2G: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|First widely used digital cellular network}} |
{{Short description|First widely used digital cellular network}} |
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{{Other uses|2G (disambiguation)}} |
{{Other uses|2G (disambiguation)}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date= |
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}} |
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'''2G''' is a short notation for '''second-generation cellular network''', a group of technology standards employed for [[cellular network]]s. 2G was commercially launched on the [[GSM]] standard in [[Finland]] by [[Radiolinja]] (now part of [[Elisa Oyj]]) in 1991.<ref name="Radiolinja's History">{{cite web|url=http://www.elisa.com/english/index.cfm?t=6&o=6532.50 |title=Radiolinja's History |date=20 April 2004 |access-date=23 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061023212724/http://www.elisa.com/english/index.cfm?t=6 |archive-date=23 October 2006 }}</ref> After 2G was launched, the previous mobile wireless network systems were retroactively dubbed [[1G]]. While radio signals on 1G networks are [[analog signal|analog]], radio signals on 2G networks are [[digital data|digital]], though both systems use digital signaling to connect [[Cell site|cellular radio towers]] to the rest of the mobile network system. 2G was superseded by [[3G]] technology. |
'''2G''' is a short notation for '''second-generation cellular network''', a group of technology standards employed for [[cellular network]]s. 2G was commercially launched on the [[GSM]] standard in [[Finland]] by [[Radiolinja]] (now part of [[Elisa Oyj]]) in 1991.<ref name="Radiolinja's History">{{cite web|url=http://www.elisa.com/english/index.cfm?t=6&o=6532.50 |title=Radiolinja's History |date=20 April 2004 |access-date=23 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061023212724/http://www.elisa.com/english/index.cfm?t=6 |archive-date=23 October 2006 }}</ref> After 2G was launched, the previous mobile wireless network systems were retroactively dubbed [[1G]]. While radio signals on 1G networks are [[analog signal|analog]], radio signals on 2G networks are [[digital data|digital]], though both systems use digital signaling to connect [[Cell site|cellular radio towers]] to the rest of the mobile network system. 2G was superseded by [[3G]] technology. |
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Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their 1G predecessors were: |
Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their 1G predecessors were: |
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# Digitally encrypted phone conversations, at least between the [[mobile phone]] and the [[cellular base station]] but not necessarily in the rest of the network. |
# Digitally encrypted phone conversations, at least between the [[mobile phone]] and the [[cell site|cellular base station]] but not necessarily in the rest of the network. |
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# Significantly more [[Spectral efficiency|efficient use of the radio frequency spectrum]] enabling more users per frequency band. |
# Significantly more [[Spectral efficiency|efficient use of the radio frequency spectrum]] enabling more users per frequency band. |
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# Data services for mobile, starting with [[SMS]] text messages then expanding to [[Multimedia Messaging Service]] (MMS). |
# Data services for mobile, starting with [[SMS]] text messages then expanding to [[Multimedia Messaging Service]] (MMS). |
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With [[General Packet Radio Service]] (GPRS), 2G offers a theoretical maximum [[Bandwidth (computing)|transfer speed]] of 40 kbit/s (5 kB/s).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.3gpp.org/technologies/keywords-acronyms/102-gprs-edge|title=GPRS & EDGE|website=3gpp.org|access-date= |
With [[General Packet Radio Service]] (GPRS), 2G offers a theoretical maximum [[Bandwidth (computing)|transfer speed]] of 40 kbit/s (5 kB/s).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.3gpp.org/technologies/keywords-acronyms/102-gprs-edge|title=GPRS & EDGE|website=3gpp.org|access-date=2019-08-17}}</ref> With [[EDGE]] (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution), there is a theoretical maximum transfer speed of 384 kbit/s (48 kB/s).<ref name=":1" /> |
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== Evolution == |
== Evolution == |
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<!-- [[2.5G]] and [[2,5G]] redirect here. --> |
<!-- [[2.5G]] and [[2,5G]] redirect here. --> |
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'''2.5G''' ("'''second and a half generation'''"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/security-mobile-systems/26010|title=What is Second and a Half Generation (2.5G)|website=IGI Global|access-date= |
'''2.5G''' ("'''second and a half generation'''"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/security-mobile-systems/26010|title=What is Second and a Half Generation (2.5G)|website=IGI Global|access-date=2019-10-06}}</ref>) is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet-switched domain in addition to the circuit-switched domain. It does not necessarily provide faster service because bundling of timeslots is used for circuit-switched data services ([[High Speed Circuit Switched Data|HSCSD]]) as well. |
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=== 2.75G ([[EDGE]]) === |
=== 2.75G ([[EDGE]]) === |
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GPRS networks evolved to [[EDGE]] networks with the introduction of 8PSK encoding. While the symbol rate remained the same at 270.833 samples per second, each symbol carried three bits instead of one. Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC) is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology that allows improved data transmission rates, as an extension on top of standard GSM. EDGE was deployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003, initially by AT&T in the United States. |
GPRS networks evolved to [[EDGE]] networks with the introduction of 8PSK encoding. While the symbol rate remained the same at 270.833 samples per second, each symbol carried three bits instead of one. Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC) is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology that allows improved data transmission rates, as an extension on top of standard GSM. EDGE was deployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003, initially by AT&T in the United States. |
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=== 2.875G ([[EDGE Evolution]]) === |
=== 2.875G ([[EDGE Evolution]]) === |
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== Phase-out == |
== Phase-out == |
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{{see also|GSM#Discontinuation}} |
{{see also|GSM#Discontinuation}} |
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2G, understood as [[GSM]] and [[CdmaOne]], has been superseded by newer technologies such as [[3G]] ([[UMTS]] / [[CDMA2000]]), [[4G]] ([[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] / [[WiMAX]]) and [[5G]] ([[5G NR]]). However, 2G networks were still available {{As of|2023|lc=y}} in most parts of the world, while notably excluding the majority of carriers in [[North America]], [[East Asia]], and [[Australasia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.opensignal.com/blog/2019/06/13/germanys-rural-4g-users-still-spend-one-fourth-of-their-time-on-3g-and-2g-networks |title=Germany's rural 4G users still spend one-fourth of their time on 3G and 2G networks |website=Opensignal |date=13 |
2G, understood as [[GSM]] and [[CdmaOne]], has been superseded by newer technologies such as [[3G]] ([[UMTS]] / [[CDMA2000]]), [[4G]] ([[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] / [[WiMAX]]) and [[5G]] ([[5G NR]]). However, 2G networks were still available {{As of|2023|lc=y}} in most parts of the world, while notably excluding the majority of carriers in [[North America]], [[East Asia]], and [[Australasia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.opensignal.com/blog/2019/06/13/germanys-rural-4g-users-still-spend-one-fourth-of-their-time-on-3g-and-2g-networks |title=Germany's rural 4G users still spend one-fourth of their time on 3G and 2G networks |website=Opensignal |date=2019-06-13 |access-date=2019-10-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2019/06/17/t-mobile-poland-expects-to-keep-2g-for-five-to-six-years/index.html |title=T-Mobile Poland expects to keep 2G for five-to-six years |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2019-07-17 |access-date=2019-10-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.swisscom.ch/en/about/company/portrait/network/2g-phase-out.html |title=2G phase-out – modernisation of the Swisscom mobile network |publisher=Swisscom |access-date=2019-10-06 |archive-date=2020-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406193609/https://www.swisscom.ch/en/about/company/portrait/network/2g-phase-out.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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Many modern LTE-enabled devices have the ability to fall back to 2G for phone calls, necessary especially in rural areas where later generations have not yet been implemented.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.csl-group.com/uk/news/sunset-on-2g3g-mobile-networks-not-exactly.html |title=SUNSET ON 2G/3G MOBILE NETWORKS? NOT EXACTLY... |publisher=CSL Group |access-date= |
Many modern LTE-enabled devices have the ability to fall back to 2G for phone calls, necessary especially in rural areas where later generations have not yet been implemented.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.csl-group.com/uk/news/sunset-on-2g3g-mobile-networks-not-exactly.html |title=SUNSET ON 2G/3G MOBILE NETWORKS? NOT EXACTLY... |publisher=CSL Group |access-date=2023-10-16}}</ref> In some places, its successor 3G is being shut down rather than 2G – [[Vodafone]] previously announced that it had switched off 3G across Europe in 2020 but still retains 2G as a fallback service.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.com/2019/10/18/dont_switch_off_2g_report/ |title=Sod 3G, that can go, but don't rush to turn off 2G, UK still needs it – report |first=Kat |last=Hall |publisher=The Register |access-date=2023-10-16}}</ref> In the US [[T-Mobile US|T-Mobile]] shut down their 3G services while retaining their 2G GSM network.<ref name="TM 2G">{{cite web |url=https://www.t-mobile.com/support/coverage/t-mobile-network-evolution |title=T-Mobile Network Evolution |publisher=T-Mobile US |access-date=2022-06-19}}</ref><ref name="TM 3G Shutdown US">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2021/09/17/t-mobile-us-to-shut-down-3g-network-on-1-july-2022/ |title=T-Mobile US to shut down 3G network on 1 July 2022 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2021-09-17 |access-date=2021-09-18}}</ref> |
