Jump to content

Tunisia: Difference between revisions

Edit links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Tatarian (talk | contribs)
1,123 edits
Tidy up
→World War II: polished
Line 85: Line 85:
In 1942{{ndash}} 1943 Tunisia was the scene of the first major operations by the [[Allies of World War II|Allied Forces]] (the British Commonwealth and the United States) against the Axis Powers (Italy and Germany) during [[World War II]]. The main body of the British army, advancing from their victory in Battle of [[el-Alamein]] under the command of British [[Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein|Field Marshal Montgomery]], pushed into Tunisia from the south. The US and other allies, following their invasions of Algeria and Morocco in [[Operation Torch]], invaded from the west.
In 1942{{ndash}} 1943 Tunisia was the scene of the first major operations by the [[Allies of World War II|Allied Forces]] (the British Commonwealth and the United States) against the Axis Powers (Italy and Germany) during [[World War II]]. The main body of the British army, advancing from their victory in Battle of [[el-Alamein]] under the command of British [[Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein|Field Marshal Montgomery]], pushed into Tunisia from the south. The US and other allies, following their invasions of Algeria and Morocco in [[Operation Torch]], invaded from the west.


General [[Erwin Rommel|Rommel]], commander of the [[Axis Powers|Axis]] forces in North Africa, had hoped to inflict a similar defeat on the allies in Tunisia as German forces did in the [[Battle of France]] in 1940. Before the battle for Tunisia, the inexperienced allied forces had generally been unable to withstand German [[blitzkrieg]]s and properly coordinate their operations. As such the battle for Tunisia was a major test for the allies. They figured out that in order to defeat Axis forces they would have to coordinate their actions and quickly recover from the inevitable setbacks the experienced German-Italian forces would inflict.
General [[Erwin Rommel|Rommel]], commander of the [[Axis Powers|Axis]] forces in North Africa, had hoped to inflict a similar defeat on the allies in Tunisia as German forces did in the [[Battle of France]] in 1940. Before the battle for El-alemin, the allied forces had been forced to retreat toward Egypt. As such the battle for Tunisia was a major test for the allies. They figured out that in order to defeat Axis forces they would have to coordinate their actions and quickly recover from the inevitable setbacks the German-Italian forces would inflict.


On February 19, 1943, General Rommel launched an attack on the American forces in the [[Kasserine Pass]] region of Western Tunisia, hoping to inflict the kind of demoralizing and alliance-shattering defeat the Germans had dealt to Poland and France. The initial results were a disaster for the United States; the area around the Kasserine Pass is the site of many US [[war grave]]s from that time.
On February 19, 1943, General Rommel launched an attack on the American forces in the [[Kasserine Pass]] region of Western Tunisia, hoping to inflict the kind of demoralizing and alliance-shattering defeat the Germans had dealt to Poland and France. The initial results were a disaster for the United States; the area around the Kasserine Pass is the site of many US [[war grave]]s from that time.


However, the American forces were ultimately able to reverse their retreat. Having learned a critical lesson in [[tank warfare]], the Allies broke through the Mareth line on March 20, 1943. The allies subsequently linked up on April 8 and on May 2, 1943 the German-Italian Army in Tunisia surrendered. Thus, the United States, United Kingdom, Free French, and Polish (as well as other forces) were able to win a major battle as an allied army.
However, the American forces were ultimately able to reverse their retreat. Having known a critical strategy in [[tank warfare]], the Allies broke through the Mareth line on March 20, 1943. The allies subsequently linked up on April 8 and on May 2, 1943 the German-Italian Army in Tunisia surrendered. Thus, the United States, United Kingdom, Free French, and Polish (as well as other forces) were able to win a major battle as an allied army.


The battle, though often overshadowed by [[Battle of Stalingrad|Stalingrad]], represented a major allied victory of World War II largely because it forged the Alliance which would one day liberate Western Europe.
The battle, though often overshadowed by [[Battle of Stalingrad|Stalingrad]], represented a major allied victory of World War II largely because it forged the Alliance which would one day liberate Western Europe.

