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==Nuclear weapons==
==Nuclear weapons==
{{Main|Russia and weapons of mass destruction}}
{{Main|Russia and weapons of mass destruction}}
According to some sources, Russia possesses the largest stockpile of nuclear weapons in the world.<ref name=fas>[http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/summary.htm Status of Nuclear Powers and Their Nuclear Capabilities]. Federation of American Scientists</ref> Other sources claim that the stockpile of the USA is larger.<ref>RIAN.ru, [http://en.rian.ru/papers/20090514/155022873.html Analysts cannot calculate number of Russian, U.S. nuclear warheads], May 2009</ref> Russia's [[Strategic Rocket Forces]] controls its land-based nuclear warheads, while the Navy controls the submarine based missiles and the Air Force the air-launched warheads. Russia's nuclear warheads are deployed in four areas:
According to some sources, Russia possesses the largest stockpile of nuclear weapons in the world.<ref name=fas>[http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/summary.htm Status of Nuclear Powers and Their Nuclear Capabilities].

[[Image:Moscow Parad 2008 Ballist.jpg|thumb|right|An [[RT-2PM Topol]] at a Victory Day Anniversary Parade Rehearsal in Moscow, 2008.]]
[[Image:Moscow Parad 2008 Ballist.jpg|thumb|right|An [[RT-2PM Topol]] at a Victory Day Anniversary Parade Rehearsal in Moscow, 2008.]]


Revision as of 00:47, 14 May 2011

Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
 File:Big Emblem of Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.jpg  
Emblem, Insignia, Banner and Flag of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
Founded1991 (1918)
Current form7 May 1992
Service branchesAir Force Russian Air Force
Ground Forces Russian Ground Forces
Navy Russian Navy
Ground Forces Strategic Missile Troops
Ground Forces Russian Space Troops
Ground Forces Russian Airborne Troops
Leadership
Commander-in-ChiefPresident Dmitry Medvedev
Ministry of DefenceAnatoliy Serdyukov
Chief of the General StaffArmy General Nikolay Makarov
Personnel
Military age18 years of age
Conscription12 months
Available for
military service		34,132,156 males, age 16–49 (2010 est.),
34,985,115 females, age 16–49 (2010 est.)
Fit for
military service		20,431,035 males, age 16–49 (2010 est.),
26,381,518 females, age 16–49 (2010 est.)
Reaching military
age annually		693,843 males (2010 est.),
660,359 females (2010 est.)
Active personnel1,200,000[1] (ranked 4th)
Reserve personnel754,000[1]
Expenditure
Budget$56 billion (FY09)[2] (ranked 5th)
Percent of GDP3.5% (2009 est.)
Industry
Domestic suppliersSukhoi
Mikoyan
Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant
Kamov
Tupolev
Ilyushin
Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design
Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology
IZH
Almaz-Antey
Beriev
GAZ
ZiL
Sevmash
Uralvagonzavod
Kamov
Related articles
HistoryMilitary History of Russia
History of Russian military ranks
Military ranks of the Soviet Union
RanksAir Force ranks and insignia
Army ranks and insignia
Navy ranks and insignia

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (Russian: Вооружё́нные Си́лы Росси́йской Федера́ции Transliteration: Voruzhonnije Síly Rossíyskoj Federátsii) are the military services of Russia, established after the break-up of the Soviet Union. On 7 May 1992 Boris Yeltsin signed a decree establishing the Russian Ministry of Defence and placing all Soviet Armed Forces troops on the territory of the RSFSR under Russian Federation control.[3] The Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces is the President of the Russian Federation. Although the Russian armed forces were formed in 1992, the Russian military dates its roots back to the times of the Kievan Rus'.

As of 2007, the International Institute for Strategic Studies estimated that the Russian armed forces numbered about 1,200,000 active troops and about another 754,000 reserves.[1] With Defence Minister Serdyukov's reforms ongoing, these 2007 numbers have no doubt changed. Russia's claimed defense budget stands at US$61 billion for FY2010[citation needed] but the actual spending on the armed forces is estimated to be much higher. Russia is one of the few countries in the world that has a fully indigenous arms industry, producing its own military equipment.

History

As the Soviet Union officially dissolved on December 31, 1991, the Soviet military was left in limbo. For the next year and a half various attempts to keep its unity and transform it into the military of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) failed. Over time, the units stationed in Ukraine and some other breakaway republics swore loyalty to their new national governments, while a series of treaties between the newly independent states divided up the military's assets.[4] On 7 May 1992, Yeltsin appointed himself as the new Russian minister of defence, marking a crucial step in the creation of the new Armed Forces. By December 1993 CIS military structures had become CIS military cooperation structures with all real influence lost.