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Various carriers have made announcements that 2G technology in the United States, Japan, Australia, and other countries are in the process of being shut down, or have already shut down 2G services so that carriers can re-use the frequencies for newer technologies (e.g. 4G, 5G).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.geotab.com/blog/2g-network-shutdown/ |title=What You Need To Know About the 2G Network Shutdown |last=Serr |first=Melanie |website=Geotab Blog |date= |
Various carriers have made announcements that 2G technology in the United States, Japan, Australia, and other countries are in the process of being shut down, or have already shut down 2G services so that carriers can re-use the frequencies for newer technologies (e.g. 4G, 5G).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.geotab.com/blog/2g-network-shutdown/ |title=What You Need To Know About the 2G Network Shutdown |last=Serr |first=Melanie |website=Geotab Blog |date=2017-04-05 |access-date=2019-10-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://nae.global/en/the-status-of-the-2g-3g-network-sunset/ |title=The status of the 2G/3G network sunset |publisher=nae_ global |date=2019-07-31 |access-date=2019-12-11}}</ref> |
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In 2022, Android 12 introduced a system setting to disable 2G connectivity for the device, as 2G is considered to be insecure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2022/01/eff-praises-androids-new-2g-kill-switch-wants-apple-to-follow-suit/ |title=EFF praises Android's new 2G kill switch, wants Apple to follow suit |publisher=Ars Technica |last=Amadeo |first=Ron |date=14 |
In 2022, Android 12 introduced a system setting to disable 2G connectivity for the device, as 2G is considered to be insecure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2022/01/eff-praises-androids-new-2g-kill-switch-wants-apple-to-follow-suit/ |title=EFF praises Android's new 2G kill switch, wants Apple to follow suit |publisher=Ars Technica |last=Amadeo |first=Ron |date=2022-01-14 |access-date=2022-01-14}}</ref> Specifically, there exist well known methods to attack weaknesses in GSM since 2009<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gsmarena.com/the_gsm_encryption_algorithm_was_broken-news-1347.php |title=The GSM encryption algorithm was broken |publisher=GSMArena |access-date=2023-10-16}}</ref> with practical use in crime.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/china-arrests-1500-people-sending-spam-text-messages-fake-mobile-base-stations-1442099 |title=China Arrests 1,500 People for Sending Spam Text Messages from Fake Mobile Base Stations |last=Russon |first=Mary-Ann |publisher=International Business Times UK |date=2014-03-27 |access-date=2023-10-16}}</ref> Attack routes on 2G CdmaOne were found later and remain less publicized.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Side-Channel Analysis for the Authentication Protocols of CDMA Cellular Networks |journal=Journal of Computer Science and Technology |last1=Zhang |first1=Chi |last2=Liu |first2=Jun-Rong |last3=Gu |first3=Da-Wu |last4=Wang |first4=Wei-Jia |last5=Lu |first5=Xiang-Jun |last6=Guo |first6=Zheng |last7=Lu |first7=Hai-Ning |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=1079–1095 |doi=10.1007/s11390-019-1961-5 |date=2019-09-01}}</ref> |
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=== Criticism === |
=== Criticism === |
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In some parts of the world, including the United Kingdom, 2G remains widely used for older [[feature phone]]s and for [[internet of things]] (IoT) devices such as smart meters, [[eCall]] systems and [[Vehicle tracking system|vehicle trackers]] to avoid the high patent licensing cost of newer technologies.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20210104120707mp_/https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0027/196632/uk-2g-infrastructure-shutdown.pdf |title=Freedom of Information: Right to know request |publisher=Ofcom |date= |
In some parts of the world, including the United Kingdom, 2G remains widely used for older [[feature phone]]s and for [[internet of things]] (IoT) devices such as smart meters, [[eCall]] systems and [[Vehicle tracking system|vehicle trackers]] to avoid the high patent licensing cost of newer technologies.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20210104120707mp_/https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0027/196632/uk-2g-infrastructure-shutdown.pdf |title=Freedom of Information: Right to know request |publisher=Ofcom |date=2020-06-03 |access-date=2023-12-28}}</ref> Terminating 2G services could leave vulnerable people who rely on 2G infrastructure unable to communicate even with emergency contacts, causing harm and possibly deaths.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/simonrockman1/2019/08/01/millions-will-lose-out-when-government-kills-2g/ |title=Millions Will Lose Out When Government Kills 2G |first=Simon |last=Rockman |publisher=Forbes |access-date=2023-10-16}}</ref> |
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=== Past 2G networks === |
=== Past 2G networks === |
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| {{fontcolour|red|'''2024'''}} |
| {{fontcolour|red|'''2024'''}} |
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| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
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| 2G availability cannot be guaranteed after 1 |
| 2G availability cannot be guaranteed after 1 Jan 2022, all stations are planned to be shut down in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.alcom.ax/privat/kundservice/info/fragor-och-svar-faq/2g |title=Frågor och svar (FAQ). 2G |publisher=Ålcom |access-date=2023-07-12 |language=sv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712082632/https://www.alcom.ax/privat/kundservice/info/fragor-och-svar-faq/2g |archive-date=2023-07-12 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="3" | {{flag|Australia}} |
| rowspan="3" | {{flag|Australia}} |
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| 2017-08-01 |
| 2017-08-01 |
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| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
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| 2G shut down in [[Western Australia|WA]] and [[Northern Territory|NT]] on |
| 2G shut down in [[Western Australia|WA]] and [[Northern Territory|NT]] on 03 Apr 2017.<ref name="Optus AU">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2015/08/05/optus-to-shutter-gsm-network-in-april-2017/ |title=Optus to shutter GSM network in April 2017 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2015-08-05 |access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.optus.com.au/shop/support/answer/2g-network-closure-update?requestType=NormalRequest&id=5873&typeId=5/ |title=2G Network Closure Update |publisher=[[Optus]] |date=2016-10-19 |access-date=2017-07-06}}</ref> |
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| [[Telstra]] |
| [[Telstra]] |
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| 2016-12-01 |
| 2016-12-01 |
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| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
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| <ref name="Telstra AU">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2016/12/02/telstra-switches-off-gsm-network/ |title=Telstra switches off GSM network |publisher=TeleGeography |date= |
| <ref name="Telstra AU">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2016/12/02/telstra-switches-off-gsm-network/ |title=Telstra switches off GSM network |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2016-12-02 |access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref> |
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| [[Vodafone Australia (brand)|Vodafone]] |
| [[Vodafone Australia (brand)|Vodafone]] |
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| 2021-11-30 |
| 2021-11-30 |
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| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
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| <ref name="Batelco BH">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2021/09/28/batelco-to-phase-out-2g-network-on-30-november/ |title=Batelco to phase out 2G network on 30 November |publisher=TeleGeography |date=28 |
| <ref name="Batelco BH">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2021/09/28/batelco-to-phase-out-2g-network-on-30-november/ |title=Batelco to phase out 2G network on 30 November |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2021-09-28 |access-date=2022-02-19}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="3" | {{flag|Belgium}} |
| rowspan="3" | {{flag|Belgium}} |
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| {{fontcolour|red|'''2030'''}} |
| {{fontcolour|red|'''2030'''}} |
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| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
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| <ref name="2G Shutdown Europe">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/03/01/orange-selects-5g-sa-vendors-provides-timetable-for-2g3g-shutdowns/ |title=Orange selects 5G SA vendors; provides timetable for 2G/3G shutdowns |publisher=TeleGeography |date= |
| <ref name="2G Shutdown Europe">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/03/01/orange-selects-5g-sa-vendors-provides-timetable-for-2g3g-shutdowns/ |title=Orange selects 5G SA vendors; provides timetable for 2G/3G shutdowns |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2022-03-01 |access-date=2022-03-06}}</ref> |
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| [[Telenet (provider)|Telenet]] |
| [[Telenet (provider)|Telenet]] |
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| {{fontcolour|red|'''2027'''}} |
| {{fontcolour|red|'''2027'''}} |
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| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
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| <ref name="Telenet BE">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/09/16/telenet-to-switch-off-3g-from-september-2024/ |title=Telenet to switch off 3G from September 2024 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=19 |
| <ref name="Telenet BE">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/09/16/telenet-to-switch-off-3g-from-september-2024/ |title=Telenet to switch off 3G from September 2024 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2022-09-19 |access-date=2022-11-26}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| [[Proximus]] |
| [[Proximus]] |
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| {{fontcolour|red|'''2027'''}} |
| {{fontcolour|red|'''2027'''}} |
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| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
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| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/11/30/proximus-to-switch-off-3g-network-by-end-2024/ |title=Proximus to switch off 3G network by end-2024 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=30 |
