Bulgarians: Difference between revisions
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{{Dablink|For the early medieval tribe see [[Bulgars]]. For other uses see [[Bulgarians (disambiguation)]].}} |
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{{Infobox Ethnic group |
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|group = Българи<br>''Bulgarians'' |
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|image = <table border=0 align="center"> |
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<tr> |
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<td>[[File:Vasil Levski portrait.jpg|60x70px]]</td> |
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<td>[[File:Peyo Yavorov.JPG|60x70px]]</td> |
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<td>[[File:Krum33.jpg|60x70px]]</td> |
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<td>[[File:Todor Burmov.jpg|60x70px]]</td> |
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<td>[[File:Ivan rilski1.jpg|60x70px]]</td> |
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<td>[[File:Nikola Todorov Zhekov.jpg|60x70px]]</td> |
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</tr> |
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<tr> |
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<td><small><div style="background-color:#fee8ab">[[Vasil Levski|Levski]]</small></td> |
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<td><small><div style="background-color:#fee8ab">[[Peyo Yavorov|Yavorov]]</small></td> |
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<td><small><div style="background-color:#fee8ab">[[Krum]]</small></td> |
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<td><small><div style="background-color:#fee8ab">[[Todor Burmov|Burmov]]</small></td> |
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<td><small><div style="background-color:#fee8ab">[[John of Rila]]</small></td> |
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<td><small><div style="background-color:#fee8ab">[[Nikola Zhekov|Zhekov]]</small></td> |
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</tr> |
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<tr> |
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<td><small>[[File:Tzvetan Todorov-Strasbourg 2011 (1).jpg|60x70px]]</small></td> |
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<td>[[File:Georgi Ivanov detail.png|60x70px]]</td> |
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<td>[[File:2011-06-09 Ivet Lalova.jpg|60x70px]]</td> |
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<td>[[File:Hristo-Botev-circa-1875.jpg|60x70px]]</td> |
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<td>[[File:Tsar Ivan Asen II cropped.png|60x70px]]</td> |
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<td>[[File:Iwan Stranski.jpg|60x70px]]</td> |
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</tr> |
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<tr> |
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<td><small><div style="background-color:#fee8ab">[[Tzvetan Todorov|Todorov]]</small></td> |
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<td><small><div style="background-color:#fee8ab">[[Georgi Ivanov|Ivanov]]</small></td> |
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<td><small><div style="background-color:#fee8ab">[[Ivet Lalova|Lalova]]</small></td> |
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<td><small><div style="background-color:#fee8ab">[[Hristo Botev|Botev]]</small></td> |
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<td><small><div style="background-color:#fee8ab">[[Ivan Asen II]]</small></td> |
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<td><small><div style="background-color:#fee8ab">[[Ivan Stranski|Stranski]]</small></td> |
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</tr> |
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</table> |
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|caption = |
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|pop = 9+<ref> |
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{{cite web |
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| last = Lewis |
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| first = M. Paul (ed.) |
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| year = 1986–2009 |
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| url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bul |
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| title = Bulgarian |
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| work = Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition |
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| publisher = SIL International |
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| accessdate =2010-03-10 |
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| ref = harv}}</ref> to 10 million<ref name="dnevnik.bg"> |
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{{cite web |
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|first = Chairman of the State Agency for Bulgarians Abroad |
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| year = 2009 |
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| url = http://www.dnevnik.bg/bulgaria/2009/10/04/794490_bulgarite_v_chujbina_sa_mejdu_3_i_4_mln_dushi_zaiavi |
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| title = Chairman of the State Agency for Bulgarians Abroad – 3–4 million Bulgarians abroad as of 2009 {{bg icon}} |
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| work = Bulgarians abroad |
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| accessdate =2011-03-07}}</ref><ref name="maritsa.com"> |
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{{cite web |
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|first = The Bulgarian minister without portfolio |
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| year = 2010 |
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| url = http://www.maritsa.com/show.php?id=27354 | |
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title = Bulgarian Minister without Portfolio – 4 million Bulgarians outside Bulgaria as of 2010 {{bg icon}} |
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| work = Bulgarians outside Bulgaria |
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| accessdate =2011-03-07}}</ref> |
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|popplace = {{flag|Bulgaria}} 5,664,624 – 6,100,000<ref name=2011census> |
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{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/NPDOCS/Census2011final.pdf |
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|title=Bulgarian 2011 census {{bg icon}} |
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|publisher=nsi.bg |
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|accessdate=2011-07-21 |
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}}</ref><ref name=experts> |
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{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.dnes.bg/stranata/2011/07/27/eksperti-po-demografiia-osporiha-prebroiavaneto.125031 |
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|title=Experts for Census 2011 {{bg icon}} |
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}} |
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</ref> |
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|region1 = '''{{flag|EU}}''' |
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|pop1 = |
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|ref1 = |
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|region2 = {{flagcountry|Spain}} |
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|pop2 = 169,195 |
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|ref2 = {{lower|<ref> |
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{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.ine.es/prensa/np595.pdf |
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|title=National Institute of Statistics of Spain – Foreigners as of 12.2009 {{es icon}} |
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|publisher=ine.es |
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|accessdate=2011-02-08 |
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}} |
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</ref>}} |
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|region3 = {{flagcountry|UK}} |
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|pop3 = 100,000–150,000 |
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|ref3 = {{lower|<ref> |
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{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.mfa.bg/bg/20/pages/view/5413 |
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|title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria – Bulgarians in the UK {{bg icon}} |
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|publisher=mfa.bg |
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|accessdate=2011-02-08 |
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}} |
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</ref>}} |