In the next few years, Russian forces withdrew from central and eastern Europe, as well as from some newly independent post-Soviet republics. While in most places the withdrawal took place without any problems, the Russian Armed Forces remained in some disputed areas such as the Sevastopol naval base in the Crimea as well as in Abkhazia and Transnistria. The Armed Forces have several bases in foreign countries, especially on territory of the former Soviet Republics.

A new military doctrine, promulgated in November 1993, implicitly acknowledged the contraction of the old Soviet military into a regional military power without global imperial ambitions. In keeping with its emphasis on the threat of regional conflicts, the doctrine called for a Russian military that is smaller, lighter, and more mobile, with a higher degree of professionalism and with greater rapid deployment capability. Such change proved extremely difficult to achieve. Under Defence Minister Pavel Grachev, little military reform took place, though there was a plan to create more deployable Mobile Forces. Later Defence Minister Rodionov had good qualifications but did not manage to institute lasting change. Only under Defence Minister Igor Sergeyev did a certain amount of limited reforms begin, though attention was focused upon the Strategic Rocket Forces. Significant reforms were announced in late 2008 under Defence Minister Anatoliy Serdyukov, and major structural reorganisation began in 2009.

Key elements of the reforms announced in October 2008 include reducing the armed forces to a strength of one million by 2012; reducing the number of officers; centralising officer training from 65 military schools into 10 'systemic' military training centres; reducing the size of the central command; introducing more civilian logistics and auxiliary staff; elimination of cadre-strength formations; reorganising the reserves; reorganising the army into a brigade system; and reorganising air forces into an air base system instead of regiments.[5]

The amount of military units is to be reduced in accordance with the table:[6]

Arms and branches 2008 2012 Reduction
Ground Forces 1890 172 -90 %
Air Force 340 180 -48 %
Navy 240 123 -49 %
Strategic Rocket Forces 12 8 -33 %
Space Forces 7 6 -15 %
Airborne Troops 6 5 -17 %

An essential part of the military reform is its down-sizing. By the beginning of the reform, there were about 1,200,000 active personnel in the Russian army. Largely, the reductions falls within the officers. Personnel are to be reduced according to the table:[6]

Category of military men September 1, 2008 December 1, 2009 Planned for 2012 Reduction
General 1107 780 866 −22 %
Colonel 15365 3114 −80 %
Lieutenant Colonel 19300 7500 −61 %
Major 99550 30000 −70 %
Captain 90000 40000 −56 %
First Lieutenant 30000 35000 +17 %
Lieutenant 20000 26000 +30 %
Officers in total 365000 150000 −61 %
Praporshchik 90000 0 0 −100 %
Midshipman 50000 0 0 −100 %

It is planned that by 2016 the amount of active personnel in the Russian Armed Forces could go down to 1 million active personnel.[7]

Organization

The Defence Ministry of the Russian Federation serves as the administrative body of the Armed Forces. Since Soviet times, the General Staff has acted as the main commanding and supervising body of the Russian armed forces: U.S. expert William Odom said in 1998, that 'the Soviet General Staff without the MoD is conceivable, but the MoD without the General Staff is not.'[8] However, currently the General Staff's role is being reduced to that of the Ministry's department of strategic planning, the Minister himself, currently Anatoliy Serdyukov may now be gaining further executive authority over the troops.[citation needed] Other departments include the personnel directorate as well as the Rear Services of the Armed Forces of Russia, railroad troops and construction troops. The Chief of the General Staff is currently General of the Army Nikolai Makarov.

The Russian military is divided into the following branches: the Russian Ground Forces, the Russian Navy, and the Russian Air Force. There are also three independent arms of service : Strategic Missile Troops, Military Space Forces, and the Russian Airborne Troops. The Troops of Air Defence, the former Soviet Air Defence Forces, have been subordinated into the Air Force since 1998. The Armed Forces as a whole seem to be traditionally referred to as the Army (armiya), except in some cases, the Navy.

A T-90 tank of the Russian Ground Forces

As of late 2010 the Ground Forces are distributed among into four military districts: Western Military District, Southern Military District, Central Military District, and the Eastern Military District. Previously from 1992 to 2010, the Ground Forces were divided into six military districts: Moscow, Leningrad, North Caucausian, Privolzhsk-Ural, Siberian and Far Eastern. These six MDs were merged into the four new MDs as part of a 2010 reorganisation.