Revision as of 16:54, 7 November 2008

Tunisian Republic
Template:Rtl-lang
[Al-Jumhūriyyah at-Tūnisiyyah] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
Motto: حرية، نظام، عدالة (Hurriya, Nidham, 'Adala)
"Liberty, Order, Justice"
Anthem: Himat Al Hima
Location of Tunisia
Capital
and largest city
Tunis
Official languagesArabic
Recognised regional languagesFrench
Demonym(s)Tunisian
GovernmentRepublic
• President
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
Mohamed Ghannouchi
Independence
• from France
March 20 1956
Area
• Total
163,610 km2 (63,170 sq mi) (92nd)
• Water (%)
5.0
Population
• July 2005 estimate
10,102,000 (78th)
• 1994 census
8,785,711
• Density
62/km2 (160.6/sq mi) (133rd (2005))
GDP (PPP)2007 estimate
• Total
$77.045 billion[1]
• Per capita
$7,534[1]
GDP (nominal)2007 estimate
• Total
$35.010 billion[1]
• Per capita
$3,423[1]
Gini (2000)39.8
medium inequality
HDI (2007)Increase 0.766
Error: Invalid HDI value (91st)
CurrencyTunisian dinar (TND)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+2 (CEST)
Calling code216
ISO 3166 codeTN
Internet TLD.tn

Tunisia (Template:Lang-ar Tūnis), officially the Tunisian Republic (Template:Rtl-lang), is a country located in North Africa. It is bordered by Algeria to the west and Libya to the southeast. It is the northernmost country on the African continent, and the smallest of the nations situated along the Atlas mountain range. Around forty percent of the country is composed of the Sahara desert, with much of the remainder consisting of particularly fertile soil and a 1300 km coastline. Both played a prominent role in ancient times, first with the famous Phoenician city of Carthage, and later as the Africa Province, which became known as the bread basket of the Roman Empire. Tunisia ranks high among Middle Eastern and African nations in reports released by The World Economic Forum.[3].

History

Main article: History of Tunisia

At the beginning of recorded history, Tunisia was inhabited by Berber tribes. Its coast was settled by Phoenicians starting as early as the 10th century BC. The city of Carthage was founded in the 9th century B.C. by settlers from Tyre, now in modern day Lebanon. Legend says that Dido founded the city in 814 B.C., as retold in by the Greek writer Timaeus of Tauromenium. The settlers of Carthage brought their culture and religion from the Phoenicians and other Canaanites.

After a series of wars with Greek city-states of Sicily in the 5th century BC, Carthage rose to power and eventually became the dominant civilization in the Western Mediterranean. The people of Carthage worshipped a pantheon of Middle Eastern gods including Baal and Tanit. Tanit's symbol, a simple female figure with extended arms and long dress, is a popular icon found in ancient sites. The founders of Carthage also established a Tophet which was altered in Roman times.

Though the Romans referred to the new empire growing in the city of Carthage as Punic or Phoenician, the empire built around Carthage was an independent political entity from the other Phoenician settlements in the Western Mediterranean.

Tunis Zitouna Great Mosque

A Carthaginian invasion of Italy led by Hannibal during the Second Punic War, one of a series of wars with Rome, nearly crippled the rise of the Roman Empire. Carthage was eventually conquered by Rome in the 2nd century BC, a turning point which led to ancient Mediterranean civilization having been influenced mainly by European instead of African cultures. After the Roman conquest, the region became one of the granaries of Rome, and was Latinized and Christianized. It was conquered by the Vandals in the 5th century AD and reconquered by the commander Belisarius in the 6th century during the rule of Byzantine emperor Justinian.

In the 7th century the region was conquered by Arab Muslims, who founded the city of Kairouan. Successive Muslim dynasties ruled, interrupted by Berber rebellions. The reigns of the Aghlabids (9th century) and of the Zirids (from 972), Berber followers of the Fatimids, were especially prosperous. When the Zirids angered the Fatimids in Cairo (1050), the latter sent in the Banu Hilal tribe to ravage Tunisia.

The coasts were held briefly by the Normans of Sicily in the 12th century and the following Arab reconquest made the last Christians in Tunisia disappear. In 1159, Tunisia was conquered by the Almohad caliphs. They were succeeded by the Berber Hafsids (c.1230– 1574), under whom Tunisia prospered. In the late 16th century the coast became a pirate stronghold (see: Barbary States). In the last years of the Hafsids, Spain seized many of the coastal cities, but these were recovered by the Ottoman Empire. Under its Turkish governors, the Beys, Tunisia attained virtual independence. The Hussein dynasty of Beys, established in 1705, lasted until 1957.

World War II

Main article: Tunisia Campaign

In 1942– 1943 Tunisia was the scene of the first major operations by the Allied Forces (the British Commonwealth and the United States) against the Axis Powers (Italy and Germany) during World War II. The main body of the British army, advancing from their victory in Battle of el-Alamein under the command of British Field Marshal Montgomery, pushed into Tunisia from the south. The US and other allies, following their invasions of Algeria and Morocco in Operation Torch, invaded from the west.