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/11/30/proximus-to-switch-off-3g-network-by-end-2024/ |title=Proximus to switch off 3G network by end-2024 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2022-11-30 |access-date=2023-03-18}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="3" | {{flag|Brunei}} |
| rowspan="3" | {{flag|Brunei}} |
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| 2021-06-01 |
| 2021-06-01 |
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| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
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| <ref name="2G Shutdown BN 1">{{cite web |url=https://unn.com.bn/storage/news/faq-cessation-of-2g-gsm-services.pdf |title=Cessation of 2G GSM services in Brunei Darussalam |publisher=UNN Brunei |date=16 |
| <ref name="2G Shutdown BN 1">{{cite web |url=https://unn.com.bn/storage/news/faq-cessation-of-2g-gsm-services.pdf |title=Cessation of 2G GSM services in Brunei Darussalam |publisher=UNN Brunei |date=2021-04-16 |access-date=2021-12-08}}</ref><ref name="2G Shutdown BN 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.aiti.gov.bn/SitePages/FAQs.aspx#2G-Network-Switch-off |title=FAQs - 2G Network Switch-off |publisher=Authority for Info-communications Technology Industry (AITI) |access-date=2021-12-08 |archive-date=2021-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208061230/https://www.aiti.gov.bn/SitePages/FAQs.aspx#2G-Network-Switch-off |url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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| [[Progresif]] |
| [[Progresif]] |
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| 2019-04-30 |
| 2019-04-30 |
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| [[cdmaOne]] |
| [[cdmaOne]] |
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| Shutdown of CDMA transmitters commenced in remote areas in 2017, followed by an official announcement in June 2018 that 2G devices will lose service soon.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://support.bell.ca/mobility/smartphones_and_mobile_internet/cdma_evdo_network_change |title=CDMA Network Discontinuation |publisher=Bell Canada |access-date= |
| Shutdown of CDMA transmitters commenced in remote areas in 2017, followed by an official announcement in June 2018 that 2G devices will lose service soon.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://support.bell.ca/mobility/smartphones_and_mobile_internet/cdma_evdo_network_change |title=CDMA Network Discontinuation |publisher=Bell Canada |access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref><ref name="Bell CA">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2019/04/01/bell-completing-cdma-shutdown-on-30-april/ |title=Bell completing CDMA shutdown on 30 April |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2019-04-01 |access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref> |
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| [[Rogers Wireless]] |
| [[Rogers Wireless]] |
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| |
| |
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| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
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| {{fontcolour|red|1900 MHz shutdown in Jun 2021.}}<br />850 MHz remains active.<ref name="Rogers CA 1">{{cite web |url=https://mobilesyrup.com/2018/05/04/rogers-extends-availability-of-gsm-gprs-network-to-december-2020/ |title=Rogers extends availability of GSM/GPRS network to December 2020 |publisher=MobileSyrup |date= |
| {{fontcolour|red|1900 MHz shutdown in Jun 2021.}}<br />850 MHz remains active.<ref name="Rogers CA 1">{{cite web |url=https://mobilesyrup.com/2018/05/04/rogers-extends-availability-of-gsm-gprs-network-to-december-2020/ |title=Rogers extends availability of GSM/GPRS network to December 2020 |publisher=MobileSyrup |date=2018-05-04 |access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref><ref name="Rogers CA 2">{{cite web |url=https://bsav.ca/important-notice-regarding-upcoming-2g-3g-changes-on-the-rogers-network/ |title=Important Notice Regarding Upcoming 2G/3G Changes on the Rogers Network |publisher=BULWARK |date=2020-07-15 |access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref><ref name="Rogers CA 3">{{cite web |url=https://www.rogers.com/customer/support/article/business-network-updates |title=1900 MHz Shutdown on our 2G and 3G Wireless Networks |publisher=Rogers Communications |date=2021-03-01 |access-date=2023-05-13}}</ref><ref name="Rogers CA 4">{{cite web |url=https://blog.telegeography.com/2g-and-3g-shutdowns-continue |title=2G and 3G Shutdowns Continue |publisher=blog.telegeography.com |date=2023-02-15 |access-date=2023-05-13}}</ref> |
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| [[SaskTel]] |
| [[SaskTel]] |
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| 2017-07-31 |
| 2017-07-31 |
||
| [[cdmaOne]] |
| [[cdmaOne]] |
||
| <ref name="Saktel CA 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2016/07/06/final-countdown-for-saskatchewan-cdma/ |title=Final countdown for Saskatchewan CDMA |publisher=TeleGeography |date= |
| <ref name="Saktel CA 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2016/07/06/final-countdown-for-saskatchewan-cdma/ |title=Final countdown for Saskatchewan CDMA |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2016-07-06 |access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref><ref name="Sasktel CA 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.sasktel.com/about-us/news/2017/sasktel-rreminds-cdma-customers-of-network-shutdown |title=SaskTel reminds CDMA customers of network shutdown |publisher=Sasktel |date=2017-01-11 |access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Telus Mobility]] |
| [[Telus Mobility]] |
||
| 2017-05-31 |
| 2017-05-31 |
||
| [[cdmaOne]] |
| [[cdmaOne]] |
||
| <ref name="Telus CA 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2013/10/21/telus-shutting-cdma-in-2015/ |title=Telus 'shutting CDMA in 2015' |publisher=TeleGeography |date=21 |
| <ref name="Telus CA 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2013/10/21/telus-shutting-cdma-in-2015/ |title=Telus 'shutting CDMA in 2015' |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2013-10-21 |access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref><ref name="Telus CA 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.telus.com/en/on/support/article/cdma |title=CDMA network shut down - Information on the discontinuation of CDMA network support |publisher=TELUS |access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| {{flag|Cayman Islands}} |
| {{flag|Cayman Islands}} |
||
| Line 137: | Line 138: | ||
| 2020-07-01 |
| 2020-07-01 |
||
| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| <ref name="Digicel KY 1">{{cite web |url=http://www.digicelfoundation.org/markets/cayman/en/mobile/Why-Digicel/network/G-Network-Shut-Down.html |title=2G Network Shut Down |date= |publisher=Digicel Cayman |access-date= |
| <ref name="Digicel KY 1">{{cite web |url=http://www.digicelfoundation.org/markets/cayman/en/mobile/Why-Digicel/network/G-Network-Shut-Down.html |title=2G Network Shut Down |date= |publisher=Digicel Cayman |access-date=2022-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917042252/http://www.digicelfoundation.org/markets/cayman/en/mobile/Why-Digicel/network/G-Network-Shut-Down.html |archive-date=2021-09-17}}</ref><ref name="Digicel KY 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2019/11/01/digicel-cayman-announces-network-upgrade-discontinues-2g-coverage/ |title=Digicel Cayman announces network upgrade, discontinues 2G coverage |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2019-11-01 |access-date=2022-02-19}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{flag|China}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{flag|China}} |
||
| Line 143: | Line 144: | ||
| |
| |
||
| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| {{fontcolour|red|Local shutdown commenced in Q1 2021.}}<ref name="CU CN 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2020/11/13/unicom-to-retire-2g-by-end-2021/ |title=Unicom to retire 2G by end-2021 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=13 |
| {{fontcolour|red|Local shutdown commenced in Q1 2021.}}<ref name="CU CN 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2020/11/13/unicom-to-retire-2g-by-end-2021/ |title=Unicom to retire 2G by end-2021 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2020-11-13 |access-date=2022-02-19}}</ref><ref name="CU CN 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.developingtelecoms.com/telecom-business/operator-news/10286-china-unicom-to-retire-2g-next-year.html |title=China Unicom to retire 2G next year |publisher=Developing Telecoms Ltd. |date=2020-11-13 |access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref><ref name="CU CN 3">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/11/04/china-unicom-given-green-light-to-refarm-900mhz-band-for-5g/ |title=China Unicom given green light to refarm 900MHz band for 5G |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2022-11-04 |access-date=2022-11-06}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[China Telecom]] |
| [[China Telecom]] |
||
| {{fontcolour|red|'''2025'''}} |
| {{fontcolour|red|'''2025'''}} |
||
| [[cdmaOne]] |
| [[cdmaOne]] |
||
| {{fontcolour|red|Local shutdown commenced on 16 |
| {{fontcolour|red|Local shutdown commenced on 16 Jun 2020.}}<br />[[CDMA2000]] 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A/B (3G) service also terminates.<ref name="CT CN 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.montnets.com/en/wap/index.php/show-583.html |title=China Telecom: 3G Network Will Be Shut down Gradually Starting from June |publisher=Montnets |date=2020-06-05 |access-date=2022-05-14}}</ref><ref name="CT CN 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.lightreading.com/asia/turning-off-2g-in-china-harder-than-it-looks/d/d-id/778630 |title=Turning off 2G in China harder than it looks |publisher=Light Reading |date=2022-06-29 |access-date=2022-12-04}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{flag|Colombia}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{flag|Colombia}} |
||
| Line 154: | Line 155: | ||
| 2023-02-23 |
| 2023-02-23 |
||
| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| <ref name="Claro CO 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/05/13/claro-colombia-targets-december-2022-2g-shutdown/ |title=Claro Colombia targets December 2022 2G shutdown |publisher=TeleGeography |date=13 |
| <ref name="Claro CO 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/05/13/claro-colombia-targets-december-2022-2g-shutdown/ |title=Claro Colombia targets December 2022 2G shutdown |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2022-05-13 |access-date=2022-05-14}}</ref><ref name="Claro CO 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/09/20/claro-now-expects-to-switch-off-2g-network-by-feb-23/ |title=Claro now expects to switch off 2G network by Feb-23 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2022-09-20 |access-date=2022-10-06}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Tigo]] |