There is one remaining Russian military base, the 102nd Military Base, in Armenia left of the former Transcaucasus Group of Forces. It may report to the Southern Military District.

The Navy consists of four fleets and one flotilla:

There is also the Kaliningrad Special Region, under the command of the Commander Baltic Fleet, which has Ground & Coastal Forces, formerly the 11th Guards Army, with a motor rifle division and a motor rifle brigade, and a fighter aviation regiment of Sukhoi Su-27 'Flanker', as well as other forces.

Chief of the General Staff, General of the Army Nikolai Makarov

Similarly, there is the Northeast Group of Troops and Forces, headquartered at Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, comprising all Russian Armed Forces components in the Kamchatka Oblast and the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug [district] and subordinate to the Commander Pacific Fleet headquartered in Vladivostok.

In mid 2010 a reorganisation was announced which would consolidate military districts and the navy’s fleets into four operational-strategic commands (OSC).[10] Geographically divided, the four commands will be called Centre (Yekaterinburg), South (HQ in Rostov-na-Donu), East (Khabarovsk) and Western (HQ in St. Petersburg). The plan, was put in place on December 1, 2010, and mirrors a proposed reorganisation by former Chief of the General Staff Army General Yuri Baluyevsky for a Regional Command East which was not in fact implemented.[11] The four commands were set up by a decree of President Mevdevev on 14 July 2010.[12] An Operational-Strategic Command of Missile-Space Defence has also been established on the basis of the former Special Purpose Command of the Russian Air Force. A Presidential decree of January 2011 named commanders for several of the new resulting organisational structures.[13]

Russian command posts, according to Globalsecurity.org, include Chekhov/Sharapovo about 80 kilometres (50 mi) south of Moscow, for the General Staff and President, Chaadayevka near Penza, Voronovo in Moscow, and a facility at Lipetsk all for the national leadership, Mount Yamantaw in the Urals, and command posts for the Strategic Rocket Forces at Kuntsevo in Moscow (primary) and Kosvinsky Mountain in the Urals (alternate).[14] It is speculated that many of the Moscow bunkers are linked by the special underground Moscow Metro 2 line.

Russian security bodies not under the control of the Ministry of Defence include the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Border Guard Service of Russia, part of the Federal Security Service, the Kremlin Regiment and the rest of the Federal Protective Service (Russia), the Federal Communications and Information Agency, and the Ministry of Emergency Situations.

Personnel

A Russian soldier at a checkpoint co-guarded by Russian and American troops in Kosovo

As of 2008, some 480,000[citation needed] young men are brought into the Army via Conscription in Russia in two call-ups each year. The term of service is 12 months. Eligible age is 18 to 27 years old.

Deferments are provided to undergraduate and graduate students, men solely supporting disabled relatives, parents of at least two children and - upon Presidential proclamation - to some employees of military-oriented enterprises. Men holding Ph.D. as well as sons and brothers of servicemen died or disabled during their military service are released of conscription.

There are widespread problems with hazing in the Army, known as Dedovshchina, where first-year draftees are bullied by second-year draftees, a practice that appeared in its current form after the change to a two-year service term in 1967.[15] To combat this problem, a new decree was signed in March 2007, which cut the conscription service term from 24 to 18 months.[16] The term was cut further to one year on January 1, 2008.[16]

Thirty per cent of Russian Armed Forces' personnel were contract servicemen at the end of 2005.[17] For the foreseeable future, the Armed Forces will be a mixed contract/conscript force.[17] The Russian Armed Forces need to maintain a mobilization reserve to have manning resources capable of reinforcing the permanent readiness forces if the permanent readiness forces cannot deter or suppress an armed conflict on their own.[18]

The ranks of the Russian military are also open to non-Russian citizens of the Commonwealth of Independent States, of which Russia is the largest member.[19] By December 2003, the Russian parliament had approved a law in principle to permit the Armed Forces to employ foreign nationals on contract by offering them Russian citizenship after several years service.[20] Yet up to 2010, foreigners could only serve in Russia’s armed forces after getting a Russian passport. Under a 2010 Defence Ministry plan, foreigners without dual citizenship would able to sign up for five-year contracts and will be eligible for Russian citizenship after serving three years.[21] The change could open the way for CIS citizens to get fast-track Russian citizenship, and counter the effects of Russia’s demographic crisis on its army recruitment.

Awards and decorations of the Armed Forces are covered at Awards and Emblems of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation.