General Rommel, commander of the Axis forces in North Africa, had hoped to inflict a similar defeat on the allies in Tunisia as German forces did in the Battle of France in 1940. Before the battle for El-alemin, the allied forces had been forced to retreat toward Egypt. As such the battle for Tunisia was a major test for the allies. They figured out that in order to defeat Axis forces they would have to coordinate their actions and quickly recover from the inevitable setbacks the German-Italian forces would inflict.

On February 19, 1943, General Rommel launched an attack on the American forces in the Kasserine Pass region of Western Tunisia, hoping to inflict the kind of demoralizing and alliance-shattering defeat the Germans had dealt to Poland and France. The initial results were a disaster for the United States; the area around the Kasserine Pass is the site of many US war graves from that time.

However, the American forces were ultimately able to reverse their retreat. Having known a critical strategy in tank warfare, the Allies broke through the Mareth line on March 20, 1943. The allies subsequently linked up on April 8 and on May 2, 1943 the German-Italian Army in Tunisia surrendered. Thus, the United States, United Kingdom, Free French, and Polish (as well as other forces) were able to win a major battle as an allied army.

The battle, though often overshadowed by Stalingrad, represented a major allied victory of World War II largely because it forged the Alliance which would one day liberate Western Europe.

Present-day politics

Main article: Politics of Tunisia

Tunisia is a republic presidential system characterized by bicameral parliamentary system, including the Chamber of Representatives and the Chamber of Advisors . President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali has been in office since 1987, the year he acceeded to the executive office Habib Bourguiba after a team of medical experts judged Bourguiba unfit to exercise the functions of the office. At the time, Tunisia was on the verge of upheaval as Ennahdha's (banned Islamic party) supporters were attempting to seize power. Since his access to power, also known as the Change, president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali launched a series of reform meant to introduce political pluralism and boost the economy.

In Tunisia, the President is elected to 5-year terms. He appoints a Prime Minister and cabinet, who play a strong role in the execution of policy. Regional governors and local administrators also are appointed by the central government. Largely consultative mayors and municipal councils are elected. There is a bicameral legislative body, the Chamber of Deputies, which has 182 seats, 20% of which are reserved for the opposition parties and the Chamber of Advisors which is composed of representatives from political parties, from professional organisations and by personalities appointed by the president of the Republic. Both chambers are composed of more than 20% of women, making it one of the rare countries in the Arab world where women enjoy equal rights. Incidentally, it is also the only country in the Arab world where polygamy is forbidden by law. This as part of a provision of the country’s Code of Personal Status which was introduced by the former president Bourguiba in 1956.

The judiciary is independent. The military is professional and does not play a role in politics.

Since 1987, Tunisia has gradually reformed its political system, it has abolished life presidency and opened up parliament to opposition parties. There are currently nine political parties in Tunisia, six of whom are represented in parliament. The majority party known as the Constitutional Democratic Rally (RCD) in French, is composed of about 2 million members and more than 6000 representations throughout the country; although the party was renamed (in Bourguiba’s days it used to be known as the Socialist Destourian Party), its policies are still considered to be largely secular. Since 2007, all political parties represented in parliament benefit from state subsidies to cover the rising cost of paper and to expand their publication.

In July 2008, new constitutional provisions have been voted by the country’s parliament. These provisions which include lowering the age of voting to 18, as well as easing the conditions for eligibility for the presidency, also allow for any head of political party , whether represented in parliament or not to present their candidacy, to run for president.

The state has also abolished the ‘depot legal’, which required prior authorization before sending to print, and issued legislation meant to bring amendments to the press code which provides journalists with greater freedom to express their ideas. Recently, the election of a syndicate of journalists met with a positive reaction from journalists. There are currently about 300 publications in Tunisia, most of them are financially and editorially independent. The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), as well as other press freedom groups have regularly led fact finding missions and issued reports calling on Tunisia to free what they consider as detained journalists, however Tunisian authorities have reacted by saying that there are no journalists currently held for having expressed their ideas. The recent case in point was provided by the ‘Slim Boukhdir case’, a journalist (since then released before serving his term), who was sentenced to a year in jail for having insulted a police officer on duty, according to the version given by the authorities. CPJ denies this version, arguing he was convicted for having written articles critical of the president.