| [[Tigo]] |
||
| 2022-11-01 |
| 2022-11-01 |
||
| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| <ref name="Tigo CO">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/11/02/tigo-switches-off-colombian-2g-network/ |title=Tigo switches off Colombian 2G network |publisher=TeleGeography |date= |
| <ref name="Tigo CO">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/11/02/tigo-switches-off-colombian-2g-network/ |title=Tigo switches off Colombian 2G network |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2022-11-02 |access-date=2022-11-06}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="3" | {{flag|France}} |
| rowspan="3" | {{flag|France}} |
||
| Line 165: | Line 166: | ||
| {{fontcolour|red|'''2026-12-31'''}} |
| {{fontcolour|red|'''2026-12-31'''}} |
||
| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| <ref name="BYG FR">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/02/03/bouygues-telecom-to-decommission-2g-in-2026-3g-to-follow-in-2029/ |title=Bouygues Telecom to decommission 2G in 2026, 3G to follow in 2029 |publisher=TeleGeography |date= |
| <ref name="BYG FR">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/02/03/bouygues-telecom-to-decommission-2g-in-2026-3g-to-follow-in-2029/ |title=Bouygues Telecom to decommission 2G in 2026, 3G to follow in 2029 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2023-02-03 |access-date=2023-02-11}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Orange S.A.|Orange]] |
| [[Orange S.A.|Orange]] |
||
| Line 175: | Line 176: | ||
| {{fontcolour|red|'''2026'''}} |
| {{fontcolour|red|'''2026'''}} |
||
| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| <ref name="SFR FR">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/01/27/sfr-selects-nokia-for-5g-sa-network-to-decommission-2g3g-by-2028/ |title=SFR selects Nokia for 5G SA network; to decommission 2G/3G by 2028 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=27 |
| <ref name="SFR FR">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/01/27/sfr-selects-nokia-for-5g-sa-network-to-decommission-2g3g-by-2028/ |title=SFR selects Nokia for 5G SA network; to decommission 2G/3G by 2028 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2023-01-27 |access-date=2023-01-28}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{flag|Hong Kong}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{flag|Hong Kong}} |
||
| Line 181: | Line 182: | ||
| 2021-09-30 |
| 2021-09-30 |
||
| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| <ref name="3 HK">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2021/07/29/3-hong-kong-to-close-2g-network-at-end-september/ |title=3 Hong Kong to close 2G network at end-September |publisher=TeleGeography |date=29 |
| <ref name="3 HK">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2021/07/29/3-hong-kong-to-close-2g-network-at-end-september/ |title=3 Hong Kong to close 2G network at end-September |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2021-07-29 |access-date=2021-08-01}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[SmarTone]] |
| [[SmarTone]] |
||
| 2022-10-14 |
| 2022-10-14 |
||
| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| <ref name="SmarTone HK">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/08/12/smartone-announces-october-shutdown-for-2g-network/ |title=SmarTone announces October shutdown for 2G network |publisher=TeleGeography |date=12 |
| <ref name="SmarTone HK">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/08/12/smartone-announces-october-shutdown-for-2g-network/ |title=SmarTone announces October shutdown for 2G network |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2022-08-12 |access-date=2022-08-19}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| {{flag|Iceland}} |
| {{flag|Iceland}} |
||
| Line 192: | Line 193: | ||
| {{fontcolour|red|'''2025'''}} |
| {{fontcolour|red|'''2025'''}} |
||
| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| per government statement<ref name="2G Shutdown IS">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/11/24/ecoi-postpones-2g-shutdown-to-2025/ |title=ECOI postpones 2G shutdown to 2025 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=24 |
| per government statement<ref name="2G Shutdown IS">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/11/24/ecoi-postpones-2g-shutdown-to-2025/ |title=ECOI postpones 2G shutdown to 2025 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2022-11-24 |access-date=2022-11-26}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="1" | {{flag|Israel}} |
| rowspan="1" | {{flag|Israel}} |
||
| Line 198: | Line 199: | ||
| {{fontcolour|red|'''2025'''}} |
| {{fontcolour|red|'''2025'''}} |
||
| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| per government statement<ref name="2G Shutdown IL">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2021/07/02/ministry-orders-shutdown-of-israeli-2g-3g-networks-by-2025/ |title=Ministry orders shutdown of Israeli 2G, 3G networks by 2025 |publisher=TelGeography |date= |
| per government statement<ref name="2G Shutdown IL">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2021/07/02/ministry-orders-shutdown-of-israeli-2g-3g-networks-by-2025/ |title=Ministry orders shutdown of Israeli 2G, 3G networks by 2025 |publisher=TelGeography |date=2021-07-02 |access-date=2022-06-06}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| {{flag|Jamaica}} |
| {{flag|Jamaica}} |
||
| Line 204: | Line 205: | ||
| 2022-09-30 |
| 2022-09-30 |
||
| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| <ref name="FLOW JM 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/08/05/flow-jamaica-2g-shutdown-underway/ |title=Flow Jamaica 2G shutdown underway |publisher=TeleGeography |date= |
| <ref name="FLOW JM 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/08/05/flow-jamaica-2g-shutdown-underway/ |title=Flow Jamaica 2G shutdown underway |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2022-08-05 |access-date=2022-08-05}}</ref><ref name="FLOW JM 2">{{cite web |url=https://discoverflow.co/jamaica/2G-network |title=Shutdown of Flow 2G Network |publisher=FLOW Jamaica |date=2022-08-09 |access-date=2022-12-10}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="3" | {{flag|Japan}} |
| rowspan="3" | {{flag|Japan}} |
||
| Line 215: | Line 216: | ||
| 2012-03-31 |
| 2012-03-31 |
||
| [[Personal Digital Cellular|PDC]] |
| [[Personal Digital Cellular|PDC]] |
||
| <ref name="NTT JP">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2009/01/30/docomos-nine-month-profits-up-16-announces-2g-shutdown-march-2012/ |title=DoCoMo's nine-month profits up 16%, announces 2G shutdown March 2012 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=30 |
| <ref name="NTT JP">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2009/01/30/docomos-nine-month-profits-up-16-announces-2g-shutdown-march-2012/ |title=DoCoMo's nine-month profits up 16%, announces 2G shutdown March 2012 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2009-01-30 |access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Softbank]] |
| [[SoftBank Group|Softbank]] |
||
| 2010-03-31 |
| 2010-03-31 |
||
| [[Personal Digital Cellular|PDC]] |
| [[Personal Digital Cellular|PDC]] |
||
| <ref name="Softbank JP">{{cite web |url=https://www.softbank.jp/en/corp/group/sbm/news/press/2009/20091124_01/ |title=Discontinuation Notice of 2G Service |publisher=Softbank |date=24 |
| <ref name="Softbank JP">{{cite web |url=https://www.softbank.jp/en/corp/group/sbm/news/press/2009/20091124_01/ |title=Discontinuation Notice of 2G Service |publisher=Softbank |date=2009-11-24 |access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| {{flag|Jordan}} |
| {{flag|Jordan}} |
||
| Line 226: | Line 227: | ||
| {{fontcolour|red|''2022-??-??''}} |
| {{fontcolour|red|''2022-??-??''}} |
||
| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cullen-international.com/news/2022/02/New-benchmark-on-switching-off-2G-and-3G-networks-in-the-MENA-region.html |title=New benchmark on switching off 2G and 3G networks in the MENA region |author=Ali Hayajneh |publisher=Cullen International |date= |
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cullen-international.com/news/2022/02/New-benchmark-on-switching-off-2G-and-3G-networks-in-the-MENA-region.html |title=New benchmark on switching off 2G and 3G networks in the MENA region |author=Ali Hayajneh |publisher=Cullen International |date=2022-02-07 |access-date=2023-01-18}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| {{flag|Luxembourg}} |
| {{flag|Luxembourg}} |
||
| Line 238: | Line 239: | ||
| {{fontcolour|red|''2010-??-??''}} |
| {{fontcolour|red|''2010-??-??''}} |
||
| [[cdmaOne]] |
| [[cdmaOne]] |
||
| <ref name="MO 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2019/04/10/macau-to-shut-down-2g-networks-for-roaming-users/ |title=Macau to shut down 2G networks for roaming users |publisher=TeleGeography |date=10 |
| <ref name="MO 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2019/04/10/macau-to-shut-down-2g-networks-for-roaming-users/ |title=Macau to shut down 2G networks for roaming users |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2019-04-10 |access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[CTM (Macau)|CTM]] |
| [[CTM (Macau)|CTM]] |
||
| 2019-08-01 |
| 2019-08-01 |
||
| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| Service for local customers terminated on |
| Service for local customers terminated on 04 Jun 2015 with service remaining for roaming users.<ref name="MO 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2013/10/29/macau-mobile-users-reach-1-56m-in-3q13-2g-users-number-less-than-5000-as-switch-off-looms/ |title=Macau mobile users reach 1.56m in 3Q13; 2G users number less than 5,000 as switch off looms |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2013-10-29 |access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref><ref name="MO 2" /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Hutchison 3G#Macau|3]] |
| [[Hutchison 3G#Macau|3]] |
||
| 2019-08-01 |
| 2019-08-01 |
||
| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| Service for local customers terminated on |
| Service for local customers terminated on 04 Jun 2015 with service remaining for roaming users.<ref name="MO 1" /><ref name="MO 2" /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[SmarTone]] |
| [[SmarTone]] |
||
| 2019-08-01 |
| 2019-08-01 |
||
| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| Service for local customers terminated on |
| Service for local customers terminated on 04 Jun 2015 with service remaining for roaming users.<ref name="MO 1" /><ref name="MO 2" /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{flag|Mexico}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{flag|Mexico}} |
||
| Line 259: | Line 260: | ||
| |
| |
||
| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| {{fontcolour|red|Local shutdown commenced in Q1 2019.}}<ref name="AT&T MX">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2019/01/16/att-mexico-2g-switch-off-imminent-report-says/ |title=AT&T Mexico 2G switch-off imminent, report says |publisher=TeleGeography |date=16 |
| {{fontcolour|red|Local shutdown commenced in Q1 2019.}}<ref name="AT&T MX">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2019/01/16/att-mexico-2g-switch-off-imminent-report-says/ |title=AT&T Mexico 2G switch-off imminent, report says |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2019-01-16 |access-date=2021-04-14}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Movistar]] |
| [[Movistar]] |
||
| 2021-01-01 |
| 2021-01-01 |
||
| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| <ref name="MS MX">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2020/10/09/movistar-mexico-to-switch-off-2g-on-1-january-2021/ |title=Movistar Mexico to switch off 2G on 1 January 2021 |publisher=TeleGeography |date= |
| <ref name="MS MX">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2020/10/09/movistar-mexico-to-switch-off-2g-on-1-january-2021/ |title=Movistar Mexico to switch off 2G on 1 January 2021 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2020-10-09 |access-date=2021-04-14}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| {{flag|Netherlands}} |
| {{flag|Netherlands}} |
||
| Line 270: | Line 271: | ||
| 2021-06-01 /<br />2023-11-15 (IoT) |
| 2021-06-01 /<br />2023-11-15 (IoT) |
||
| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2020/10/19/t-mobile-netherlands-delays-consumer-2g-shutdown-to-jun-21-m2m-2g-continues-to-jun-23/ |title=T-Mobile Netherlands delays consumer 2G shutdown to Jun-21; M2M 2G continues to Jun-23 |publisher=TeleGeography |date= |
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2020/10/19/t-mobile-netherlands-delays-consumer-2g-shutdown-to-jun-21-m2m-2g-continues-to-jun-23/ |title=T-Mobile Netherlands delays consumer 2G shutdown to Jun-21; M2M 2G continues to Jun-23 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2020-10-09 |access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| {{flag|New Caledonia}} |
| {{flag|New Caledonia}} |
||
| Line 276: | Line 277: | ||
| {{fontcolour|red|'''2025'''}} |
| {{fontcolour|red|'''2025'''}} |
||
| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| {{fontcolour|red|Shutdown commenced in 2022.}}<ref name="OPT NC">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/07/28/opt-nc-updates-on-2g-sunset-progress/ |title=OPT-NC updates on 2G sunset progress |publisher=TeleGeography |date=28 |
| {{fontcolour|red|Shutdown commenced in 2022.}}<ref name="OPT NC">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/07/28/opt-nc-updates-on-2g-sunset-progress/ |title=OPT-NC updates on 2G sunset progress |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2022-07-28 |access-date=2022-11-26}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{flag|New Zealand}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{flag|New Zealand}} |
||
| Line 282: | Line 283: | ||
| 2018-03-15 |
| 2018-03-15 |
||
| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2018/02/13/2degrees-2g-shuts-on-15-march/ |title=2degrees 2G shuts on 15 March |publisher=TeleGeography |date=13 |
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2018/02/13/2degrees-2g-shuts-on-15-march/ |title=2degrees 2G shuts on 15 March |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2018-02-13 |access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Spark New Zealand|Spark]] |
| [[Spark New Zealand|Spark]] |
||
| 2012-07-31 |
| 2012-07-31 |
||
| [[cdmaOne]] |
| [[cdmaOne]] |
||
| <ref name="Spark NZ 1">{{cite web|url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2010/07/08/telecom-nz-to-close-cdma-network-by-mid-2012/ |title=Telecom NZ to close CDMA network by mid-2012 |publisher=TeleGeography |date= |
| <ref name="Spark NZ 1">{{cite web|url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2010/07/08/telecom-nz-to-close-cdma-network-by-mid-2012/ |title=Telecom NZ to close CDMA network by mid-2012 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2010-07-08 |access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref><ref name="Spark NZ 2">{{cite web|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/telecom-closes-cdma-network/HUVTE22UMPOKCSH7FEG5ZQGTWU/ |title=Telecom closes CDMA network |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2012-07-31 |access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="2" |{{flag|Norway}} |
| rowspan="2" |{{flag|Norway}} |
||
| Line 293: | Line 294: | ||
| {{fontcolour|red|'''2025'''}} |
| {{fontcolour|red|'''2025'''}} |
||
| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| <ref name="2G SWO NO">{{cite web|url=https://www.nkom.no/fysiske-nett-og-infrastruktur/informasjon-om-slukking-av-2g-i-2025 |title=Informasjon om slukking av 2G-nett i 2025 |publisher=Nasjonal kommunikasjonsmyndighet (Nkom) |date= |
| <ref name="2G SWO NO">{{cite web|url=https://www.nkom.no/fysiske-nett-og-infrastruktur/informasjon-om-slukking-av-2g-i-2025 |title=Informasjon om slukking av 2G-nett i 2025 |publisher=Nasjonal kommunikasjonsmyndighet (Nkom) |date=2021-01-04 |access-date=2021-05-03}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Telia Norge|Telia]] |
| [[Telia Norge|Telia]] |
||
| Line 316: | Line 317: | ||
| 2023-09-30 |
| 2023-09-30 |
||
| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| <ref name="FLOW SVG 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/08/21/flow-svg-announces-plans-to-shutter-2g-network/ |title=Flow (SVG) announces plans to shutter 2G network |publisher=TeleGeography |date=21 |
| <ref name="FLOW SVG 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/08/21/flow-svg-announces-plans-to-shutter-2g-network/ |title=Flow (SVG) announces plans to shutter 2G network |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2022-08-21 |access-date=2022-08-23}}</ref><ref name="FLOW SVG 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/flow-to-retire-2g-network-in-saint-vincent-and-the-grenadines/ |title=Flow to retire 2G network in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |author=Paul Lipscombe |publisher=Data Centre Dynamics |date=2023-08-23 |access-date=2023-10-04}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="3" | {{flag|Singapore}} |
| rowspan="3" | {{flag|Singapore}} |
||
| Line 322: | Line 323: | ||
| 2017-04-18 |
| 2017-04-18 |
||
| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| <ref name="2G Shutdown SG">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2017/03/28/imda-2g-shutdown-will-start-on-1-april/ |title=IMDA: 2G shutdown will start on 1 April |publisher=TeleGeography |date=28 |
| <ref name="2G Shutdown SG">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2017/03/28/imda-2g-shutdown-will-start-on-1-april/ |title=IMDA: 2G shutdown will start on 1 April |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2017-03-28 |access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Singtel]] |
| [[Singtel]] |
||
| Line 338: | Line 339: | ||
| 2019-01-01 |
| 2019-01-01 |
||
| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| <ref name="TelCell SX">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2018/12/20/out-with-the-old-on-new-years-eve-telem-shuts-2g/ |title=Out with the old on New Year's Eve: TelEm shuts 2G |publisher=TeleGeography |date=20 |
| <ref name="TelCell SX">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2018/12/20/out-with-the-old-on-new-years-eve-telem-shuts-2g/ |title=Out with the old on New Year's Eve: TelEm shuts 2G |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2018-12-20 |access-date=2022-02-19}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| UTS |
| UTS |
||
| 2017-09-26 |
| 2017-09-26 |
||
| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| <ref name="UTS SX">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2017/09/26/uts-not-turning-2g-network-back-on-post-hurricane-irma/ |title=UTS: not turning 2G network back on post-Hurricane Irma |publisher=TeleGeography |date=26 |
| <ref name="UTS SX">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2017/09/26/uts-not-turning-2g-network-back-on-post-hurricane-irma/ |title=UTS: not turning 2G network back on post-Hurricane Irma |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2017-09-26 |access-date=2022-02-19}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| {{flag|Slovakia}} |
| {{flag|Slovakia}} |
||
| Line 355: | Line 356: | ||
| {{fontcolour|red|'''2024-06-30'''}} |
| {{fontcolour|red|'''2024-06-30'''}} |
||
| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| per government statement<ref name="2G Shutdown SA">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/06/16/south-africa-to-ban-2g-devices-by-march-2023/ |title=South Africa to ban 2G devices by March 2023 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=16 |
| per government statement<ref name="2G Shutdown SA">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/06/16/south-africa-to-ban-2g-devices-by-march-2023/ |title=South Africa to ban 2G devices by March 2023 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2022-06-16 |access-date=2022-06-19}}</ref><ref name="2G_3G Shutdown SA 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/09/06/sa-comms-minister-proposes-2g3g-switch-offs-in-20242025/ |title=SA comms minister proposes 2G/3G switch-offs in 2024/2025 |website=TeleGeography |date=2022-09-06 |access-date=2022-09-06}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="3" | {{flag|South Korea}} |
| rowspan="3" | {{flag|South Korea}} |
||
| Line 361: | Line 362: | ||
| 2012-03-19 |
| 2012-03-19 |
||
| [[cdmaOne]] |
| [[cdmaOne]] |
||
| [[CDMA2000]] 1xRTT, EV-DO Rel. 0 (3G) service has also terminated.<ref name="KT SK">{{cite web |url=http://www.itpr.or.kr/include/asp/downloadPdf.asp?articleuid={488A63FE-B14B-4856-90D3-29DDAACE4D42} |title=Terminating 2G Service in Korea: Policy Issues and Suggestions |publisher=International Telecommunications Policy Review |date= |
| [[CDMA2000]] 1xRTT, EV-DO Rel. 0 (3G) service has also terminated.<ref name="KT SK">{{cite web |url=http://www.itpr.or.kr/include/asp/downloadPdf.asp?articleuid={488A63FE-B14B-4856-90D3-29DDAACE4D42} |title=Terminating 2G Service in Korea: Policy Issues and Suggestions |publisher=International Telecommunications Policy Review |date=2014-03-01 |access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[LG Uplus]] |
| [[LG Uplus]] |
||
| 2021-06-30 |
| 2021-06-30 |
||
| [[cdmaOne]] |
| [[cdmaOne]] |
||
| [[CDMA2000]] 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A/B (3G) service has also terminated.<ref name="LGU+ SK">{{cite web |url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210117000147 |title=S. Korea to end 2G network services by June |publisher=The Korea Herald |date=17 |
| [[CDMA2000]] 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A/B (3G) service has also terminated.<ref name="LGU+ SK">{{cite web |url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210117000147 |title=S. Korea to end 2G network services by June |publisher=The Korea Herald |date=2021-01-17 |access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[SK Telecom]] |