Budget

In 1988 military spending was a single line item in the Soviet state budget, totaling 21 billion rubles (about US$33 billion). Given the size of the military establishment, however, the actual figure was considered to be far higher. However, between 1991 and 1997 newly independent Russia's defence spending fell by a factor of eight in real prices.[22] Between 1988 and 1993 weapons production in Russia fell by at least 50% for virtually every major weapons system.

In 1998, when Russia experienced a severe financial crisis, its military expenditure in real terms reached its lowest point— barely one-quarter of the USSR’s in 1991, and two-fifths of the level of 1992, the first year of Russia’s independent existence.

Defence spending is consistently increasing by at least a minimum of one-third year-on-year, leading to overall defence expenditure almost quadrupling over the past six years, and according to Finance Minister Alexei Kudrin, this rate is to be sustained through 2010.[23] Official government military spending for 2005 was US $32.4 billion, though various sources, have estimated Russia’s military expenditures to be considerably higher than the reported amount.[24] Estimating Russian military expenditure is beset with difficulty; the annual IISS Military Balance has underscored the problem numerous times within its section on Russia.[24] The IISS Military Balance comments - 'By simple observation..[the military budget] would appear to be lower than is suggested by the size of the armed forces or the structure of the military-industrial complex, and thus neither of the figures is particularly useful for comparative analysis'.[25] By some estimates, overall Russian defence expenditure is now at the second highest in the world after the USA.[26] According to Alexander Kanshin, Chairman of the Public Chamber of Russia on affairs of veterans, military personnel, and their families, the Russian military is losing up to US$13 billion to corruption every year.[27]

On 16 September 2008 Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin announced that in 2009, Russian defence budget will be increased to a record amount of $50 billion.[28]

On 16 February 2009 Russia's deputy defence minister said state defence contracts would not be subject to cuts this year despite the ongoing financial crisis, and that there would be no decrease in 2009.[29] The budget would still be 1,376 billion roubles and in the current exchange rates this would amount to $41.500 billion.

However, later that month, due to the world financial crisis, the Russian Parliament's Defence Committee stated that the Russian defence budget would instead be slashed by 15 percent, from $40 billion to $34 billion, with further cuts to come.[30] On 5 May 2009, First Deputy Prime Minister Sergei Ivanov said that the defence budget for 2009 will be 1.3 trillion rubles (US$39.4 billion). 322 billion rubles are allocated to purchase weapons, and the rest of the fund will be spent on construction, fuel storage and food supply.

Procurement

See also: List of countries by military expenditures

About 70% of the former Soviet Union's defence industries are located in the Russian Federation.[31] Many defence firms have been privatized; some have developed significant partnerships with firms in other countries.

The structure of the state defence order under President Putin changed. Priority was given to the acquisition of sophisticated modern weapons, in light of the events in Chechnya. Previously, financing of strategic nuclear deterrence forces had been a priority, and up to 80% of assignments for the state defence order were spent on their needs. It was planned that beginning from 2000 the state defence order would comprise two priority directions: assignments for the nuclear deterrence forces, and assignments for purchase of conventional arms including the precision guided weapons.

The recent steps towards modernisation of the Armed Forces have been made possible by Russia's economic resurgence based on oil and gas revenues as well a strengthening of its own domestic market. Currently, the military is in the middle of a major equipment upgrade, with the government in the process of spending about $200 billion (what equals to about $400 billion in PPP dollars) on development and production of military equipment between 2006-2015.[32]

Russia is the world's top supplier of weapons, a spot it has held since 2001, accounting for around 30% of worldwide weapons sales.[33][34]

Nuclear weapons

Main article: Russia and weapons of mass destruction

According to some sources, Russia possesses the largest stockpile of nuclear weapons in the world.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). The number of intercontinental ballistic missiles and warheads on active duty has declined over the years, in part in keeping with arms limitation agreements with the U.S. and in part due to insufficient spending on maintenance, but this is balanced by the deployment of new missiles as proof against missile defences. Russia has developed the new RT-2UTTH Topol M missiles that are stated to be able to penetrate any missile defence, including the planned U.S. National Missile Defence. The missile can change course in both air and space to avoid countermeasures. It is designed to be launched from land-based, mobile TEL units and submarines.[35] Russian nuclear forces are confident that they can carry out a successful retaliation strike if attacked.[citation needed]

Because of international awareness of the danger that Russian nuclear technology might fall into the hands of terrorists or rogue officers who it was feared might want to use nuclear weapons to threaten or attack other countries, the Federal government of the United States and many other countries provided considerable financial assistance to the Russian nuclear forces in early 1990s. Many friendly countries gave huge amounts of money in lieu for Russian Arms purchase deals which kept Russian Agencies functioning just like they used to earlier with high efficiency. This money went in part to finance decommissioning of warheads under international agreements, such the Cooperative Threat Reduction programme, but also to improve security and personnel training in Russian nuclear facilities.

