnley. p. 131.
GEORDIE, George-a very common name among the pitmen. "How! Geordie man! how is't"
- ^ a b Dobson, Scott (1973). A Light Hearted Guide to Geordieland. Graham. ISBN 978-0-902833-89-0.
Plus Geordieland means Northumberland and Durham
- ^ a b c Camden Hotten, John (2004) [1869]. The Slang Dictionary: Or Vulgar Words, Street Phrases and Fast Expressions of High and Low Society (reprint ed.). p. 142. Retrieved 11 October 2007.
Geordie, general term in Northumberland and Durham for a pitman, or coal-miner. Origin not known; the term has been in use more than a century
- ^ "New Entry for OED Online: Mackem, n. (Draft Entry Jan. 2006)". OED.com. 11 January 2006. pp. "OED News: BBC Balderdash and Piffle (Series One)" section. Archived from the original on 19 April 2009. Retrieved 31 July 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Mackem Wordhunt!". BBC News. 21 June 2005. pp. "Wear > Voices 2005" section.
- ^ "Geordie Dialect – BBC". Retrieved 27 October 2014.
- ^ Keuchler (2010)
- ^ Simmelbauer (2000:27)
- ^ Watt (2000:69–101)
- ^ Watt & Allen (2003:267–271)
- ^ "AskOxford.com – from the given name George". Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 1 September 2007.
- ^ a b Brockett, John Trotter (1846). A Glossary of North Country Words (revised ed.). p. 187.
GEORDIE, George – a very common name among the pitmen. 'How! Geordie man! How is't' The Pitmen have given the name of Geordie to Mr George Stephenson's lamp in contra-distinction of the Davy, or Sir Humphry Davy's Lamp.
- ^ Recorded by the folk group Steeleye Span on their album Parcel of Rogues, 1973.
- ^ Smiles, Samuel (1862). "chapter 8". The lives of the engineers. Vol. III.
- ^ a b Smiles, Samuel (1859). The Life of George Stephenson, Railway Engineer. p. 120.
As to the value of the invention of the safety lamp, there could be no doubt; and the colliery owners of Durham and Northumberland, to testify their sense of its importance, determined to present a testimonial to its inventor.
- ^ Katie Wales (2006). Northern English: A Cultural and Social History. Cambridge University Press. pp. 134–136. ISBN 978-0-521-86107-6.
- ^ Wright, Joseph (1900). English Dialect Dictionary Volume 2: D-G. London: Henry Frowde. p. 597.
- ^ Wells (1982), p. 374.
- ^ a b c d e Watt & Allen (2003), p. 268.
- ^ Docherty & Foulkes (2005). Hardcastle & Mackenzie Beck (ed.). Glottal variants of (t) in the Tyneside variety of English: an acoustic profiling study. London: Lawrence Erlbaum. pp. 173–199.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Watt & Allen (2003), p. 269.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), pp. 360, 375.
- ^ a b c d Wells (1982), p. 375.
- ^ Wells (1982), pp. 362, 376.
- ^ Beal (2004), pp. 121–122.
- ^ Beal (2004), pp. 123–124.
- ^ a b Beal (2004), p. 126.
- ^ Wells (1982), p. 283.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 376.
- ^ Beal (2004), pp. 122–123.
- ^ Wells (1982), pp. 375–376.
- ^ a b "Dorfy looking fondly back on her youth". South Shields Gazette. 29 July 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
Aa wuz a bairn.
- ^ a b c d "Here's a word from Dorfy". South Shields Gazette. 17 March 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
Wor Geordie taalk is hyemly taalk; an wawds like 'clag' and 'clarts'
- ^ a b "Here's a word from Dorfy". South Shields Gazette. 17 March 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
Is canny, friendly, hyemly wawds that waarms aall Geordie hearts.
- ^ a b "Here's a word from Dorfy". South Shields Gazette. 17 March 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
wawds y've nigh forgot – ""Howay!"" ""Gan on!""
- ^ a b c d e "Dorphy dialog". Archived from the original on 13 April 2003. Retrieved 4 November 2007.