| [[SK Telecom]] |
||
| 2020-07-27 |
| 2020-07-27 |
||
| [[cdmaOne]] |
| [[cdmaOne]] |
||
| [[CDMA2000]] 1xRTT, EV-DO Rel. 0 (3G) service has also terminated.<ref name="SKT JP">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2020/07/28/sk-telecoms-shutters-2g-service/ |title=SK Telecoms shutters 2G service |publisher=TeleGeography |date=28 |
| [[CDMA2000]] 1xRTT, EV-DO Rel. 0 (3G) service has also terminated.<ref name="SKT JP">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2020/07/28/sk-telecoms-shutters-2g-service/ |title=SK Telecoms shutters 2G service |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2020-07-28 |access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| {{flag|Spain}} |
| {{flag|Spain}} |
||
| Line 383: | Line 384: | ||
| 2020-12-31 |
| 2020-12-31 |
||
| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| <ref name="Salt CH 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.watson.ch/digital/schweiz/853324977-das-aus-fuer-uralt-handys-kommt-2020-wird-das-2g-netz-abgeschaltet |title=Salt und Swisscom besiegeln das Aus für Uralt-Handys – 2020 wird das 2G-Netz abgeschaltet |publisher=watson |language=de |date= |
| <ref name="Salt CH 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.watson.ch/digital/schweiz/853324977-das-aus-fuer-uralt-handys-kommt-2020-wird-das-2g-netz-abgeschaltet |title=Salt und Swisscom besiegeln das Aus für Uralt-Handys – 2020 wird das 2G-Netz abgeschaltet |publisher=watson |language=de |date=2017-04-07 |access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref><ref name="Salt CH 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.teltarif.de/schweiz-abschaltung-2g-salt/news/81046.html |title=Schweiz: GSM-Netz bei Salt noch nicht ganz weg |publisher=Teltarif.de |language=de |date=2020-06-23 |access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref><ref name="Salt CH 3">{{cite web |url=https://www.heise.de/news/GSM-Mobilfunk-Die-Schweiz-schaltet-ab-5000513.html |title=GSM-Mobilfunk: Die Schweiz schaltet ab |publisher=heise online |language=de |date=2020-12-29 |access-date=2023-12-20}}</ref><br />Shutdown commenced on 01 Jul 2020. A few single 2G-only sites remained until Sep 2023 to preserve CSFB functionality. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Sunrise Communications AG|Sunrise]] |
| [[Sunrise Communications AG|Sunrise]] |
||
| 2023-01-03 |
| 2023-01-03 |
||
| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| <ref name="Sunrise CH 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2017/06/20/sun-sets-on-2g-technology-for-swiss-cellco/ |title=Sun sets on 2G technology for Swiss cellco |publisher=TeleGeography |date=20 |
| <ref name="Sunrise CH 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2017/06/20/sun-sets-on-2g-technology-for-swiss-cellco/ |title=Sun sets on 2G technology for Swiss cellco |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2017-06-20 |access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref><ref name="Sunrise CH 02">{{cite web |url=https://www.teltarif.de/gsm-2g-abschaltung-technik-sunrise-swisscom-salt-schweiz/news/74771.html |title=Schweiz: Sunrise schaltet 2G vorerst doch nicht ab |publisher=Teltarif.de |language=de |date=2018-11-23 |access-date=2021-04-14}}</ref><ref name="Sunrise CH 3">{{cite web |url=https://www.teltarif.de/gsm-abschaltung-schweiz/news/81021.html |title=Abschaltung: Die Tage von GSM sind in der Schweiz gezählt |publisher=Teltarif.de |language=de |date=2020-06-20 |access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref><br />With the introduction of [[Huawei SingleRAN|S-RAN]] in 2018 phaseout was postponed to 2022. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Swisscom]] |
| [[Swisscom]] |
||
| 2021-04-07 |
| 2021-04-07 |
||
| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| <ref name="SC CH 01">{{cite web |url=https://www.fiercewireless.com/europe/swisscom-plots-end-2g-as-it-moves-to-launch-5g-2020 |title=Swisscom plots the end of 2G as it moves to launch 5G in 2020 |publisher=Fierce Wireless |date= |
| <ref name="SC CH 01">{{cite web |url=https://www.fiercewireless.com/europe/swisscom-plots-end-2g-as-it-moves-to-launch-5g-2020 |title=Swisscom plots the end of 2G as it moves to launch 5G in 2020 |publisher=Fierce Wireless |date=2016-10-09 |access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref><ref name="SC CH 02">{{cite web |url=https://www.teltarif.de/schweiz-gsm-abschaltung/news/84102.html |title=Swisscom schaltet GSM-Netz komplett ab |publisher=Teltarif.de |language=de |date=2021-04-13 |access-date=2021-04-14}}</ref><ref name="SC CH 03">{{cite web |url=https://www.golem.de/news/schweiz-swisscom-hat-refarming-von-gsm-abgeschlossen-2104-155701.html |title=Swisscom hat Refarming von GSM abgeschlossen |publisher=Golem.de |language=de |date=2021-04-13 |access-date=2021-04-14}}</ref><br />Official shutdown date was on 31 Dec 2020 (guaranteed availability). |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="3" | {{flag|Taiwan}} |
| rowspan="3" | {{flag|Taiwan}} |
||
| Line 399: | Line 400: | ||
| 2017-06-30 |
| 2017-06-30 |
||
| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| <ref name="TW">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2017/07/03/taiwanese-cellcos-shutter-2g-networks/ |title=Taiwanese cellcos shutter 2G networks |publisher=TeleGeography |date= |
| <ref name="TW">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2017/07/03/taiwanese-cellcos-shutter-2g-networks/ |title=Taiwanese cellcos shutter 2G networks |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2017-07-03 |access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[FarEasTone]] |
| [[FarEasTone]] |
||
| Line 415: | Line 416: | ||
| {{fontcolour|red|'''2024-03-31'''}} |
| {{fontcolour|red|'''2024-03-31'''}} |
||
| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| <ref name="Digicel TT 1">{{cite web |url=https://tt.loopnews.com/content/digicel-decommission-2g-network |title=Digicel to decommission 2G network |publisher=LoopTT |date=10 |
| <ref name="Digicel TT 1">{{cite web |url=https://tt.loopnews.com/content/digicel-decommission-2g-network |title=Digicel to decommission 2G network |publisher=LoopTT |date=2023-11-10 |access-date=2023-11-10}}</ref><ref name="Digicel TT 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/11/13/digicel-to-shut-down-trinidadian-2g-network-on-31-march-2024/ |title=Digicel to shut down Trinidadian 2G network on 31 March 2024 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2023-11-13 |access-date=2023-11-18}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} |
||
| [[du (company)|Du]] |
| [[du (company)|Du]] |
||
| 2023-12-31 |
| {{fontcolour|red|'''2023-12-31'''}} |
||
| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.du.ae/2g-shutdown |title=du - 2G Shutdown |publisher=du |access-date= |
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.du.ae/2g-shutdown |title=du - 2G Shutdown |publisher=du |access-date=2023-10-07}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Etisalat]] |
| [[Etisalat]] |
||
| 2023-12-31 |
| {{fontcolour|red|'''2023-12-31'''}} |
||
| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.etisalat.ae/en/c/generic/goodbye-2g.html |title=Etisalat UAE -Goodbye 2G |publisher=Etisalat UAE |access-date= |
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.etisalat.ae/en/c/generic/goodbye-2g.html |title=Etisalat UAE -Goodbye 2G |publisher=Etisalat UAE |access-date=2023-10-07}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="1" | {{flag|United Kingdom}} |
| rowspan="1" | {{flag|United Kingdom}} |
||
| Line 432: | Line 433: | ||
| {{fontcolour|red|'''2033'''}} |
| {{fontcolour|red|'''2033'''}} |
||
| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| per government statement on confirmation by mobile providers<ref name="2G Shutdown UK">{{cite web |url=https://www.techradar.com/news/uk-2g-and-3g-networks-will-be-switched-off-by-2033 |title=UK 2G and 3G networks will be switched off by 2033 |publisher=Techradar |date= |
| per government statement on confirmation by mobile providers<ref name="2G Shutdown UK">{{cite web |url=https://www.techradar.com/news/uk-2g-and-3g-networks-will-be-switched-off-by-2033 |title=UK 2G and 3G networks will be switched off by 2033 |publisher=Techradar |date=2021-12-08 |access-date=2022-03-03}}</ref><ref name="Ofcom UK">{{cite web |url=https://www.ofcom.org.uk/phones-telecoms-and-internet/advice-for-consumers/advice/3g-switch-off |title=Switching off the UK’s 3G mobile networks: what you need to know |publisher=Ofcom |access-date=2023-11-16}}</ref><ref name="Gov UK">{{cite news |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/a-joint-statement-on-the-sunsetting-of-2g-and-3g-networks-and-public-ambition-for-open-ran-rollout-as-part-of-the-telecoms-supply-chain-diversificatio |title=A joint statement on the sunsetting of 2G and 3G networks and public ambition for Open RAN rollout as part of the Telecoms Supply Chain Diversification Strategy |publisher=Gov.uk |date=2021-12-08 |access-date=2023-11-16}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="7" | {{flag|United States}}<br />{{flag|Puerto Rico}}<br />{{flag|US Virgin Islands}} |
| rowspan="7" | {{flag|United States}}<br />{{flag|Puerto Rico}}<br />{{flag|US Virgin Islands}} |
||
| Line 438: | Line 439: | ||
| 2017-01-01 |
| 2017-01-01 |
||
| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| <ref name="AT&T US">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2017/01/18/att-confirms-2g-shutdown-took-place-on-1-january/ |title=AT&T confirms 2G shutdown took place on 1 January |publisher=TeleGeography |date=18 |
| <ref name="AT&T US">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2017/01/18/att-confirms-2g-shutdown-took-place-on-1-january/ |title=AT&T confirms 2G shutdown took place on 1 January |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2017-01-18 |access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Cellcom (United States)|Cellcom]] |
| [[Cellcom (United States)|Cellcom]] |
||
| 2023-12-01 |
| 2023-12-01 |
||
| [[cdmaOne]] |
| [[cdmaOne]] |
||
| [[CDMA2000]] 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.<br /><ref name="Cellcom US">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/09/20/regional-us-mobile-operator-cellcom-to-switch-off-2g-on-1-december-3g-was-deactivated-in-march/ |title=Regional US mobile operator Cellcom to switch off 2G on 1 December; 3G was deactivated in March |publisher=TeleGeography |date=20 |
| [[CDMA2000]] 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.<br /><ref name="Cellcom US">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/09/20/regional-us-mobile-operator-cellcom-to-switch-off-2g-on-1-december-3g-was-deactivated-in-march/ |title=Regional US mobile operator Cellcom to switch off 2G on 1 December; 3G was deactivated in March |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2023-09-20 |access-date=2023-10-02}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[T-Mobile US|T-Mobile]] |
| [[T-Mobile US|T-Mobile]] |
||