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|region4 = {{flagcountry|Italy}} |
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|pop4 = 100,000–130,000 |
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|ref4 = {{lower|<ref> |
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{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.mfa.bg/bg/107/pages/view/1905 |
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|title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria – Bulgarians in Italy {{bg icon}} |
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|publisher=mfa.bg |
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|accessdate=2011-02-08 |
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}} |
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</ref>}} |
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|region5 = {{flagcountry|Germany}} |
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|pop5 = 62,000+ |
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|ref5 = {{lower|<ref> |
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{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.mfa.bg/bg/24/pages/view/2243 |
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|title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria – Bulgarians in Germany {{bg icon}} |
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|publisher=mfa.bg |
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|accessdate=2011-02-08 |
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}} |
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</ref>}} |
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|region6 = {{flagcountry|Greece}} |
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|pop6 = 43,981–80,000 |
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|ref6 = {{lower|<ref> |
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{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/A1605/Other/A1605_SPO15_TB_AN_00_2006_07_F_EN.pdf |
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|title=Greek Statistical Authority – Foreigners as of 12.2005 |
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|publisher=statistics.gr |
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}} |
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</ref><ref> |
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{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.hri.org/MFA/foreign/musmingr.htm |
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|title=Greek 1991 census – Officialy identified as Pomaks (additional number) {{el icon}} |
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|publisher=hri.org |
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}} |
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</ref>}} |
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|region7 = {{flagcountry|France}} |
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|pop7 = 34,000 |
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|ref7 = {{lower|<ref> |
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{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.mfa.bg/bg/72/pages/view/4938 |
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|title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria – Bulgarians in France {{bg icon}} |
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|publisher=mfa.bg |
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|accessdate=2011-02-08 |
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}} |
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</ref>}} |
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|region8 = {{flagcountry|Austria}} |
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|pop8 = 15,000 |
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|ref8 = {{lower|<ref> |
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{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.mfa.bg/bg/10/pages/view/2524 |
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|title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria – Bulgarians in Austria {{bg icon}} |
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|publisher=mfa.bg |
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|accessdate=2011-02-08 |
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}} |
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</ref>}} |
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|region9 = {{flagcountry|Romania}} |
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|pop9 = 8,025 |
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|ref9 = {{lower|<ref> |
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{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.edrc.ro/recensamant.jsp?regiune_id=0&judet_id=0&localitate_id=0 |
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|title=Romanian 2002 census {{ro icon}} |
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|publisher=edrc.ro |
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}} |
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</ref>}} |
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|region10 = {{flagcountry|Belgium}} |
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|pop10 = 7,443 |
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|ref10 = {{lower|<ref> |
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{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.mfa.bg/bg/95/pages/view/4882 |
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|title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria – Bulgarians in Belgium {{bg icon}} |
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|publisher=mfa.bg |
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|accessdate=2011-02-08 |
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}} |
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</ref>}} |
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|region11 = {{flagcountry|Portugal}} |
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|pop11 = 7,202 |
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|ref11 = {{lower|<ref> |
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{{cite web |
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|url=http://sefstat.sef.pt/Docs/Distritos_2009.pdf |
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|title=Portuguese 2009 census {{pt icon}} |
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|publisher=sefstat.sef.pt |
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|accessdate=2011-04-16 |
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}} |
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</ref>}} |
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|region12 = {{flagcountry|Czech Republic}} |
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|pop12 = 6,346 |
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|ref12 = {{lower|<ref> |
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{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.czso.cz/csu/cizinci.nsf/engt/8200578577/$File/c01t01.pdf |
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|title=Czech Statistical Office – Foreigners as of 10.2009 {{cz icon}} |
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|publisher=czso.cz |
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}} |
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</ref>}} |
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|region13 = {{flagcountry|Hungary}} |
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|pop13 = 5,000 |
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|ref13 = {{lower|<ref> |
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{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.mfa.bg/bg/70/pages/view/4234 |
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|title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria – Bulgarians in Hungary {{bg icon}} |
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|publisher=mfa.bg |
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|accessdate=2011-02-08 |
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}} |
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</ref>}} |
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|region14 = '''Rest of the World''' |
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|pop14 = |
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|ref14 = |
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|region15 = {{flagcountry|USA}} |
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|pop15 = 300,000 |
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|ref15 = {{lower|<ref> |
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{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.mfa.bg/bg/61/pages/view/2324 |
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|title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria – Bulgarians in the US {{bg icon}} |
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|publisher=mfa.bg |
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}} |
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</ref>}} |
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|region16 = {{flagcountry|Argentina}} |
