Maratha invasions of Bengal: Difference between revisions
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| commander1 = [[File:Nagpur State flag.png|20px]] '''[[Raghoji I Bhonsle|Raghoji I]]'''<br> [[File:Nagpur State flag.png|20px]] [[Bhaskar Ram Kolhatkar|Bhaskar Pandit]]{{KIA}} <br> [[File:Nagpur State flag.png|20px]] [[Janoji Bhonsle]] <br> [[File:Nagpur State flag.png|20px]] Sabaji Bhonsle |
| commander1 = [[File:Nagpur State flag.png|20px]] '''[[Raghoji I Bhonsle|Raghoji I]]'''<br> [[File:Nagpur State flag.png|20px]] [[Bhaskar Ram Kolhatkar|Bhaskar Pandit]]{{KIA}} <br> [[File:Nagpur State flag.png|20px]] [[Janoji Bhonsle]] <br> [[File:Nagpur State flag.png|20px]] Sabaji Bhonsle |
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| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Principality of Bengal (15th-18th century).svg}} '''[[Alivardi Khan]]''' <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Principality of Bengal (15th-18th century).svg}} [[Gopal Singha Dev]] <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Principality of Bengal (15th-18th century).svg}} [[Mir Jafar]] <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Principality of Bengal (15th-18th century).svg}} Chitrasen Rai <ref>{{cite book |last=McLane |first=John R. |year=1993 |title=Land and local kinship in eighteenth-century Bengal |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=155–156 |isbn=0521410746}}</ref><br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Principality of Bengal (15th-18th century).svg}} Rai Durlabh <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Principality of Bengal (15th-18th century).svg}} Ghulam Mustafa Khan <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Principality of Bengal (15th-18th century).svg}} Ataullah Khan <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Principality of Bengal (15th-18th century).svg}} [[Zain ud-Din Ahmed Khan|Zainuddin Ahmed]] <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Principality of Bengal (15th-18th century).svg}} Abdus Salam <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Principality of Bengal (15th-18th century).svg}} Sheikh Masum <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Principality of Bengal (15th-18th century).svg}} Syed Ahmed Khan |
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Principality of Bengal (15th-18th century).svg}} '''[[Alivardi Khan]]''' <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Principality of Bengal (15th-18th century).svg}} [[Gopal Singha Dev]] <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Principality of Bengal (15th-18th century).svg}} [[Mir Jafar]] <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Principality of Bengal (15th-18th century).svg}} Chitrasen Rai <ref>{{cite book |last=McLane |first=John R. |year=1993 |title=Land and local kinship in eighteenth-century Bengal |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=155–156 |isbn=0521410746}}</ref><br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Principality of Bengal (15th-18th century).svg}} Rai Durlabh <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Principality of Bengal (15th-18th century).svg}} Ghulam Mustafa Khan <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Principality of Bengal (15th-18th century).svg}} Ataullah Khan <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Principality of Bengal (15th-18th century).svg}} [[Zain ud-Din Ahmed Khan|Zainuddin Ahmed]] <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Principality of Bengal (15th-18th century).svg}} Abdus Salam <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Principality of Bengal (15th-18th century).svg}} Sheikh Masum <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Principality of Bengal (15th-18th century).svg}} Syed Ahmed Khan |
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| strength1 = [[File:Nagpur State flag.png|20px]] |
| strength1 = [[File:Nagpur State flag.png|20px]] 40,000 (in 1742) <br> 12,000 (in 1748) |
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| strength2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Principality of Bengal (15th-18th century).svg}} |