Tunisian authorities maintain that only pornographic material and articles inciting to hate, are banned by law. This is the case of both the printed press and the internet which has witnessed a considerable development with more than 1,1 million users and hundreds of internet cafes, known as ‘publinet.’

Human rights are also the subject of controversy between human rights groups such as Amnesty International that argue that rights are not respected and Tunisian authorities that make the point that in recent international fora such as the United Nations - based New York Human Rights Commission and the Human Rights Committee in Geneva (2008), where all of the countries of the world go through a ‘periodic review’, Tunisia's efforts to promote a comprehensive system of human rights were officially acknowledged.

Tunisia is also one of three Muslim countries (Azerbaijan and Turkey are the others) that prohibits the hijab in government buildings. By government edict, women that insist on wearing the hijab cannot enter public buildings. Dissenters are liable to a fine and have to sign a document to avoid recidivism. Even if the ban against the hijab in public offices is not always strictly enforced, the publicity given to certain cases has overshadowed the real issues.

Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali, has consistently expressed his opposition to the presence of religious parties in parliament. While Tunisia cannot boast the natural resources its neighbors have, standards of living are among the best in the developing world.[2] This can be evidenced by two compelling economic observations: the level to which Tunisia has become self-sufficient in material goods, and the extent of real estate development in the cities and major towns of the country. Put simply, the mid-level retail outlet will typically offer goods more than 90% of which are home produced. As to the rise of the building and construction industry, a fleeting visit to any of Tunisia's smaller towns (let alone the cities) will confirm that development is rampant: many projects, especially hotels, are newly opened, and many more stand as skeleton buildings, ready to be developed as soon as demand - and capital funds - are available to bring them to completion. Poverty has significantly been reduced thanks to a national solidarity policy and strong social commitment from the government and now stands at 3,8%, instead of some 50% in 1956.

See also: Foreign relations of Tunisia

The following is an excerpt from the The World Factbook about Tunisia;

Following independence from France in 1956, President Habib BOURGUIBA established a strict one-party state. He dominated the country for 31 years, repressing Islamic fundamentalism and establishing rights for women unmatched by any other Arab nation. In recent years, Tunisia has taken a moderate, non-aligned stance in its foreign relations. Domestically, it has sought to defuse rising pressure for a more open political society.

Religion

Tunisia enjoys a significant degree of religious freedom, a right enshrined and protected in its constitution. The majority of Tunisia's population (98%) practices Islam, while a minority follows Christianity (1%), Judaism or other religions.[3]

Tunisia has a sizable Christian community of around 560,000 adherents (320,000 Protestants, 240,000 Roman Catholics); it is roughly equally divided between Catholics and Protestants.

Djerba, Wish, located in the south of Tunisia, is a Jewish enclave. One of the oldest synagogues in the world is here; many Jews celebrate a pilgrimage once a year to Djerba.

Tunisia has a culture that encourages acceptance of other religions; religious freedom is widely practiced and the government is tolerant of religious freedom as long as it does not threaten national unity. Individual Tunisians are also tolerant of religious freedom and generally do not inquire about a person's personal beliefs.

Tunisia is one of the very few North African countries where synagogues and churches are open to worshipers.

Governorates

Governorates of Tunisia
Main articles: Governorates of Tunisia and Delegations of Tunisia

Tunisia is subdivided into 24 governorates, they are:

  1. Ariana
  2. Béja
  3. Ben Arous
  4. Bizerte
  5. Gabès
  6. Gafsa
  7. Jendouba
  8. Kairouan
  9. Kasserine
  10. Kebili
  11. Kef
  12. Mahdia
  1. Manouba
  2. Medenine
  3. Monastir
  4. Nabeul
  5. Sfax
  6. Sidi Bou Zid
  7. Siliana
  8. Sousse
  9. Tataouine
  10. Tozeur
  11. Tunis
  12. Zaghouan

The governorates are divided into 262 "delegations" or "districts" (mutamadiyat), and further subdivided into municipalities (shaykhats).[4]

Geography

Topographic map of Tunisia.
Main article: Geography of Tunisia

Tunisia is a country situated on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa, midway between the Atlantic Ocean and the Nile Valley. It is bordered by Algeria in the west and Libya in the south-east. An abrupt southern turn of its shoreline gives Tunisia two faces on the Mediterranean.