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|pop16 = 70,000 |
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|ref16 = {{lower|<ref> |
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{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.mfa.bg/bg/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14306&Itemid=390 |
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|title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria – Bulgarians in Argentina {{bg icon}} |
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|publisher=mfa.bg |
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|accessdate=2008-04-29 |
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}} |
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</ref>}} |
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|region17 = {{flagcountry|Brazil}} |
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|pop17 = 62,000 |
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|ref17 = {{lower|<ref>IBGE 2006</ref><ref> |
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{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.btv.bg/news/svetut/story/340509213-Braziliya_prezidentski_izbori_i_Dilma_Rusef.html |
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|title=bTV – estimate for Bulgarians in Brazil {{bg icon}} |
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|publisher=btv.bg |
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}} |
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</ref>}} |
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|region18 = {{flagcountry|Canada}} |
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|pop18 = 50,000 |
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|ref18 = {{lower|<ref> |
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{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.mfa.bg/bg/81/pages/view/1940 |
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|title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria – Bulgarians in Canada {{bg icon}} |
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|publisher=mfa.bg |
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|accessdate=2011-02-08 |
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}} |
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</ref>}} |
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|region19 = {{flagcountry|South Africa}} |
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|pop19 = 15,000–20,000 |
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|ref19 = {{lower|<ref> |
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{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.mfa.bg/bg/113/pages/view/5163 |
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|title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria – Bulgarians in South Africa {{bg icon}} |
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|publisher=mfa.bg |
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|accessdate=2011-02-08 |
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}} |
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</ref>}} |
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|region20 = {{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}} |
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|pop20 = 6,915 |
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|ref20 = {{lower|<ref> |
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{{cite web |
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|title=Kazakh 1999 census |
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|publisher=stat.kz |
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}} |
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</ref>}} |
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|region21 = {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}} |
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|pop21 = 5,000 |
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|ref21 = {{lower|<ref> |
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{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.mfa.bg/bg/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15768&Itemid=391 |
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|title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria – Bulgarians in the UAE {{bg icon}} |
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|publisher=mfa.bg |
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|accessdate=2008-04-30 |
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}} |
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</ref>}} |
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|region22 = {{flagcountry|Australia}} |
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|pop22 = 4,898 |
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|ref22 = {{lower|<ref> |
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{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/research/_pdf/poa-2008.pdf |
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|title=Australian 2006 census |
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|publisher=abs.gov.au |
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}} |
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</ref>}} |
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|region23 = '''Of which rest of Europe''' |
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|pop23 = |
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|ref23 = |
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|region24 = {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[East Thrace|European]] [[Turkey]] |
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|pop24 = 270,000 ([[Pomaks]]) |
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|ref24 = {{lower|<ref> |
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{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=BLG |
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|title=Ethnolugue – Bulgarian language |
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|publisher=ethnologue.com |
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|accessdate=2008-12-31 |
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}} |
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</ref><ref> |
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{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=37&menu=004 |
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|title=Bulgarian language |
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|publisher=lmp.ucla.edu |
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|accessdate=2011-03-12 |
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}} |
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</ref><ref> |
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{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.govorunby.com/en/lang/Bulgarian/ |
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|title=Bulgarian language |
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|publisher=govorunby.com |
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|accessdate=2011-03-12 |
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}} |
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</ref>}} |
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|region25 = {{flagcountry|Ukraine}} |
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|pop25 = 204,574 |
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|ref25 = {{lower|<ref> |
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{{cite web |
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|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/nationality_population/nationality_1/s5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=20&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20&n_page=2 |
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|title=Ukrainian 2001 census |
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|publisher=ukrcensus.gov.ua |
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|accessdate=2008-04-28 |
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}} |
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</ref>}} |
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|region26 = {{flagcountry|Moldova}} |
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|pop26 = 90,000 |
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|ref26 = {{lower||<ref> |
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{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.mfa.bg/bg/52/pages/view/4343 |
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|title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria – Bulgarians in Moldova {{bg icon}} |
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|publisher=mfa.bg |
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|accessdate=2011-02-08 |
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}} |
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</ref>}} |
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|region27 = {{flagcountry|Russia}} |
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|pop27 = 31,965 |