| {{fontcolour|red|'''2024-04-02'''}} |
| {{fontcolour|red|'''2024-04-02'''}} |
||
| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| <ref name="TMUS US">{{cite web |url=https://www.lightreading.com/5g/t-mobile-to-finally-turn-off-2g-in-2024 |title=T-Mobile to finally turn off 2G in 2024 |publisher=LightReading |date=15 |
| <ref name="TMUS US">{{cite web |url=https://www.lightreading.com/5g/t-mobile-to-finally-turn-off-2g-in-2024 |title=T-Mobile to finally turn off 2G in 2024 |publisher=LightReading |date=2023-02-15 |access-date=2023-11-03}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[T-Mobile US|T-Mobile]] ([[Sprint Corporation|Sprint]]) |
| [[T-Mobile US|T-Mobile]] ([[Sprint Corporation|Sprint]]) |
||
| 2022-05-31 |
| 2022-05-31 |
||
| [[cdmaOne]] |
| [[cdmaOne]] |
||
| [[CDMA2000]] 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.<br />Shutdown commenced on 31 |
| [[CDMA2000]] 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.<br />Shutdown commenced on 31 Mar 2022.<ref name="TM CDMA Shutdown US 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2020/12/10/t-mobile-aiming-to-shut-down-legacy-sprint-networks-in-2022/ |title=T-Mobile aiming to shut down legacy Sprint networks in 2022 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2020-12-10 |access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref><ref name="TM Shutdown Timeline 2G_3G US">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2021/09/17/t-mobile-us-to-shut-down-3g-network-on-1-july-2022/ |title=T-Mobile US to shut down 3G network on 1 July 2022 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2021-09-17 |access-date=2021-09-18}}</ref><ref name="TM CDMA Shutdown US 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2021/10/25/t-mobile-delays-cdma-shutdown-by-three-months/ |title=T-Mobile delays CDMA shutdown by three months |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2021-10-25 |access-date=2021-11-01}}</ref><ref name="TM CDMA Shutdown US 3">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/03/31/t-mobile-us-commences-cdma-shutdown-expands-5g-home-internet-footprint/ |title=T-Mobile US commences CDMA shutdown; expands 5G Home Internet footprint |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2022-03-31 |access-date=2022-03-31}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Union Wireless |
| Union Wireless |
||
| 2015 |
| 2015 |
||
| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unionwireless.com/union-wireless-to-phase-out-2g-network-provide-customers-with-better-wireless-experience |title=Union Wireless to Phase Out 2G Network - Provide Customers with Better Wireless Experience |publisher=Union Wireless |date= |
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unionwireless.com/union-wireless-to-phase-out-2g-network-provide-customers-with-better-wireless-experience |title=Union Wireless to Phase Out 2G Network - Provide Customers with Better Wireless Experience |publisher=Union Wireless |date=2015-08-03 |access-date=2023-10-04}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[UScellular]] |
| [[UScellular]] |
||
| 2024-01-14 |
| 2024-01-14 |
||
| [[cdmaOne]] |
| [[cdmaOne]] |
||
| [[CDMA2000]] 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service will also terminate.<br /><ref name="USC US 1">{{cite web |url=https://telecomtalk.info/uscellular-to-expand-cellular-service-rural-missouri/893813/ |title=USCellular to Expand Cellular Service in Rural Missouri With USD 5.8 Million Grant |publisher=Telecom Talk |date= |
| [[CDMA2000]] 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service will also terminate.<br /><ref name="USC US 1">{{cite web |url=https://telecomtalk.info/uscellular-to-expand-cellular-service-rural-missouri/893813/ |title=USCellular to Expand Cellular Service in Rural Missouri With USD 5.8 Million Grant |publisher=Telecom Talk |date=2023-11-06 |access-date=2023-11-18}}</ref><ref name="USC US 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/12/01/uscellular-to-switch-off-cdma-network-on-14-january-2024/ |title=UScellular to switch off CDMA network on 14 January 2024 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2023-12-01 |access-date=2023-12-02}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Verizon Wireless|Verizon]] |
| [[Verizon Wireless|Verizon]] |
||
| 2022-12-31 |
| 2022-12-31 |
||
| [[cdmaOne]] |
| [[cdmaOne]] |
||
| [[CDMA2000]] 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service also terminated.<ref name="Verizon US">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2021/03/31/verizon-to-shut-down-3g-cdma-networks-on-31-december-2022/ |title=Verizon to shut down 3G CDMA networks on 31 December 2022 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=31 |
| [[CDMA2000]] 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service also terminated.<ref name="Verizon US">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2021/03/31/verizon-to-shut-down-3g-cdma-networks-on-31-december-2022/ |title=Verizon to shut down 3G CDMA networks on 31 December 2022 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2021-03-31 |access-date=2021-04-14}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="3" | {{flag|Venezuela}} |
| rowspan="3" | {{flag|Venezuela}} |
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| {{fontcolour|red|'''2025'''}} |
| {{fontcolour|red|'''2025'''}} |
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| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| {{fontcolour|red|Shutdown commenced in May 2021.}}<br /><ref name="2G Shutdown VE">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/06/27/venezuela-aims-to-phase-out-2g-in-2025-targets-1-8m-fibre-subs-by-that-date/ |title=Venezuela aims to phase out 2G in 2025; targets 1.8m fibre subs by that date |publisher=TeleGeography |date=27 |
| {{fontcolour|red|Shutdown commenced in May 2021.}}<br /><ref name="2G Shutdown VE">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/06/27/venezuela-aims-to-phase-out-2g-in-2025-targets-1-8m-fibre-subs-by-that-date/ |title=Venezuela aims to phase out 2G in 2025; targets 1.8m fibre subs by that date |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2023-06-27 |access-date=2023-07-08}}</ref> |
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| [[Movilnet]] |
| [[Movilnet]] |
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| {{fontcolour|red|'''2025'''}} |
| {{fontcolour|red|'''2025'''}} |
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| [[GSM]] |
| [[GSM]] |
||
| {{fontcolour|red|Shutdown commenced on |
| {{fontcolour|red|Shutdown commenced on 01 July 2022.}}<br /><ref name="2G Shutdown VE" /> |
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| {{flag|Vietnam}} |
| {{flag|Vietnam}} |
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| [[GSM]] |
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| per government statement<ref name="2G Shutdown VN">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/09/15/vietnam-to-commence-2g-switch-off-in-december-2023/ |title=Vietnam to commence 2G switch-off in December 2023 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=15 |
| per government statement<ref name="2G Shutdown VN">{{cite web |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/09/15/vietnam-to-commence-2g-switch-off-in-december-2023/ |title=Vietnam to commence 2G switch-off in December 2023 |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2023-09-15 |access-date=2023-10-02}}</ref><br />Shutdown commenced in Dec 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://laodong.vn/cong-nghe/viet-nam-se-tat-song-2g-tu-thang-92024-1276036.ldo |title=Việt Nam sẽ tắt sóng 2G từ tháng 9.2024 |date=2023-12-05 |access-date=2023-12-11 |publisher=laodong.vn |language=vi}}</ref><br />{{fontcolour|red|'''2024-09''' (for 2G-only devices)}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://vtc.vn/nha-mang-se-chan-khong-cho-dien-thoai-cuc-gach-2g-moi-nhap-mang-ar838770.html |title=Nhà mạng sẽ chặn không cho điện thoại 'cục gạch' 2G mới nhập mạng |date=2023-12-06 |access-date=2023-12-11 |publisher=Báo điện tử VTC News |language=vi}}</ref><br />{{fontcolour|red|'''2026-09''' (for 3G and 4G (without [[Voice over LTE|VoLTE]]) devices)}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tienphong.vn/post-1593019.tpo |title=Sắp tắt sóng 2G, tiến tới tắt sóng 3G |date=2023-12-06 |access-date=2023-12-11 |publisher=Báo điện tử VTC News |language=vi}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 18:34, 1 February 2024
2G is a short notation for second-generation cellular network, a group of technology standards employed for cellular networks. 2G was commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj) in 1991.[1] After 2G was launched, the previous mobile wireless network systems were retroactively dubbed 1G. While radio signals on 1G networks are analog, radio signals on 2G networks are digital, though both systems use digital signaling to connect cellular radio towers to the rest of the mobile network system. 2G was superseded by 3G technology.
The most common 2G technology was the time-division multiple access (TDMA)-based GSM standard, used in most of the world outside Japan.[citation needed] In North America, Digital AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136) and cdmaOne (IS-95) were dominant, but GSM was also used.[2][citation needed] In Japan the ubiquitous system was Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) though another, Personal Handy-phone System (PHS), also existed.[citation needed]
Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their 1G predecessors were:
- Digitally encrypted phone conversations, at least between the mobile phone and the cellular base station but not necessarily in the rest of the network.
- Significantly more efficient use of the radio frequency spectrum enabling more users per frequency band.
- Data services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages then expanding to Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS).
With General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), 2G offers a theoretical maximum transfer speed of 40 kbit/s (5 kB/s).[3] With EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution), there is a theoretical maximum transfer speed of 384 kbit/s (48 kB/s).[3]
Evolution
2.5G (GPRS)
2.5G ("second and a half generation"[4]) is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet-switched domain in addition to the circuit-switched domain. It does not necessarily provide faster service because bundling of timeslots is used for circuit-switched data services (HSCSD) as well.
2.75G (EDGE)
GPRS networks evolved to EDGE networks with the introduction of 8PSK encoding. While the symbol rate remained the same at 270.833 samples per second, each symbol carried three bits instead of one. Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC) is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology that allows improved data transmission rates, as an extension on top of standard GSM. EDGE was deployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003, initially by AT&T in the United States.