Despite its relatively small size, Tunisia has great geographical and climactic diversity. The Dorsal, an extension of the Atlas Mountains, traverses Tunisia in a northeasterly direction from the Algerian border in the west to the Cape Bon peninsula. North of the Dorsal is the Tell, a region characterized by low, rolling hills and plains, although in the northwestern corner of Tunisia, the land reaches elevations of 1,050 meters. The Sahil is a plain along Tunisia's eastern Mediterranean coast famous for its olive monoculture. Inland from the Sahil, between the Dorsal and a range of hills south of Gafsa, are the Steppes. Much of the southern region is semi-arid and desert.

See also: List of cities in Tunisia

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Tunisia

The majority (98%)[5] of modern Tunisians are Arab,[6] and are speakers of Tunisian Arabic. However, there is also a small (1% at most)[5] population of Berbers located in the Jabal Dahar mountains in the South East and on the island of Jerba. The Berbers primarily speak Berber languages, often called Shelha. The other long-established community in the country is Jewish (today mainly in the capital Tunis and on Jerba), much reduced in number since independence from France.

Religion in Tunisia is dominated by Islam, to which a majority of Tunisians (98%) adhere.[7] One of the most ancient Jewish communities in the world resides in Jerba, where religious diversity thrives. The southern Tunisian island is home to 39 synagogues.

Language

File:Tunisian Arabic advert.JPG
Advert primarily in Tunisian Arabic

Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) is Tunisia's official language. However, as is the case in the rest of the Arab world, a vernacular form of Arabic is used by the public. In Tunisia, the dialect is Tunisian Arabic, which is closely related to the Maltese language.[8] There is also a small minority of speakers of Shelha, a Berber language.[9]

French also plays a major role in the country, despite having no official status. It is widely used in education (e.g. as the language of instruction in the sciences in secondary school), the press, and in business. Most educated Tunisians are able to speak it. Many Tunisians, particularly those residing in large urban areas, readily mix Tunisian Arabic with French.

Education

Education is given a high priority and accounts for 6% of GNP. A basic education for children between the ages of 6 and 16 has been compulsory since 1991. Tunisia ranked 11th in the category of "quality of the educational systems" in The Global Competitivness Report 2007, released by The World Economic Forum.

While children generally acquire Tunisian Arabic at home, when they enter school at age 6, they are taught to read and write in Standard Arabic. From the age of 8, they are taught French while English is introduced at the age of 12.

Main article: List of universities in Tunisia

Colleges and universities in Tunisia include:

  • Ecole Polytechnique de Tunisie
  • International University of Tunis
  • Université Libre de Tunis
  • Université de l'Aviation et Technologie de Tunisie
  • Institut National d'Agronomie de Tunis
  • Université des Sciences de Tunis

Culture

Main article: Culture of Tunisia

The culture of Tunisia is mixed due to their long established history of conquerors such as Phoenicians, Romans, Vandals, Byzantines, Arabs, Turks, Spaniards, and the French who all left their mark on the country.

Current ethnicity consists of Arab (98%), European (1%), others (1%).

The dominant Religion in Tunisia is Sunni Islam (99%). There are also small groups of Christians and Jews.

International rankings

Tunisia ranked 32nd most competitive economy in the World Report, released by The World Economic Forum.

Affiliations

Tunisia is a member of the following organizations:

Organization Dates
United Nations since 12 November 1956
Arab League since 1958
Organization of the Islamic Conference since 1969
World Trade Organization since 29 March 1995
Mediterranean Dialogue group since February 1995

Miscellaneous topics

In the movie Star Wars IV, the scenes on the planet Tatooine were filmed in Tunisia[10]. The skeleton of a krayt dragon, in the background of one of the scenes, is still there.

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Tunisia". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  2. ^ [1]
  3. ^ CIA - The World Factbook -- Tunisia
  4. ^ Tunisia Governorates
  5. ^ a b CIA
  6. ^ Columbia Gazetteer
  7. ^ "CIA — The World Factbook — Tunisia". Retrieved 2007-01-13.
  8. ^ Borg and Azzopardi-Alexander Maltese (1997:xiii) "The immediate source for the Arabic vernacular spoken in Malta was Muslim Sicily, but its ultimate origin appears to have been Tunisia. In fact, Maltese displays some areal traits typical of Maghrebine Arabic, although during the past eight hundred years of independent evolution it has drifted apart from Tunisian Arabic."
  9. ^ Gabsi, Zouhir (2003) 'An outline of the Shilha (Berber) vernacular of Douiret (Southern Tunisia)' [2]
  10. ^ Krayt dragon - Wookieepedia, the Star Wars Wiki

Template:Link FA Template:Link FA Template:Link FA

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tunisia&oldid=250264277"