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|ref27 = {{lower|<ref> |
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{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=17 |
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|title=Russian 2002 census {{ru icon}} |
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|publisher=perepis2002.ru |
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|accessdate=2008-05-12 |
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}} |
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</ref>}} |
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|region28 = {{flagcountry|Serbia}} |
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|pop28 = 20,497 |
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|ref28 = {{lower|<ref> |
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{{cite web |
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|url=http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/axd/Zip/VJN3.pdf |
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|title=Serbian 2003 census {{sr icon}} |
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|publisher=webrzs.stat.gov.rs |
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}} |
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</ref>}} |
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|region29 = {{flagcountry|Macedonia}} |
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|pop29 = 1,417 |
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|ref29 = {{lower|<ref>[http://www.stat.gov.mk/english/glavna_eng.asp?br=18 Republic of Macedonia – State Statistical Office]{{dead link|date=November 2011}}</ref><ref name=presidency> |
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{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.president.bg/v_pravo_txt.php?id=4337&st=0 |
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|title=Bulgarian presidency – Foreign citizens who obtained Bulgarian citizenship from 01.2002 to 06.2011 |
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|publisher=president.bg |
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}} |
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</ref>}} |
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|langs = [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] |
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|rels = Usually '''† [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]]''',<br><small>Small minorities practicing Islam([[Pomaks]]), Roman Catholicism, [[Protestanism]] and varieties of other religions</small> |
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|related = Other [[Slavs]], especially other [[South Slavs]],<ref name="books.google.com"/><br>especially the [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonians]]<ref name="books.google.com"/> |
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}} |
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{{Bulgarians}} |
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The '''Bulgarians''' ({{lang-bg|българи, ''balgari''}}, {{IPA-mk|ˈbɤɫɡɐri|pron}}) are a [[South Slavs|South Slavic]]<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dt2TXexiKTgC&pg=PA96&dq=political+and+economic+dictionary+of+Eastern+Europe+bulgarians&hl=bg&ei=MV3uTPzXJcXtsgbWvOikCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Political and economic dictionary of Eastern Europe, Alan John Day, Roger East, Richard Thomas, Routledge, 2002, ISBN 1857430638, p. 96 |publisher=Google Books |accessdate=2011-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC&pg=PA135&dq=bulgarians+south+slavic+people&hl=bg&ei=kPIOTYvSLIyOjAeVn6C9Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=bulgarians%20south%20slavic%20people&f=false |title=One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups, James Minahan, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000, ISBN 0313309841, pp. 134–135 |publisher=Google Books |accessdate=2011-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Fine|first=John Van Antwerp|title=The early medieval Balkans: a critical survey from the sixth to the late twelfth century|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YbS9QmwDC58C&pg=PA308&dq=bulgarians+south+slavic&hl=bg&ei=NSI8Tb78D9yJ4gbWzbDLCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBjge#v=onepage&q=bulgarians%20south%20slavic&f=false|year=1991|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=9780472081493|page=308}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kopeček|first=Michal|editor=Balázs Trencsényi|title=Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770–1945): texts and commentaries|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TpPWvubBL0MC&pg=PA240&dq=bulgarians+south+slavs&hl=bg&ei=yCI8TYicLsmz4gb9zYSXCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=bulgarians%20south%20slavs&f=false|year=2007|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=9789637326608|page=240}}</ref> nation and [[ethnic group]] native to [[Bulgaria]] and neighbouring regions. Emigration has resulted in immigrant communities in a number of other countries. |
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==History and ethnogenesis== |
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The Bulgarians have descended from three main tribal groups, which mixed themselves and formed a Slavic-speaking nation and ethnicity in the [[First Bulgarian Empire]]: 1) the [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] invaders, who gave their language to the Bulgarians; 2) the [[Bulgars]], from whom the [[ethnonym]] and the early statehood were inherited; as well as 3) certain cultural elements taken from the 'indigenous' late Roman provincial peoples ([[Thraco-Roman]]s and [[Thracians|Thraco]]-[[Byzantine Greeks|Byzantine]]s).<ref>''The so-called Bulgar inscriptions are, with few exceptions, written in Greek rather than in Turkic runes; they mention officials with late antique titles, and use late Antique terminology and indictional dating.. contemporary Byzantine inscriptions are not obviously similar, implying that this (Bulgar) epigraphic habit was not imported from Constantinople but was a local Bulgar development, or rather, it was an indigenous 'Roman' inheritance''. Nicopolis ad Istrium: Backward and Balkan ? M Whittow.</ref><ref>...''Many Thracian survivals have been detected in the sphere of Bulgarian national costume and folk tradition..''. The Bulgarians: from pagan times to the Ottoman conquest, David Marshall Lang, Westview Press, 1976, ISBN 0891585303, p. 27.</ref> Between the 7th and the 10th centuries, the local population, the Bulgars and the other tribes in the empire, which were outnumbered by the Slavs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=owY4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA179&dq=bulgarians+thracians+slavs+bulgars&hl=en&ei=-BpATqH6DNCUswaorJDVCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCsQ6AEwATgU#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=An historical geography of Europe, 450 B.C.-A.D.1330, Norman John, CUP Archive, 1977, ISBN 0521291267, p. 179 |publisher=Google Books |date=28 January 1977 |accessdate=2011-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YbS9QmwDC58C&pg=PA68&dq=bulgarians+thracians+slavs+bulgars&hl=en&ei=3RxATrq9AofOsgaYk62IDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CE4Q6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=bulgarians%20thracians%20slavs%20bulgars&f=false |title=The early medieval Balkans: a critical survey from the sixth to the late twelfth century, John Van Antwerp Fine, University of Michigan Press, 1991, ISBN 0472081497 p. 68 |publisher=Google Books |date=15 May 1991 |accessdate=2011-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/da/da_summary.htm |title=Formation of the Bulgarian nation: its development in the Middle Ages (9th–14th c.) Academician Dimitŭr Simeonov Angelov, Summary, Sofia-Press, 1978 |publisher=Kroraina.com |accessdate=2011-11-13}}</ref> gradually became absorbed by them, adopting a [[Old Bulgarian|South Slav language]].<ref>L. Ivanov. [[wikisource:Essential History of Bulgaria in Seven Pages|Essential History of Bulgaria in Seven Pages]]. Sofia, 2007.</ref> Since the late 10th century, the names “''Bulgarians''” and “''Bulgarian''” got prevalence and became permanent designations for the local population, both in the literature and in the spoken language. |
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The ethnic contribution of pre-Slavic populations (so-called [[Thracians|Thracian]] and [[Daco]]-[[Getae|Getic]] peoples) was determined by some recent genetic studies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/326027/PaleomtDNA-analysis-and-population-genetic-aspects-of-old-Thracian-populations-from-SouthEast-of-Romania |title=Paleo-MtDNA Analysis and population genetic aspects of old Thracian population from South-Eastern Romania |publisher=Scribd.com |date=25 September 2007 |accessdate=2011-11-13}}</ref> The ancient languages of the local people had gone nearly extinct before the arrival of the [[Slavs]], mostly due to [[Hellenization]] since the antiquity and to a lesser degree to [[Romanization (cultural)|Romanization]] during Roman rule, accompanied by [[Christianisation]]. Their cultural influence was also highly reduced due to the repeated barbaric invasions on the Balkans during the early [[Middle Ages]] by [[Goths]], [[Celts]], [[Huns]] and [[Sarmatians]] and later [[slavicisation]]. However, some of their linguistic and cultural traces are nevertheless present in modern Bulgarians (and Macedonians). |