2.875G (EDGE Evolution)
Phase-out
2G, understood as GSM and CdmaOne, has been superseded by newer technologies such as 3G (UMTS / CDMA2000), 4G (LTE / WiMAX) and 5G (5G NR). However, 2G networks were still available as of 2023[update] in most parts of the world, while notably excluding the majority of carriers in North America, East Asia, and Australasia.[5][6][7]
Many modern LTE-enabled devices have the ability to fall back to 2G for phone calls, necessary especially in rural areas where later generations have not yet been implemented.[8] In some places, its successor 3G is being shut down rather than 2G – Vodafone previously announced that it had switched off 3G across Europe in 2020 but still retains 2G as a fallback service.[9] In the US T-Mobile shut down their 3G services while retaining their 2G GSM network.[10][11]
Various carriers have made announcements that 2G technology in the United States, Japan, Australia, and other countries are in the process of being shut down, or have already shut down 2G services so that carriers can re-use the frequencies for newer technologies (e.g. 4G, 5G).[12][13]
In 2022, Android 12 introduced a system setting to disable 2G connectivity for the device, as 2G is considered to be insecure.[14] Specifically, there exist well known methods to attack weaknesses in GSM since 2009[15] with practical use in crime.[16] Attack routes on 2G CdmaOne were found later and remain less publicized.[17]
Criticism
In some parts of the world, including the United Kingdom, 2G remains widely used for older feature phones and for internet of things (IoT) devices such as smart meters, eCall systems and vehicle trackers to avoid the high patent licensing cost of newer technologies.[18] Terminating 2G services could leave vulnerable people who rely on 2G infrastructure unable to communicate even with emergency contacts, causing harm and possibly deaths.[19]
Past 2G networks
| Country | Network | Shutdown date | Standard | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Åland
|
Ålcom | 2024 | GSM | 2G availability cannot be guaranteed after 1 Jan 2022, all stations are planned to be shut down in 2024.[20] |
 Australia
|
Optus | 2017-08-01 | GSM | 2G shut down in WA and NT on 03 Apr 2017.[21][22] |
| Telstra | 2016-12-01 | GSM | [23] | |
| Vodafone | 2018-06-30 | GSM | ||
 Bahrain
|
Batelco | 2021-11-30 | GSM | [24] |
 Belgium
|
Orange | 2030 | GSM | [25] |
| Telenet | 2027 | GSM | [26] | |
| Proximus | 2027 | GSM | [27] | |
 Brunei
|
DSTCom | 2021-06-01 | GSM | [28][29] |
| Progresif | 2021-06-01 | GSM | [28][29] | |
| imagine | 2021-06-01 | GSM | [28][29] | |
 Canada
|
Bell | 2019-04-30 | cdmaOne | Shutdown of CDMA transmitters commenced in remote areas in 2017, followed by an official announcement in June 2018 that 2G devices will lose service soon.[30][31] |
| Rogers Wireless | GSM | 1900 MHz shutdown in Jun 2021. 850 MHz remains active.[32][33][34][35] | ||
| SaskTel | 2017-07-31 | cdmaOne | [36][37] | |
| Telus Mobility | 2017-05-31 | cdmaOne | [38][39] | |
 Cayman Islands
|
Digicel | 2020-07-01 | GSM | [40][41] |
 China
|
China Unicom | GSM | Local shutdown commenced in Q1 2021.[42][43][44] | |
| China Telecom | 2025 | cdmaOne | Local shutdown commenced on 16 Jun 2020. CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A/B (3G) service also terminates.[45][46] | |
 Colombia
|
Claro | 2023-02-23 | GSM | [47][48] |
| Tigo | 2022-11-01 | GSM | [49] | |
 France
|
Bouygues | 2026-12-31 | GSM | [50] |
| Orange | 2025-12-31 | GSM | [25] | |
| SFR | 2026 | GSM | [51] | |
 Hong Kong
|
3 | 2021-09-30 | GSM | [52] |
| SmarTone | 2022-10-14 | GSM | [53] | |
 Iceland
|
2025 | GSM | per government statement[54] | |
 Israel
|
2025 | GSM | per government statement[55] | |
 Jamaica
|
FLOW | 2022-09-30 | GSM | [56][57] |
 Japan
|
au KDDI | 2008-03-31 | cdmaOne | |
| NTT Docomo | 2012-03-31 | PDC | [58] | |
| Softbank | 2010-03-31 | PDC | [59] | |
 Jordan
|
Umniah | 2022-??-?? | GSM | [60] |
 Luxembourg
|
Orange | 2030 | GSM | [25] |
 Macau
|
China Telecom | 2010-??-?? | cdmaOne | [61] |
| CTM | 2019-08-01 | GSM | Service for local customers terminated on 04 Jun 2015 with service remaining for roaming users.[62][61] | |
| 3 | 2019-08-01 | GSM | Service for local customers terminated on 04 Jun 2015 with service remaining for roaming users.[62][61] | |
| SmarTone | 2019-08-01 | GSM | Service for local customers terminated on 04 Jun 2015 with service remaining for roaming users.[62][61] | |
 Mexico
|
AT&T | GSM | Local shutdown commenced in Q1 2019.[63] | |
| Movistar | 2021-01-01 | GSM | [64] | |
 Netherlands
|
T-Mobile | 2021-06-01 / 2023-11-15 (IoT) |
GSM | [65] |
 New Caledonia
|
OPT-NC | 2025 | GSM | Shutdown commenced in 2022.[66] |
 New Zealand
|
2degrees | 2018-03-15 | GSM | [67] |
| Spark | 2012-07-31 | cdmaOne | [68][69] | |
 Norway
|
Telenor | 2025 | GSM | [70] |
| Telia | 2025 | GSM | [70] | |
 Poland
|
Orange | 2030 | GSM | [25] |
 Romania
|
Orange | 2030 | GSM | [25] |
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
|
FLOW | 2023-09-30 | GSM | [71][72] |
 Singapore
|
M1 | 2017-04-18 | GSM | [73] |
| Singtel | 2017-04-18 | GSM | [73] | |
| StarHub | 2017-04-18 | GSM | [73] | |
 Sint Maarten
|
TelCell | 2019-01-01 | GSM | [74] |
| UTS | 2017-09-26 | GSM | [75] | |
 Slovakia
|
Orange | 2030 | GSM | [25] |
 South Africa
|
2024-06-30 | GSM | per government statement[76][77] | |
 South Korea
|
KT | 2012-03-19 | cdmaOne | CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rel. 0 (3G) service has also terminated.[78] |
| LG Uplus | 2021-06-30 | cdmaOne | CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A/B (3G) service has also terminated.[79] | |
| SK Telecom | 2020-07-27 | cdmaOne | CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rel. 0 (3G) service has also terminated.[80] | |
 Spain
|
Orange | 2030 | GSM | [25] |
 Switzerland
|
Salt | 2020-12-31 | GSM | [81][82][83] Shutdown commenced on 01 Jul 2020. A few single 2G-only sites remained until Sep 2023 to preserve CSFB functionality. |
| Sunrise | 2023-01-03 | GSM | [84][85][86] With the introduction of S-RAN in 2018 phaseout was postponed to 2022. | |
| Swisscom | 2021-04-07 | GSM | [87][88][89] Official shutdown date was on 31 Dec 2020 (guaranteed availability). | |
 Taiwan
|
Chunghwa Telecom | 2017-06-30 | GSM | [90] |
| FarEasTone | 2017-06-30 | GSM | [90] | |
| Taiwan Mobile | 2017-06-30 | GSM | [90] | |
 Trinidad and Tobago
|
Digicel | 2024-03-31 | GSM | [91][92] |
 United Arab Emirates
|
Du | 2023-12-31 | GSM | [93] |
| Etisalat | 2023-12-31 | GSM | [94] | |
 United Kingdom
|
2033 | GSM | per government statement on confirmation by mobile providers[95][96][97] | |
 United States Puerto Rico US Virgin Islands
|
AT&T | 2017-01-01 | GSM | [98] |
| Cellcom | 2023-12-01 | cdmaOne | CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated. [99] | |
| T-Mobile | 2024-04-02 | GSM | [100] | |
| T-Mobile (Sprint) | 2022-05-31 | cdmaOne | CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated. Shutdown commenced on 31 Mar 2022.[101][102][103][104] | |
| Union Wireless | 2015 | GSM | [105] | |
| UScellular | 2024-01-14 | cdmaOne | CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service will also terminate. [106][107] | |
| Verizon | 2022-12-31 | cdmaOne | CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service also terminated.[108] | |
 Venezuela
|
Digitel | 2025 | GSM | Shutdown commenced in May 2021. [109] |
| Movilnet | 2025 | GSM | [109] | |
| Movistar | 2025 | GSM | Shutdown commenced on 01 July 2022. [109] | |
 Vietnam
|
GSM | per government statement[110] Shutdown commenced in Dec 2023.[111] 2024-09 (for 2G-only devices)[112] 2026-09 (for 3G and 4G (without VoLTE) devices)[113] |
See also
- Cliff effect
- Dropout
- List of mobile phone generations
- Mobile radio telephone, also known as 0G
- Wireless device radiation and health
- 3G
- 4G
- 5G
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Cellular network standards | |||||||||
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| 0G radio telephones (1946) | |||||||||
| 1G (1979) |
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| 2G (1991) |
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| 2G transitional (2.5G, 2.75G, 2.9G) |
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| 3G (1998) IMT-2000 (2001) |
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| 3G transitional (3.5G, 3.75G, 3.9G) |
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| 4G (2009) IMT Advanced (2013) |
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| 5G (2018) IMT-2020 (2021) |
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| Mobile networks, protocols |
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| General operation | |||||||
| Mobile devices |
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| Law | |||||||