- ^ Colls, Robert; Lancaster, Bill; Bryne, David; Carr, Barry; Hadaway, Tom; Knox, Elaine; Plater, Alan; Taylor, Harvey; Williamson; Younger, Paul (2005). Geordies. Northumbria University Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-904794-12-7.
Hadaway an' shite; 'Cursing like sleet blackening the buds, raging at the monk of Jarrow scribbling his morality and judgement into a book.'
- ^ IMS: Customer Satisfaction: BIP2005 (Integrated Management Systems). BSI Standards. 2003. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-580-41426-8.
An early example, which may be remembered by older readers was the Co-op dividend or 'divvie'. On paying their bill, shoppers would quote a number recorded ...
- ^ Henderson, Clarks. "NEIMME: Lamps – No. 14. SCOTCH DAVY LAMP". Retrieved 2 December 2007.
CONSTRUCTION. Gauzes. Cylindrical, 2 ins diameter. 41/2" high with conical top, a double gauze 1 ins. in depth at the peak. 24 mesh iron. Light. Candle.
- ^ Henderson, Clarks. "NEIMME: Lamps – No. 16. STEPHENSON (GEORDIE) LAMP". Retrieved 2 December 2007.
- ^ Henderson, Clarks. "NEIMME: Lamps – No. 1 – DAVY LAMP". Retrieved 2 December 2007.
- ^ a b c Graham, Frank (November 1986). The Geordie Netty: A Short History and Guide. Butler Publishing; New Ed edition. ISBN 978-0-946928-08-8.
- ^ a b c d Griffiths, Bill (1 December 2005). A Dictionary of North East Dialect. Northumbria University Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-1-904794-16-5.
Netty outside toilet, Ex.JG Annfield Plain 1930s. "nessy or netty" Newbiggin-in-Teesdale C20/mid; "outside netties" Dobson Tyne 1972; 'lavatory' Graham Geordie 1979. EDD distribution to 1900: N'd. NE 2001: in circulation. ?C18 nessy from necessary; ? Ital. cabinette; Raine MS locates a possible early ex. "Robert Hovyngham sall make... at the other end of hys house knyttyng" York 1419, in which case root could be OE nid 'necessity'. Plus "to go to the Necessary" (public toilet) Errington p.67 Newcastle re 1800s: "lav" Northumbrian III C20/2 re Crawcrook; "oot back" G'head 2001 Q; "larty – toilet, a children's word, the school larties'" MM S.Shields C20/2 lavatory
- ^ a b c Trotter Brockett, John (1829). A glossary of north country words, in use. From an original manuscript, with additions. Oxford University. p. 214.
NEDDY, NETTY, a certain place that will not bear a written explanation; but which is depleted to the very life in a tail-piece in the first edition of Bewick's Land Birds, p. 285. In the second edition a bar is placed against the offending part of this broad display of native humour. Etymon needy, a place of need or necessity.
- ^ a b "Netty".
although some theories suggest it is an abbreviation of Italian gabbinetti, meaning 'toilet'
- ^ a b c Wainwright, Martin (4 April 2007). "Urinal finds museum home". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 8 October 2007.
the urinals have linguistic distinction: the Geordie word "netty" for lavatory derives from Roman slang on Hadrian's Wall which became "gabinetto" in Italian
- ^ "Famed Geordie netty is museum attraction". The Northern Echo. 31 March 2007.
- ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
- ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
- ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
- ^ Saunders, Rod. "Italian Migration to Nineteenth Century Britain: Why and Where, Why?". anglo-italianfhs.org.uk. Retrieved 3 September 2008.
They were never in great numbers in the northern cities. For example, the Italian Consul General in Liverpool, in 1891, is quoted as saying that the majority of the 80–100 Italians in the city were organ grinders and street sellers of ice-cream and plaster statues. And that the 500–600 Italians in Manchester included mostly Terrazzo specialists, plasterers and modellers working on the prestigious, new town hall. While in Sheffield 100–150 Italians made cutlery.
- ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
- ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
- ^ YAM narrated by author Douglas Kew. 29 July 2007. Retrieved 2 January 2008.