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The Slavs emerged from their original homeland in the early 6th century, and spread to most of the eastern Central Europe, Eastern Europe and the Balkans, thus forming three main branches – the [[West Slavs]], the [[East Slavs]] and the [[South Slavs]]. The [[Slavs]] became the largest part of the ancestors of the Bulgarians. Similar to the rest of their South Slavic neighbours, the Bulgarians are clearly separated from the tight [[R1a1a]] cluster typical for Western and Eastern Slavs. However, [[Haplogroup I2 (Y-DNA)|I2a1b1]], which is typical of the [[South Slavs|South Slavic]] populations<ref>Pericic et al., High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations [http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/10/1964/FIG3]</ref> is not older than 2550 years and is probably result of the [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] invasion from the area north-east of the [[Carpathians]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/Y-DNA-HAPLOGROUP-I/2010-04/1270925314 |title=Russian I2a2a-Dinaric TMRCA, 2010.04.10 by Ken Nordtwedt |publisher=Archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com |date=10 April 2010 |accessdate=2011-11-13}}</ref> |
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The [[Bulgars]] are first mentioned in the 4th century in the vicinity of the North [[Caucasus|Caucasian]] [[steppe]], although scholars speculate that their history may go back to the Central Asian Mongol-Turkic khaganates.<ref>Образуване на българската държава. проф. Петър Петров (Издателство Наука и изкуство, София, 1981)]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/da/da_2_2.htm |title=Образуване на българската народност.проф. Димитър Ангелов (Издателство Наука и изкуство, “Векове”, София, 1971) |publisher=Kroraina.com |accessdate=2011-11-13}}</ref><ref name= Runciman>[[Steven Runciman|Runciman, Steven]]. 1930. [http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/en/sr/index.html A history of the First Bulgarian Empire]. London: G. Bell & Sons.: [http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/en/sr/sr_1_1.htm §I.1]</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Vassil Karloukovski |url=http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/vz1a/vz1a_a_1.html |title=История на българската държава през средните векове Васил Н. Златарски (I изд. София 1918; II изд., Наука и изкуство, София 1970, под ред. на проф. Петър Хр. Петров) |publisher=Kroraina.com |accessdate=2011-11-13}}</ref> Many scholars posit the origins of the Bulgars as a Turkic tribe of Central Asia (perhaps with Iranian elements).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/84067/Bulgar |title=''Encyclopaedia Britannica Online'' |publisher=Britannica.com |accessdate=2011-11-13}}</ref><ref>Rasho Rashev, ''Die Protobulgaren im 5.-7. Jahrhundert'', Orbel, Sofia, 2005. (in Bulgarian, German summary)</ref> In the late 7th century, some Bulgar tribes, led by [[Asparukh]] and others, led by [[Kouber]], permanently settled in the Balkans, and formed the ruling class of the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] in 680–681. It is assumed, that because Balkan Bulgars were not numerous,<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=hsx2iWi-PPkC&pg=PA92&dq=not+numerous+bulgars&hl=bg#v=onepage&q=not%20numerous%20bulgars&f=false The history of the Balkan Peninsula, Eastern Europe Collection, [[Ferdinand Schevill]], Ayer Publishing, 1971, ISBN 0405027745, p. 92.]</ref> only a cultural, and low genetic influence was brought into the region, since the genetic background of the local populations was not significantly modified.<ref>Arnaiz-Villena ''et al.'' Human Biology, Volume 75, Number 3, June 2003, E-ISSN: 1534-6617, HLA Genes in the Chuvashian Population from European Russia: Admixture of Central European and Mediterranean Populations, pp. 375–392.</ref> |
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===Genetic origin=== |
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According to some 20th century researchers as [[William Z. Ripley]], [[Carleton S. Coon]] and [[Bertil Lundman]] the Bulgarians are predominantly [[Mediterranean race|Mediterranean people]], with unexplained [[Proto-Pontic|Pre-Pontic]], [[Alpine race|Alpine]], and [[Nordic race|Nordic]] strains, whose roots go back to the [[Neolithic]].<ref>[http://carnby.altervista.org/troe/12-15.htm Races Of Europe, (Chapter XII, section 15)]</ref><ref>[http://carnby.altervista.org/lundraces/lundman-races2.htm Lundman, Bertil J. – The Races and Peoples of Europe, (Chapter: The Races and Peoples of Southeast Europe), New York: IAAEE. 1977.]</ref> Bulgarian [[DNA profile]] is congruent with those described for most European populations. Among the prehistoric events marked by the observed haplogroups, the ''greatest contribution'' comes from the range expansion of ''local'' [[Mesolithic]] foragers. The Bulgarian gene pool also bears signals of the recolonization from different glacial refugia and the spread of agriculture (and farmers) from the [[Near East]]. As for the interpopulation analysis of [[Y-DNA]], similarly to [[mtDNA]], Bulgarians belong to the cluster of European populations, still being slightly distant from them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abstractsonline.com/Plan/ViewAbstract.aspx?sKey=006d5e3a-ea14-49ff-9b39-f0a042d39185&cKey=bfc88c56-5e93-4ee2-89e6-c3ab1bd25f5c&mKey=%7BDFC2C4B1-FBCD-433D-86DD-B15521A77070%7D |title=Y-Chromosome genetic variation of modern Bulgarians, S. Karachanak et al. European Human Genetics Conference 2011, Amsterdam, May 28–31, 2011 |publisher=Abstractsonline.com |accessdate=2011-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0BxnZkF3SRZ_JNmI0MTE4MTQtNDJmOC00MjEwLWE4ZGQtZTczZmYxYmQyZDZm&hl=en_US |title=Bulgarians vs the other European populations: a mitochondrial DNA perspective, International journal of legal medicine (2011), DOI: 10.1007/s00414-011-0589-y, Karachanak et al |publisher=Google |accessdate=2011-11-13}}</ref> [[Genetic genealogy|Genetically]], modern Bulgarians are more closely related to other neighbouring [[Balkan]] populations ([[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonians]], Serbs, Romanians, Greeks and Albanians) than to the rest of the [[European ethnic groups|Europeans]].<ref>{{cite web|author=USA |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12713147 |title=Five polymorphisms of the apolipoprotein B gene in healthy Bulgarians.Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria.PMID 12713147 |publisher=Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |date=3 October 2011 |accessdate=2011-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=USA |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12542743&dopt=Abstract |title=HLA polymorphism in Bulgarians defined by high-resolution typing methods in comparison with other populations |publisher=Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |date=3 October 2011 |accessdate=2011-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Rosser2000.pdf |title=Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language |format=PDF |accessdate=2011-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1034/j.1399-0039.2001.057003208.x |title=Distributions of HLA class I alleles and haplotypes in Bulgarians – contribution to understanding the origin of the population. M. Ivanova, P. Spassova, A. Michailova, E. Naumova. Division of Clinical and Transplantation Immunology, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria |publisher=Blackwell-synergy.com |accessdate=2011-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/8300nn2q37527183/ |title=Bulgarian Bone Marrow Donors Registry—past and future directions – Asen Zlatev, Milena Ivanova, Snejina Michailova, Anastasia Mihaylova and Elissaveta Naumova, Central Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital “Alexandrovska”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Published online: 2 June 2007 |doi=10.1007/s10561-007-9046-z |publisher=Springerlink.com |accessdate=2011-11-13}}</ref>. Analyses shows that almost the entire Bulgarian mtDNA pool is made up of West Eurasian lineages; the Mediterranean contribution could be attributed to the Thracians, while the Eastern contribution could be attributed to the Bulgars and Slavs. |
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==Demographics== |