| strength2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Principality of Bengal (15th-18th century).svg}} 15,000 Cavalry and 8,000 Musketeers (in 1748) |
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| casualties1 = [[File:Nagpur State flag.png|20px]] Unknown |
| casualties1 = [[File:Nagpur State flag.png|20px]] Unknown |
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| casualties2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Principality of Bengal (15th-18th century).svg}} Unknown |
| casualties2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Principality of Bengal (15th-18th century).svg}} Unknown |
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== Invasions of Bengal == |
== Invasions of Bengal == |
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From 1741 to 1751, the |
From 1741 to 1751, the Marathas under [[Raghuji Bhonsle]] invaded [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]] six times. The first one in 1741, as also the third in 1744, was led by Raghuji's general [[Bhaskar Ram Kolhatkar|Pandit Bhaskar Ram Kolhatkar]] or Bhaskar Pandit. The second in 1742 and the fourth in 1745 were led by Raghuji himself. The fifth in 1747 and the sixth in 1748 were undertaken by Janoji and Sabaji respectively. These invasions caused heavy destruction in the armies of the Nawab of Bengal.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}{{clarify|reason=the lead currently suggests at least 5 invasions, not a definite 6|date=October 2023}} Nawab [[Alivardi Khan]] was successful in repelling all the invasions. In 1743 two [[Maratha Army|Maratha Armies]] invaded - one belonged to Raghuji Bhosle, the other to [[Balaji Baji Rao|Balaji Rao]]. To persuade the latter to withdraw, Alivardi Khan was obliged to pay him a subsidy and promise to pay him ''chauth'' (tax) in the future.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marshall |first=P. J. |author-link=P. J. Marshall |title=Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740-1828 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIZrfokYSY8C&pg=PA73 |year=1987 |series=The New Cambridge History of India |volume=II.2 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=70 |isbn=978-0-521-02822-6 |language=en}}</ref> The continuous conflict took a heavy toll on the population of Bengal.<ref name="Marshall73">{{cite book|title=Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740-1828|author=P. J. Marshall|author-link=P. J. Marshall|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2006|page=73|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIZrfokYSY8C&pg=PA73|isbn=9780521028226}}</ref> |
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A well-known rhyme regarding the terror of the Borgis became famous as a lullaby among the Bengalis. That is [[Chele Ghumalo, Para Juralo]](Child sleeps, Neighbourhood sleeps) |
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=== First invasion (1741) === |
=== First invasion (1741) === |
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Revision as of 10:06, 16 November 2023
| Maratha Invasions of Bengal | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Battles involving the Maratha Empire | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Nawab of Bengal | |||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
 Raghoji I Bhaskar Pandit † Janoji Bhonsle Sabaji Bhonsle |
Alivardi Khan Gopal Singha Dev Mir Jafar Chitrasen Rai [6] Rai Durlabh Ghulam Mustafa Khan Ataullah Khan Zainuddin Ahmed Abdus Salam Sheikh Masum Syed Ahmed Khan | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
|
40,000 (in 1742) 12,000 (in 1748) |
15,000 Cavalry and 8,000 Musketeers (in 1748) | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
|
Unknown |
Unknown | ||||||||
The Maratha invasions of Bengal (1741–1751), also known as the Maratha expeditions in Bengal, were the frequent invasions by the Maratha forces in the Bengal Subah (Bengal, Bihar, parts of modern Orissa), after their successful campaign in the Carnatic region at the Battle of Trichinopoly. The leader of the expedition was Maratha Maharaja Raghoji Bhonsle of Nagpur.[7][full citation needed] The Marathas invaded Bengal five times from August 1741 to May 1751, which caused widespread economic losses in the Bengal Subah.