- ^ Kew, Douglas (7 February 2001). A Traveller's Tale. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-55212-552-6.
- ^ "A taste of domestic service for Dorfy". South Shields Gazette. 1 July 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "A housewife's lot, according to Dorfy". South Shields Gazette. 22 July 2009.
- ^ "A housewife's lot, according to Dorfy". South Shields Gazette. 22 July 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
Aa aalwiz...
- ^ "Dorfy looking fondly back on her youth". South Shields Gazette. 29 July 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
Aa gan alang the streets...
- ^ "Dorfy always found something to say". South Shields Gazette. 27 May 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
It larnt us alreet...
- ^ "Dorfy loses her bus ticket". South Shields Gazette. 30 April 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
when y' cannit produce a ticket?
- ^ "Dorfy's school days, with just pennies for uniforms". South Shields Gazette. 5 August 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
the whole o' me childhud
- ^ "A taste of domestic service for Dorfy". South Shields Gazette. 1 July 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
Aa cud dee aall these things.
- ^ "Dorfy on the stress of Christmas shopping". South Shields Gazette. 16 December 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
Y' divvent see onny salt so...
- ^ "We divvn't want ta gan..." Evening Chronicle. 6 February 2004. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
- ^ "Dorfy always found something to say". South Shields Gazette. 27 May 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
that on Frida's..
- ^ "Here's a word from Dorfy". South Shields Gazette. 17 March 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
wor fud.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Here's a word from Dorfy". South Shields Gazette. 17 March 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f "Dorfy looking fondly back on her youth". South Shields Gazette. 29 July 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ "Dorfy loses her bus ticket". South Shields Gazette. 30 April 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
Wheor d' the' gan t'?
- ^ a b "Here's a word from Dorfy". South Shields Gazette. 17 March 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
Thor's music in the hyemly soond o' 'howk,' or 'haadaway.'
- ^ "Here's a word from Dorfy". South Shields Gazette. 17 March 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ "Dorfy looking fondly back on her youth". South Shields Gazette. 29 July 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
an' w' had nivvor hord o'...
- ^ a b c "Dorfy's school days, with just pennies for uniforms". South Shields Gazette. 5 August 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ "Dorfy looking fondly back on her youth". South Shields Gazette. 29 July 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
o' ivry parent wuz t' own...
- ^ "Dorfy looking fondly back on her youth". South Shields Gazette. 29 July 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
one 'musical' bairn that wuz sent t' larn music.
- ^ a b c "Dorfy always found something to say". South Shields Gazette. 26 May 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ "A housewife's lot, according to Dorfy". South Shields Gazette. 22 July 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
NEEBODY seems t' reelise that a hooswife aalwiz...
- ^ "Dorfy loses her bus ticket". South Shields Gazette. 30 April 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ "Dorfy always found something to say". South Shields Gazette. 27 May 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
that had been shifted oot..
- ^ "Dorfy loses her bus ticket". South Shields Gazette. 30 April 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
y' warn't reet.
- ^ "Dorfy always found something to say". South Shields Gazette. 27 May 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
come roond an'...
- ^ "A taste of domestic service for Dorfy". South Shields Gazette. 1 July 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
a bucket o' smaall coal t'...
- ^ "A taste of domestic service for Dorfy". South Shields Gazette. 1 July 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
o' watt sh'...
- ^ "A taste of domestic service for Dorfy". South Shields Gazette. 1 July 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
Cud Aa wesh?
- ^ "Dorfy always found something to say". South Shields Gazette. 27 May 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
w' got worsel's interested...
- ^ "Dorfy always found something to say". South Shields Gazette. 27 May 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
y' kin set doon as...
- ^ Smith, Graeme (17 April 2000). "The long road well taken; Graeme Smith FACE TO FACE with Brendan Foster". The Herald (Glasgow).
- ^ Walters, Mike (18 December 2008). "Darts commentary legend Sid Waddell hopes he discovered the next Doctor Who". Daily Mirror.
- ^ a b "X-Factor's Cheryl and Joe's Geordie banter". Metro. 4 December 2009.