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Most Bulgarians live in [[Bulgaria]], where they are around 6 million,<ref name=2011census/><ref name=experts/> constituting 85% of the population. There are significant Bulgarian minorities in the [[Bulgarians in the Republic of Macedonia|Republic of Macedonia]], [[Bulgarians in Serbia|Serbia]] (see [[Western Outlands]]), [[Slavic-speakers of Greek Macedonia|Greece]], [[Bulgarians in Turkey|Turkey]], [[Bulgarians in Albania|Albania]], [[Bulgarians in Romania|Romania]] ([[Banat Bulgarians]]), as well as in [[Bulgarians in Ukraine|Ukraine]] and [[Bessarabian Bulgarians]]. Many Bulgarians also live in the diaspora, which is formed by representatives and descendants of the old (before 1989) and new (after 1989) emigration. The old emigration was made up of some 2,470,000 {{Citation needed|date=August 2009}} economic and several tens of thousands of political emigrants, and was directed for the most part to the U.S., Canada, [[Argentina]], Brazil and Germany. The new emigration is estimated at some 970,000 people and can be divided into two major subcategories: permanent emigration at the beginning of the 1990s, directed mostly to the U.S., Canada, [[Austria]], and Germany and labour emigration at the end of the 1990s, directed for the most part to [[Greece]], Italy, the UK and Spain. Migrations to the West have been quite steady even in the late 1990s and early 21st century, as people continue moving to countries like the US, Canada and Australia. Most Bulgarians living in the US can be found in Chicago, Illinois. However, according to the 2000 US census most Bulgarians live in the cities of New York and Los Angeles, and the state with most Bulgarians in the US is California. Most Bulgarians living in Canada can be found in Toronto, Ontario, and the provinces with most Bulgarians in Canada are [[Ontario]] and [[Quebec]]. The largest urban populations of Bulgarians are to be found in [[Sofia]] (1,1 million),<ref name=2011census/> [[Plovdiv]] (302,858) and [[Varna]] (300,000+). The total number of Bulgarians stood at over 10 million.<ref name="dnevnik.bg"/><ref name="maritsa.com"/> |
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==Related ethnic groups== |
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[[Image:Thrace Shop Macedonia.JPG|thumb|left|Three Bulgarian women of [[Thrace]], of [[Shopi|Shoplak]] and of [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]], painting by [[Jan Mrkvička]]. Until the early 20th century, the nowadays [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|ethnic Macedonians]], [[Torlaks]] and [[Slavic-speakers of Greek Macedonia]] were usually self-identifying as Bulgarians, unlike nowadays.]] |
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Bulgarians are considered most closely related to the neighboring Macedonians, indeed it is sometimes said there is no discernible ethnic difference between them.<ref name="books.google.com"/> The [[ethnic Macedonians]] were considered [[Macedonian Bulgarians]] by the most ethnographers until the early 20th century and beyond with a big portion of them evidently self-identifying as such.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=KF0GAAAAQAAJ&dq=Cousin%C3%A9ry+Voyage+dans+la+Mac%C3%A9doine&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=U_MQZRU5bp&sig=GfL8YVz6jzeJfA9rALydncpd2UU&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result#PPA15,M1 Cousinéry, Esprit Marie. Voyage dans la Macédoine: contenant des recherches sur l'histoire, la géographie, les antiquités de ce pay, Paris, 1831, Vol. II, p. 15-17], one of the passages in English – [http://history-of-macedonia.com/wordpress/2008/04/13/french-consul-in-1831-macedonia-consists-of-greeks-and-bulgarians/], [http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606837/index.pdf Engin Deniz Tanir, The Mid-Nineteenth century Ottoman Bulgaria from the viewpoints of the French Travelers, A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of Social Sciences of Middle East Technical University, 2005, p. 99, 142]</ref><ref>Pulcherius, Receuil des historiens des Croisades. Historiens orientaux. III, p. 331 – a passage in English -[http://promacedonia.org/en/ban/ma1.html#13, http://promacedonia.org/en/ban/nr1.html#4]</ref> The [[Slavic-speakers of Greek Macedonia]] and most among the [[Torlaks]] in Serbia have also had a history of identifying as Bulgarians and many were members of the [[Bulgarian Exarchate]], which included most of the territory regarded as Torlak. Greater part of these people were also considered Bulgarians by most of the ethnographers until the early 20th century and beyond.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.bg/books?id=qYAwZFwyYdwC&pg=PR25&lpg=PR25&dq=Chris+Woodhouse+Struggle+for+Greece+1941-1949&source=bl&ots=J5ici_BiG8&sig=XNvw0-nu6u5wBkwo63CbxMxkPKI&hl=bg&ei=GIXlSci1OouQsAb58PWdCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5#PPA67,M1 |title=The struggle for Greece, 1941–1949, Christopher Montague Woodhouse, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2002, ISBN 1850654921, p. 67 |publisher=Books.google.bg |accessdate=2011-11-13}}</ref><ref>[http://books.google.bg/books?id=j_NbmSoRsRcC&dq=who+are+the+macedonians&pg=PP1&ots=0Koghj-huR&source=bn&sig=EO5JjWd8XqDxMuwjEsjYx2dFY7w&hl=bg&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result#PPA109,M1 Who are the Macedonians? Hugh Poulton. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1995, ISBN 1850652384,p. 109].</ref><ref>[[Felix Philipp Kanitz]], (Das Konigreich Serbien und das Serbenvolk von der Romerzeit bis dur Gegenwart, 1904, in two volume) # "In this time (1872) they (the inhabitants of Pirot) did not presume that six years later the often damn Turkish rule in their town will be finished, and at least they did not presume that they will be include in Serbia, because '''they always feel that they are Bulgarians'''. ("Србија, земља и становништво од римског доба до краја XIX века", Друга књига, Београд 1986, p. 215) |
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# And today (in the end of XIX century) among the older generation there are many fondness to Bulgarians, that it led him to collision with Serbian government. Some hesitation can be noticed among the youngs..." ("Србија, земља и становништво од римског доба до краја XIX века", Друга књига, Београд 1986, c. 218; Serbia – its land and inhabitants, Belgrade 1986, p. 218)</ref><ref>[[Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui]], „Voyage en Bulgarie pendant l'année 1841“ (Жером-Адолф Бланки. Пътуване из България през 1841 година. Прев. от френски Ел. Райчева, предг. Ив. Илчев. София: Колибри, 2005, 219 с. ISBN 978–954–529–367–2.) It describes a population in [[Nish]] sandjak as Bulgarian, see: [http://liternet.bg/publish13/r_zaimova/pytuvane.htm]</ref> |
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==Culture== |
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===Language=== |
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{{Main|Bulgarian language}} |
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Bulgarians speak a [[Bulgarian language|Southern Slavic language]] which is [[mutually intelligible]] with the [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] and with the [[Torlak dialect]]. The Bulgarian language is also, to some degree, mutually intelligible with Russian on account of the influence which Russia has had on the development of Modern Bulgaria since 1878, as well as the earlier effect of [[Old Church Slavonic|Old Bulgarian]] on the development of [[Old East Slavic language|Old Russian]]. Although related, Bulgarian and the Western and Eastern [[Slavic languages]] are not mutually intelligible. |
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Bulgarian demonstrates some linguistic developments that set it apart from other Slavic languages. These are shared with [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Albanian language|Albanian]] and [[Greek language|Greek]] (see [[Balkan linguistic union]]) with which it is not in any case mutually intelligible. Until 1878 Bulgarian was influenced lexically by medieval and modern [[Greek language|Greek]], and to a much lesser extent, by [[Turkish language|Turkish]]. More recently, the language has borrowed many words from Russian, German, French and English. |
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Comparatively small are the people of the diaspora who are Bulgarians by ethnic origin or descent but |
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do not speak the Bulgarian language (mostly representatives of the old emigration in the U.S., Canada, [[Argentina]] and [[Brazil]]). |
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The majority of Bulgarian linguists{{Who|date=December 2009}} consider the officialized [[Macedonian language]] (since 1944) a local variation of Bulgarian, just as the most ethnographers and linguists until the early 20th century considered the local Slavic speech in the Macedonian region. The president of Bulgaria [[Zhelyu Zhelev]], declined to recognize the Macedonian as a separate language when the Republic of Macedonia became a new independent state. The Bulgarian language is written in the [[Cyrillic alphabet]]. |
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==== Cyrillic alphabet ==== |
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[[Image:Ocslavonic.gif|thumb|right|Cyrillic alphabet of the medieval [[Old Bulgarian]] language]] |
