Terran 1: Difference between revisions
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'''Terran 1''' is an [[expendable launch vehicle|expendable]] [[two-stage-to-orbit|two-stage]] [[Small-lift launch vehicle|small-lift]] [[launch vehicle]] developed by [[Relativity Space]] since 2017.<ref name=":0" /> Unique to Relativity, most structures and components in the vehicle are manufactured with [[3D printing]] processes. |
'''Terran 1''' is an [[expendable launch vehicle|expendable]] [[two-stage-to-orbit|two-stage]] [[Small-lift launch vehicle|small-lift]] [[launch vehicle]] developed by [[Relativity Space]] since 2017.<ref name=":0" /> Unique to Relativity, most structures and components in the vehicle are manufactured with [[3D printing]] processes. |
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Revision as of 13:15, 23 March 2023
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| Manufacturer | Relativity Space |
|---|---|
| Country of origin | United States |
| Cost per launch | US$12 million[1] |
| Size | |
| Height | 35.2 m (115 ft) |
| Diameter | 2.3 m (7 ft 7 in) |
| Stages | 2 |
| Capacity | |
| Payload to LEO | |
| Altitude | 300 km (190 mi) |
| Orbital inclination | 28.5° |
| Mass | 1,479 kg (3,261 lb) |
| Payload to SSO | |
| Altitude | 500 km (310 mi) |
| Mass | 898 kg (1,980 lb) |
| Launch history | |
| Status | Active |
| Launch sites | CCSFS LC-16 VSFB Building 330 |
| Total launches | 1 |
| Failure(s) | 1 |
| First flight | 22 March 2023 |
| First stage | |
| Height | 24.3 m (80 ft) |
| Diameter | 2.3 m (7 ft 7 in) |
| Powered by | 9× Aeon 1 |
| Maximum thrust | 920 kN (207,000 lbf) |
| Propellant | LCH4 / LOX |
| First stage – Block 2 | |
| Powered by | 1× Aeon R |
| Maximum thrust | 1,300 kN (300,000 lbf) |
| Propellant | LCH4 / LOX |
| Second stage | |
| Height | 8.1 m (27 ft) |
| Diameter | 2.3 m (7 ft 7 in) |
| Powered by | 1× AeonVac |
| Maximum thrust | 126 kN (28,300 lbf) |
| Propellant | LCH4 / LOX |
Terran 1 is an expendable two-stage small-lift launch vehicle developed by Relativity Space since 2017.[2] Unique to Relativity, most structures and components in the vehicle are manufactured with 3D printing processes.
The maximum payload was expected to be 1,250 kg (2,760 lb) to 185 km (115 mi) low Earth orbit (LEO). Relativity's advertised launch price was $12 million USD per Terran 1 mission.
Design
Terran 1 consists of two stages. The first stage is powered by nine Aeon 1 engines burning methane and oxygen propellants in a gas-generator cycle, each producing 100 kN (23,000 lbf) of thrust. The second stage is powered by a single vacuum-optimized version of Aeon 1,[3] known as AeonVac, producing 126 kN (28,300 lbf) of thrust in vacuum.[4] Both stages will be autogenously pressurized.[5]
The payload fairing measures 6.8 m (22 ft) long and has a diameter of 3 m (9.8 ft). Terran 1 is capable of up to 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) to low Earth orbit.[6] Relativity commonly states a payload capacity of 1,250 kg (2,760 lb) to lower inclination low-Earth orbits and 900 kg (2,000 lb) to a sun-synchronous orbit (SSO).[4][7]
The primary and secondary structures of Terran 1 are manufactured with Relativity's Stargate 3D printer out of a proprietary aluminum alloy.[6] 90% of Terran 1 by mass consists of printed components;[6] Relativity claims that they can reduce the part count in the vehicle by 100 times compared to traditionally-manufactured rockets and manufacture an entire flight article from raw materials in 60 days.[6][8] Relativity's in-development Terran R launch vehicle will utilize the same tooling used to manufacture Terran 1.[3][9]
Relativity advertised a price per launch for Terran 1 of US$10 million in 2019.[10] The advertised price per launch had been increased to $12 million USD in 2021.[3]
Planned upgrades
In February 2022, Relativity CEO Tim Ellis stated in an interview with Ars Technica that the current configuration of Terran 1, with nine Aeon 1 engines on the first stage, will be replaced after the third flight with a stage featuring a single Aeon R engine with substantially higher thrust. The Aeon R engine is planned to be used on Relativity's much larger Terran R rocket.[11]
Launches
Relativity received a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) launch license to conduct the first launch of Terran 1, not-earlier-than (NET) 8 March 2023 from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station's Launch Complex 16.[12] Originally, another static fire was planned with the full rocket stack before first launch. Relativity believed it performed enough tests and instead attempted a launch.[5] Terran 1's initial flight scheduled for 8 March 2023 was a scrub due to "exceeding launch commit criteria limits for propellant thermal conditions on stage two". A second launch attempt on 11 March was also a scrub. Set for 18:00 UTC (14:00 EDT), high upper level winds prevented launch for over an hour. A second attempt at 19:35 UTC (15:35 EDT) was stopped at T-70 seconds by a boat in the launch safety range. A third attempt at 19:42 UTC (15:42 EDT) was cancelled half a second before liftoff. The engines briefly lit before shutting down from a "launch commit criteria violation". A final resort occurred at 21:00 UTC (17:00 EDT). An issue with the automatic stage separation promptly closed the launch window.[13]
Another launch window for Terran 1's initial flight opened on March 23. After holding twice, the rocket lifted off at 03:25 UTC (23:25 EDT). Following a successful liftoff, it failed to reach orbit after an anomaly in the upper stage engine following separation.[14]
| Flight No. | Date and
time (UTC) |
Launch site | Payload | Payload mass | Orbit | Customer | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 23 March 2023, 03:25[2] | LC-16 | None | None | LEO | Test flight | Failure |
| First flight of the Terran 1 launch vehicle, with mission name "Good Luck, Have Fun". Carried no payload.[11] | |||||||