- ^ "Cheryl Cole in talks with over return to UK X Factor". The Daily Telegraph. London. 28 May 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
- ^ Welford, Gary (26 April 2012). "Geordie stars Sting, Mark Knopfler and Brian Johnson in music's rich list". Shields Gazette. Shields: shieldsgazette.com.
- ^ "Ac/Dc's Brian Johnson To Receive Honorary Doctorate From U.K.'S Northumbria University". Blabbermouth. 12 December 2016.
- ^ "Sailing To Philadelphia". Retrieved 9 November 2007.
I Am Jeremiah Dixon; I Am A Geordie Boy
- ^ "Dorphy, Dorothy Samuelson-Sandvid. Dorphy's Geordie dialog, South Shields Gazette". Archived from the original on 13 April 2003. Retrieved 4 November 2007.
- ^ Sandvid, D (1970). Basinful o' Geordie: Tyneside Readings. H Hill. ISBN 978-0-900463-11-2.
- ^ Sandvid, D (1988). Basinful o' Geordie: Tyneside Readings. Sandhill P. ISBN 978-0-946098-12-5.
- ^ Sandvid, D (1969). Between Ye an' Me. H Hill. ISBN 978-0-900463-08-2.
- ^ Sandvid, D (1976). I Remember. Tree P. ISBN 978-0-904790-02-3.
- ^ "RNI International Service Number One Hits, 1971–1974". 14 June 1974. Retrieved 28 August 2009.
14-06, "Jarrow Song", Alan Price
- ^ Ferguson, Euan (11 December 2005). "Meet the new Delia and Nigella". Observer Food Monthly. London.
'just no relation to what you get late on a Geordie night out,' recalls Si.
- ^ Fagan, Gabrielle (7 February 2015). "He's the reel deal: We catch up with actor Robson Green". Belfast Telegraph. Belfast: belfasttelegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
- ^ Cavendish, Dominic (10 March 2009). "Ross Noble: how my family survived the Australian fires". Telegraph. London: telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
- ^ p. 146, 147. Joan C. Beal. 2009. "Enregisterment, commodification, and historical context: 'Geordie' versus 'Sheffieldish'". American Speech vol. 84, no. 2, pp. 138–156.
- ^ Brian Truitt (11 July 2013). "Charlie Hunnam brings swagger to world of 'Pacific Rim'". USA Today. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
- ^ Staff (1 January 2011). "60 things you never knew you wanted to know about The Archers". Independent. London: independent.co.uk. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
References
- Beal, Joan (2004), "English dialects in the North of England: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 113–133, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Keuchler, Karsten (2010), Geordie Accent and Tyneside English, GRIN Verlag, ISBN 978-3640742738
- Rowe, Charley (2007), "He divn't gan tiv a college ti di that, man! A study of do (and to) in Tyneside English", Language Sciences, 12 (2): 360–371
- Rowe, Charley (2009), Salience and resilience in a set of Tyneside English shibboleths, Language Variation: European Perspectives II, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 191–204
- Simmelbauer, Andrea (2000), The dialect of Northumberland: A lexical investigation, Anglistische Forschungen, Universitätsverlag C. Winter, ISBN 978-3825309343
- Watt, Dominic (2000), "Phonetic parallels between the close–mid vowels of Tyneside English: Are they internally or externally motivated?", Language variation and change, 12 (1): 69–101
- Watt, Dominic; Allen, William (2003), "Tyneside English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 267–271, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001397
- Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English, Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Cambridge University Press, doi:10.1017/CBO9780511611759, ISBN 0-52128540-2
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png)
- Newcastle English (Geordie)
- Sounds Familiar?– Listen to examples of Geordie and other regional accents and dialects of the UK on the British Library's 'Sounds Familiar' website
- 'Hover & Hear' Geordie pronunciations, and compare side by side with other accents from the UK and around the World.
- The Geordie Directory – Find out about & learn the Geordie accent
- How To Get A Geordie Accent, in which actor and voice coach Gareth Jamison explains the essentials of the Geordie accent
- A Geordie Dialect Song that describes a romantic encounter on the short bus journey from St James' Park to the General Hospital: Mother of Me Bairns (lyrics included)