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In the first half of the 10th century, the [[Cyrillic alphabet]] was devised in the [[Preslav Literary School]], [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgaria]], based on the [[Glagolitic alphabet|Glagolitic]], the [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] and [[Latin alphabet]]s. Modern versions of the alphabet are now used to write five more [[Slavic languages]] such as [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]], [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], Russian, [[Serbian language|Serbian]] and [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] as well as [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] and some other 60 languages spoken in the former [[Soviet Union]]. [[First Bulgarian Empire|Medieval Bulgaria]] was the most important cultural centre of the [[Slavic people]]s at the end of the 9th and throughout the 10th century. The two literary schools of [[Preslav Literary School|Preslav]] and [[Ohrid Literary School|Ohrid]] developed a rich literary and cultural activity with authors of the rank of [[Constantine of Preslav]], [[John Exarch]], [[Chernorizets Hrabar]], [[Clement of Ohrid|Clement]] and [[Naum of Ohrid]]. |
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Bulgaria exerted similar influence on her neighbouring countries in the mid to late 14th century, at the time of the [[Tarnovo Literary School]], with the work of [[Patriarch Evtimiy]], [[Gregory Tsamblak]], [[Constantine of Kostenets]] (Konstantin Kostenechki). Bulgarian cultural influence was especially strong in [[Wallachia]] and [[Moldova]] where the [[Cyrillic alphabet]] was used until 1860, while [[Church Slavonic language|Church Slavonic]] was the official language of the princely [[chancellor|chancellery]] and of the church until the end of 17th century. |
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====Name system==== |
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{{Main|Bulgarian name}} |
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There are several different layers of Bulgarian names. The vast majority of them have either Christian (names like Lazar, [[Ivan (name)|Ivan]], Anna, Maria, Ekaterina) or [[Slavs|Slavic]] origin (Vladimir, Svetoslav, Velislava). After the Liberation in 1878, the names of historical [[Bulgars|Bulgar]] rulers like [[Asparuh]], [[Krum]], [[Kubrat]] and [[Tervel]] were resurrected. The old Bulgar name [[Boris (first name)|Boris]] has spread from Bulgaria to a number of countries in the world with Russian [[Tsar]] [[Boris Godunov]], British politician [[Boris Johnson]], and German tennis player [[Boris Becker]] being three of the examples of its use. |
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Most Bulgarian male surnames have an ''-ov'' [[family name affix|surname suffix]] ([[Cyrillic]]: ''-ов''). This is sometimes [[Transcription (linguistics)|transcribed]] as ''-off'' (John Atanasov—[[John Atanasoff]]), but more often as ''-ov'' (e.g. [[Boyko Borisov]]). The ''-ov'' suffix is the Slavic gender-[[agreement (linguistics)|agreeing]] suffix, thus ''Ivanov'' ({{lang-bg|Иванов}}) literally means "Ivan's". Bulgarian middle names are patronymic and use the gender-[[agreement (linguistics)|agreeing]] suffix as well, thus the middle name of Nikola's son becomes ''Nikolov'', and the middle name of Ivan's son becomes ''Ivanov''. Since names in Bulgarian are gender-based, Bulgarian women have the ''-ova'' [[family name affix|surname suffix]] (Cyrillic: ''-овa''), for example, ''Maria Ivanova''. The plural form of Bulgarian names ends in ''-ovi'' (Cyrillic: ''-ови''), for example the ''Ivanovi'' family ({{lang|bg|Иванови}}). |
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<!-- too verbose... -->Other common Bulgarian male surnames have the ''-ev'' [[family name affix|surname suffix]] (Cyrillic: ''-ев''), for example ''Stoev'', ''Ganchev'', ''Peev'', and so on. The female surname in this case would have the ''-eva'' [[family name affix|surname suffix]] (Cyrillic: ''-ева''), for example: ''Galina Stoeva''. The last name of the entire family then would have the plural form of ''-evi'' (Cyrillic: ''-еви''), for example: the ''Stoevi'' family ({{lang|bg|Стоеви}}). |
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Another typical Bulgarian surname suffix, though less common, is ''-ski''. This surname ending also gets an ''–a'' when the bearer of the name is female (''Smirnenski'' becomes ''Smirnenska''). The plural form of the surname suffix ''-ski'' is still ''-ski'', e.g. the ''Smirnenski'' family ({{lang-bg|Смирненски}}). |
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The ending ''–in'' (female ''-ina'') also appears rarely. It used to be given to the child of an unmarried woman (for example the son of ''Kuna'' will get the surname ''Kunin'' and the son of ''Gana'' – ''Ganin''). The surname suffix ''-ich'' can be found only occasional, primarily among the [[Roman Catholicism in Bulgaria|Roman Catholic Bulgarians]]. The surname ending ''–ich'' does not get an additional ''–a'' if the bearer of the name is female. |
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===Religion=== |
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{{main|Orthodox Church|Bulgarian Orthodox Church}} |
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[[Image:Bulgaria-Alexander Nevsky-01.JPG|right|thumb|[[Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia]]]] |
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Most Bulgarians are at least nominally members of the [[Bulgarian Orthodox Church]] founded in 870 AD ([[autocephalous]] since 927 AD). The [[Bulgarian Orthodox Church]] is the independent national church of Bulgaria like the other national branches of the [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox communion]] and is considered an inseparable{{cn|date=September 2011}} element of Bulgarian national consciousness. The church was abolished once, during the period of Ottoman rule (1396—1878), in 1873 it was revived as [[Bulgarian Exarchate]] and soon after raised again to Bulgarian [[Patriarchate]]. In 2001, the Orthodox Church at least nominally had a total of 6,552,000 members in Bulgaria (82.6% of the population), 6,300,000 of which were Bulgarians, and between one and two million members in the diaspora. The Orthodox Bulgarian minorities in the [[Republic of Macedonia]], Serbia, [[Greece]], Albania, [[Ukraine]] and [[Moldova]] nowadays hold allegiance to the respective national Orthodox churches. |
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Despite the position of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church as a unifying symbol for all Bulgarians, small groups of Bulgarians have converted to other faiths through the course of time. In the 16th and the 17th century Roman Catholic missionaries converted a small number of Bulgarian [[Paulicians]] in the districts of [[Plovdiv]] and [[Svishtov]] to Roman Catholicism. Nowadays there are some 40,000 Roman Catholic Bulgarians in Bulgaria, additional 10,000 in the [[Banat]] in Romania and up to 100,000 people of Bulgarian ancenstry in South America. The Roman Catholic Bulgarians of the Banat are also descendants of [[Paulicians]] who fled there at the end of the 17th century after an unsuccessful uprising against the Ottomans. Protestantism was introduced in Bulgaria by missionaries from the United States in 1857. Missionary work continued throughout the second half of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century. Nowadays there are some 25,000 Protestant Bulgarians in Bulgaria. Between the 15th and the 19th century, during the Ottoman rule, some Orthodox Bulgarians converted to Islam. At 2001 census, 131,000 declared that are ethnic [[Muslim Bulgarians|Bulgarians with Islamic denomination]] (locally called [[Pomaks]]) in Bulgaria in the [[Rhodope Mountains|Rhodope]] region, as well as few villages in the [[Teteven]] region in Central North Bulgaria, however nowadays most of the Pomaks live in Turkey where they are at least 270,000. |
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=== Art and science === |
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{{main|Cinema of Bulgaria|Literature of Bulgaria|Music of Bulgaria|Bulgarian dances|}} |
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[[Image:Baptism-of-Jesus-from-Kremikovtsi.jpg|left|thumb|16th century fresco of Baptism of Christ from the [[Kremikovtsi]] Monastery]] |
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[[Boris Christoff]], [[Nicolai Ghiaurov]], [[Raina Kabaivanska]] and [[Ghena Dimitrova]] made a precious contribution to opera singing with Ghiaurov and Christoff being two of the greatest [[Bass (voice type)|bassos]] in the post-war period. The name of the harpist-[[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] is one of the best-known harpists today. |
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Bulgarians have made valuable contributions to world culture in modern times as well. [[Julia Kristeva]] and [[Tzvetan Todorov]] were among the most influential European philosophers in the second half of the 20th century. The artist [[Christo]] is among the most famous representatives of [[environmental art]] with projects such as the [[Wrapped Reichstag]]. |