| 2 | March 2023 | LC-16 | VCLS Demo-2R | LEO | NASA | Planned | |
| $3 million contract for unspecified payload(s) in NASA's Venture Class Launch Services (VCLS) 2 program.[15] The ELaNa 42 mission, consisting of three CubeSats, will launch on this flight.[16] | |||||||
| 3 | 2023 | LC-16 | Undisclosed | Undisclosed | Planned | ||
| Third flight of Terran 1, as detailed by Tim Ellis in an interview, will carry a payload for an undisclosed customer.[11] Last flight of Terran 1 before planned block upgrade. | |||||||
| NET 2023 | Rideshare | LEO | Spaceflight, Inc. | Planned | |||
| Contract with Spaceflight includes first flight in Q3 2021, with option for additional flights in the future.[17] | |||||||
| NET 2023 | Rideshare | 10–350 kg | GEO | Momentus | Planned | ||
| The 2019 contract with Momentus included a first flight originally scheduled for 2021, with option for five additional flights in the future. The five flights will include launch of a Momentus Vigoride Extended space tug.[18] | |||||||
| NET 2023 | LEO | Mu Space | Planned | ||||
| Dedicated launch for mu Space, will carry a single payload.[19] | |||||||
| NET 2023 | LC-16 / B330 | Rideshare | LEO | TriSept | Planned | ||
| Launch site will either be Cape Canaveral or Vandenberg. TriSept stated that the launch will feature one large primary payload accompanied with several smaller payloads.[20] | |||||||
| 2023 | LEO | DoD (STP) | Planned | ||||
| Single flight carrying "small U.S. military payload", price not disclosed.[7] | |||||||
| NET 2023[21] | B330 | Iridium NEXT × 1 | LEO (86.4°) | Iridium | Planned | ||
| Iridium has ordered a Terran to launch one of the 6 on-orbit spares for their satellite constellation. | |||||||
| Telesat
(unspecified quantity) |
LEO | Telesat | Planned | ||||
| Unspecified number of launches for an unspecified number of satellites.[10] | |||||||
References
- ^ Clark, Stephen (24 June 2020). "Relativity books up to six launches for Iridium, reveals plans for Vandenberg pad". Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
- ^ a b Baylor, Michael. "Terran-1 - Good Luck, Have Fun". Next Spaceflight. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
- ^ a b c Sheetz, Michael (25 February 2021). "Relativity Space unveils a reusable, 3D-printed rocket to compete with SpaceX's Falcon 9". CNBC. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
- ^ a b "Rockets". Relativity Space. Archived from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
- ^ a b Clark, Stephen (22 February 2023). "Relativity sets launch date for first flight of Terran 1 rocket". Spaceflight Now. Pole Star Publications Ltd. Archived from the original on 23 February 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
- ^ a b c d Relativity Space (August 2020). Terran 1 : Payload User's Guide Version 2.0 (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 August 2021.
- ^ a b Erwin, Sandra (15 March 2021). "Relativity Space wins U.S. military contract for 2023 launch". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
- ^ Berger, Eric (3 March 2020). "Relativity Space has big dreams. Is the company for real?". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
- ^ Burghardt, Thomas (8 June 2021). "Relativity Space reveals fully reusable medium lift launch vehicle Terran R". NASASpaceFlight.com. Archived from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
- ^ a b Foust, Jeff (5 April 2019). "Relativity signs contract with Telesat for launching LEO constellation". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
- ^ a b c Berger, Eric (22 February 2022). "With eyes on reuse, Relativity plans rapid transition to Terran R engines". Ars Technica. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- ^ Kelly, Emre (22 February 2023). "Relativity Space's first launch of 3D-printed Terran rocket scheduled for March". Florida Today. Archived from the original on 23 February 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
- ^ Malik, Tariq. "Relativity Space aborts launch of Terran 1, the world's first 3D-printed rocket, twice in 1 day". Space.com. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
- ^ Knapp, Alex. "Relativity Space Launches Its First 3D-Printed Rocket, But Fails To Reach Orbit". Forbes. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
- ^ Foust, Jeff (12 December 2020). "Three companies win NASA small launch contracts". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
- ^ Higginbotham, Scott (9 August 2021). "CubeSat Launch Initiative – Upcoming Flights" (PDF). NASA. p. 3. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
- ^ "Relativity Signs Launch Services Agreement for Multiple Launches with Spaceflight on Terran 1, World's First 3D Printed Rocket". Relativity Space (Press release). 6 May 2019. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
- ^ "Relativity Space Signs Launch Services Agreement for Multiple Launches with Momentus on Terran 1, World's First 3D Printed Rocket". Relativity Space (Press release). Business Wire. 11 September 2019. Archived from the original on 21 August 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
- ^ "Relativity's 3D Printed Terran 1 Rocket to Launch mu Space's Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellite". Relativity Space. 23 April 2019. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
- ^ Foust, Jeff (10 December 2020). "TriSept purchases Relativity launch for rideshare mission". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
- ^ Henry, Caleb [@CHenry_QA] (26 July 2022). "Iridium says it will launch up to five spare satellites in 2023, but not with Relativity Space. That leaves only one spare for Relativity to (maybe) launch with Terran 1. The launch provider for the other five hasn't been disclosed, only that it will be a single rocket" (Tweet). Retrieved 5 August 2022 – via Twitter.