Invasions of Bengal
From 1741 to 1751, the Marathas under Raghuji Bhonsle invaded Bengal six times. The first one in 1741, as also the third in 1744, was led by Raghuji's general Pandit Bhaskar Ram Kolhatkar or Bhaskar Pandit. The second in 1742 and the fourth in 1745 were led by Raghuji himself. The fifth in 1747 and the sixth in 1748 were undertaken by Janoji and Sabaji respectively. These invasions caused heavy destruction in the armies of the Nawab of Bengal.[citation needed][clarification needed] Nawab Alivardi Khan was successful in repelling all the invasions. In 1743 two Maratha Armies invaded - one belonged to Raghuji Bhosle, the other to Balaji Rao. To persuade the latter to withdraw, Alivardi Khan was obliged to pay him a subsidy and promise to pay him chauth (tax) in the future.[8] The continuous conflict took a heavy toll on the population of Bengal.[9]
First invasion (1741)
After the ascension of Alivardi Khan as the Nawab of Bengal, the provincial governor of Orissa, Lutfullah Tabrizi Rustam Jung, more commonly known as Murshid Quli II, revolted against him. The revolt was crushed by Alivardi in March 1741, but Murshid Quli II escaped with his family and took shelter of Raghuji Bhonsle, the Maratha ruler of Nagpur. Raghuji agreed to assist Murshid Quli II in regaining Orissa. Murshid Quli II's son-in-law Mirza Baker, assisted by Maratha troops and the rebel forces of Orissa (who were dissatisfied with the governor of Orissa), invaded Orissa in August 1741. Orissa's governor, Syed Ahmed Khan (a nephew of Alivardi Khan), was defeated and captured along with his family.[3][full citation needed][need quotation to verify][better source needed]
Hearing of this, Alivardi rushed to Orissa and Alivardi's commander Mir Jafar freed Syed Ahmed and his family.[3][full citation needed][need quotation to verify][better source needed] Alivardi regained control of Orissa and returned to Murshidabad. The Marathas retook Orissa in 1749.[citation needed]
End of hostilities
In 1751, the Marathas signed a peace treaty with the Nawab of Bengal. The territories beyond the Subarnarekha River were now ceded to the Marathas,[1] according to which, Mir Habib (a former courtier of Alivardi Khan, who had defected to the Marathas) was made provincial governor of Orissa under nominal control of the Nawab of Bengal.[3][full citation needed][need quotation to verify][better source needed] It made The Nawab of Bengal a tributary to the Marathas who agreed to pay Rs. 1.2 million annually as the chauth of Bengal and Bihar, and the Marathas agreed not to invade Bengal again.[10][full citation needed] The Nawab of Bengal also paid Rs. 3.2 million to the Marathas, towards the arrears of chauth for the preceding years.[4]
The chauth was paid annually by the Nawab of Bengal up to 1758, until the East India Company seized control of Bengal.[citation needed]
References
- ^ a b c Sengupta, N. (2011). Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib. Penguin Books Limited. p. 156. ISBN 978-81-8475-530-5. Archived from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
- ^ Nitish K. Sengupta (2011). Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib. Penguin Books India. pp. 158–163. ISBN 9780143416784. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
Alivardi showed exemplary courage and military skill in every frontal battle that took place between his forces and the Marathas, in each of which, almost without exception, he had the upper hand.
- ^ a b c d ড. মুহম্মদ আব্দুর রহিম. "মারাঠা আক্রমণ". বাংলাদেশের ইতিহাস. ২৯৩–২৯৯.
- ^ a b Jaswant Lal Mehta (2005). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813. Sterling Publishers Pvt. ISBN 9781932705546. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
- ^ Sen, Sailendra Nath (2010). An Advanced History of Modern India. Macmillan India. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-230-32885-3. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
In 1751,...promising cession of the province of Orissa...Orissa came under the Bhonsle's control.
- ^ McLane, John R. (1993). Land and local kinship in eighteenth-century Bengal. Cambridge University Press. pp. 155–156. ISBN 0521410746.
- ^ SNHM. Vol. II, pp. 209, 224.
- ^ Marshall, P. J. (1987). Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740-1828. The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. II.2. Cambridge University Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-521-02822-6.
- ^ P. J. Marshall (2006). Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740-1828. Cambridge University Press. p. 73. ISBN 9780521028226.
- ^ OUM. pp. 16, 17
Bibliography
- Ivermee, Robert (2020). Hooghly: The Global History of a River. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-1-78738-325-8.
- Haque, Mohammed Anwarul (1980). Muslim Administration in Orissa, 1568-1751 A.D. Punthi Pustak.