Notes

  1. ^ a b c IISS Military Balance 2010, p. 222
  2. ^ http://milexdata.sipri.org/
  3. ^ Greg Austin & Alexey Muraviev, The Armed Forces of Russia in Asia, Tauris, 2000, p.130
  4. ^ For an account of this period, see Odom, William E. (1998). The Collapse of the Soviet Military. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300074697.
  5. ^ Moscow Defence Brief, 20 (2), 2010
  6. ^ a b Reform of the Russian Armed Forces
  7. ^ Russia's top brass gather in Moscow to discuss military reform
  8. ^ William Eldridge Odom, 'The Collapse of the Soviet Military,' Yale University Press, 1998, p.27
  9. ^ "Russian Black Sea fleet can stay at Sevastopol: Ukraine minister." Agence France Presse. February 18, 2005. (Via Lexis-Nexis, July 27, 2005).
  10. ^ New military command structure and outsourcing initiatives, THE ISCIP ANALYST (Russian Federation) An Analytical Review, Volume XVI, Number 13, 27 May 2010
  11. ^ Alexsander Golts, 3 Heads are worse than one, The Moscow Times, 20 July 2010
  12. ^ RIAN.ru, Russia sets up four strategic commands 14 July 2010, and Russia’s regional military commands, September 2010
  13. ^ http://news.kremlin.ru/acts/10032
  14. ^ Globalsecurity.org, Strategic C3I Facilities, accessed October 2007
  15. ^ Odom, The Collapse of the Soviet Military
  16. ^ a b History of Russian Armed Forces started with biggest military redeployment ever. Pravda Online. The Conflict Studies Research Centre's Keir Giles' paper on the subject, 'Where have all the soldiers gone: Russia's military plans versus demographic reality', accessible via here explores some of the challenges of this transition.
  17. ^ a b Central Intelligence Agency, The World Fact Book: Russia
  18. ^ Recruitment Russian Ministry of Defence
  19. ^ "Azeris attracted to serve in Russian army." BBC Worldwide Monitoring. (Originally in the Azerbaijani paper Echo.) March 14, 2005. (Via Lexis-Nexis, July 27, 2005).
  20. ^ Henry Ivanov, Quality not quantity: Country Briefing: Russia, Jane's Defence Weekly, 17 December 2003, p.25
  21. ^ http://www.themoscownews.com/news/20101125/188233351.html and http://info-wars.org/2010/11/29/now-you-can-join-the-russian-foreign-legion/
  22. ^ Austin, Greg (2000). The Armed Forces of Russia in Asia. London, New York: I.B. Tauris. p. 155. ISBN 1 86064 485 6. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ FBIS: Informatsionno-Analiticheskoye Agentstvo Marketing i Konsalting, 14 March 2006, “Russia: Assessment, Adm Baltin Interview, Opinion Poll on State of Armed Forces”.
  24. ^ a b International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance, previous editions
  25. ^ International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance 2006, Routledge, p.153
  26. ^ Keir Giles, Military Service in Russia: No New Model Army, Conflict Studies Research Centre, May 2007
  27. ^ BBC, (Russian) Corruption "takes a third of the military budget of Russia", 3 July 2008
  28. ^ http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-09-19-Russia-defense_N.htm and http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=115073
  29. ^ http://www.cnguy.com/financial/news/2009/02/17/4361/defense-procurement-budget-of-russia.html
  30. ^ Leander Schaerlaeckens, "Russian budget cuts could impact EU defense market", UPI (23 February 2009).
  31. ^ CHAPTER 2 - INVESTING IN RUSSIAN DEFENSE CONVERSION: OBSTACLES AND OPPORTUNITIES Federation of American Scientists, fas.org
  32. ^ Big rise in Russian military spending raises fears of new challenge to west. Guardian Unlimited
  33. ^ US drives world military spending to record high. ABC News
  34. ^ Kniazkov, Maxim, "Russia, France overtake U.S. as top arms sellers" National Post
  35. ^ http://www.kremlin.ru
  • "How are the mighty fallen" The Economist. 2–8 July 2005. pp. 45–46

Further reading

  • Henry Ivanov, ‘Country Briefing: Russia—Austere deterrence’, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 28 April 2006

References

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