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Bulgarians in the diaspora have also been active. American scientists and inventors of Bulgarian descent include [[John Atanasoff]], [[Peter Petroff]], and [[Assen Jordanoff]]. Bulgarian-American [[Stephane Groueff]] wrote the celebrated book "[[Manhattan Project]]", about the making of the first atomic bomb and also penned "Crown of Thorns", a biography of [[Tsar]] [[Boris III of Bulgaria]]. |
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According to MENSA International, Bulgaria ranks 2nd in the world in Mensa IQ test-scores and its students rate second in the world in [[SAT (disambiguation)|SAT]] scores.<ref name="outsourcingmonitor.eu">{{cite web| |url=http://www.outsourcingmonitor.eu/articles/outsourcing-to-bulgaria.html |title=Bulgaria- Eastern Europe's Newest Hot Spot | Offshoring Business Intelligence & Tools | EU Out-Sourcing Specialists Platform | German Market-Entry offshoring Vendor Services |publisher=Outsourcingmonitor.eu |date=6 August 2006 |accessdate=2010-04-15}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ambsofia.um.dk/da/menu/Eksportraadgivning/Markedsmuligheder/Sektoranalyser/Outsourcing/ ]{{dead link|date=November 2011}}</ref> |
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Also, international MENSA IQ testing completed in 2004 identified as the world's smartest woman (and one of the smartest people in the world) Daniela Simidchieva of Bulgaria, who has an IQ of 200.<ref>http://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/11/05/clever_job_hunt/</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Independent Newspapers Online |url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?sf=29&set_id=1&click_id=29&art_id=vn20041108015032552C925324 |title=The world's 'smartest woman' can't find a job – Back Page | IOL News |publisher=IOL.co.za |date=8 November 2004 |accessdate=2011-11-13}}</ref>{{As of| 2007}} [[CERN]] employed more than 90 Bulgarian scientists, and about 30 of them will actively participate in the [[Large Hadron Collider]] experiments.<ref>[http://dnes.dir.bg/2007/12/21/news2472729.html "Bulgarians uncover the birth of the Universe"], dir.bg, 21 December 2007</ref> |
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===Cuisine=== |
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{{main|Bulgarian cuisine}} |
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[[Image:Bg-kozunak-1.jpg|right|thumb|Bulgarian [[Kozunak]] as prepared for Easter]] |
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[[File:Kukeri-Surva-festival-Pernik-2010--06.jpg|right|thumb|''[[Kukeri]]'' at the International Masquerade in [[Pernik]]]] |
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Famous for its rich salads required at every meal, Bulgarian cuisine is also noted for the diversity and quality of [[dairy product]]s and the variety of [[Bulgarian wine|local wines]] and alcoholic beverages such as [[rakia]], [[mastika]] and [[menta]]. Bulgarian cuisine features also a variety of hot and cold soups, an example of a cold soup being [[tarator]]. There are many different Bulgarian pastries as well such as [[banitsa]]. |
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Most Bulgarian dishes are oven baked, steamed, or in the form of stew. Deep-frying is not very typical, but grilling – especially different kinds of meats – is very common. Pork meat is the most common meat in the Bulgarian cuisine. Oriental dishes do exist in Bulgarian cuisine with most common being moussaka, gyuvetch, and baklava. A very popular ingredient in Bulgarian cuisine is the Bulgarian white brine cheese called "sirene" (сирене). It is the main ingredient in many salads, as well as in a variety of pastries. Fish and chicken are widely eaten and while beef is less common as most cattle are bred for milk production rather than meat, [[veal]] is a natural byproduct of this process and it is found in many popular recipes. Bulgaria is a net exporter of lamb and its own consumption of the meat is prevalent during its production time in spring.<ref>(April 2006). [http://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/572/bulgaria-poultry-and-products-meat-market-update "Bulgaria Poultry and Products Meat Market Update."] [http://www.thepoultrysite.com Thepoultrysite.com]. Accessed 2011-07-01.</ref> |
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=== Customs === |
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{{main|Bulgarian customs}} |
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Bulgarians may wear the [[martenitsa]] (мартеница) – an adornment made of white and red yarn and worn on the wrist or pinned on the clothes – from 1 March until the end of the month. Alternatively, one can take off the martenitsa earlier if one sees a stork (considered a harbinger of spring). One can then tie the martenitsa to the blossoming branch of a tree. Family-members and friends in Bulgaria customarily exchange martenitsas, which they regard as symbols of health and longevity. The white thread represents peace and tranquility, while the red one stands for the cycles of life. Bulgarians may also refer to the holiday of 1 March as [[Baba Marta]] (Баба Марта), meaning ''Grandmother March''. It preserves an ancient pagan tradition. Many legends exist regarding the birth of this custom, some of them dating back to the 7th-century times of [[Kubrat|Khan Kubrat]], the ruler of [[Old Great Bulgaria]]. Other tales relate the martenitsa to Thracian and Zoroastrian beliefs. |
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The ancient ritual of [[kukeri]] (кукери), performed by costumed men, seeks to scare away evil spirits and bring good harvest and health to the community. The costumes, made of animal furs and fleeces, cover the whole of the body. A mask, adorned with horns and decoration, covers the head of each ''kuker'', who also must have bells attached to his waist. The ritual consists of dancing, jumping and shouting in an attempt to banish all evil from the village. Some of the performers impersonate royalty, field-workers and craftsmen. The adornments on the costumes vary from one region to another. |
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Another characteristic custom called [[nestinarstvo]] (нестинарство), or ''firedancing'', distinguishes the [[Strandzha]] region. This ancient custom involves dancing into fire or over live embers. Women dance into the fire with their bare feet without suffering any injury or pain. |
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=== Sport === |
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{{main|Sport in Bulgaria|Football in Bulgaria}} |
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As for most European peoples, the [[association football|football]] became by far the most popular sport for the Bulgarians. [[Hristo Stoichkov]] was one of the best football (soccer) players in the second half of the 20th century, having played with the national team and [[FC Barcelona]]. He received a number of awards and was the joint top scorer at the [[1994 World Cup]]. [[Dimitar Berbatov]], currently in [[Manchester United]] and formely in the national team and two domestic clubs, is still the most popular Bulgarian football player of the 21st century. |
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In the beginning of the 20th century Bulgaria was famous for two of the best wrestlers in the world – [[Dan Kolov]] and [[Nikola Petroff]]. [[Stefka Kostadinova]] is the best female [[high jump]]er, still holding the world record from 1987, one of the oldest unbroken world records for all kind of athletics. [[Ivet Lalova]] along with [[Irina Privalova]] is currently the fastest white woman at [[100 metres]]. [[Kotoōshū Katsunori|Kaloyan Mahlyanov]] has been the first European sumo wrestler to win the Emperor's Cup in Japan. Veselin Topalov won the 2005 [[World Chess Championship]]. He was ranked No. 1 in the world from April 2006 to January 2007, and had the second highest Elo rating of all time (2813). He regained the world No. 1 ranking again in October 2008. |
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===Symbols=== |
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The national symbols of the Bulgarians are the [[Flag of Bulgaria|Flag]], the [[Coat of Arms of Bulgaria|Coat of Arms]], the [[National anthem of Bulgaria|National anthem]] and the [[National Guards Unit of Bulgaria|National Guard]], as well other unofficial symbols such as the [[Samara flag]]. |
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The national flag of Bulgaria is a rectangle with three colors: white, green, and red, positioned horizontally top to bottom. The color fields are of same form and equal size. It is generally known that the white represents – the sky, the green – the forest and nature and the red – the blood of the people, referencing the strong bond of the nation through all the wars and revolutions that have shaken the country in the past. |
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The [[Coat of Arms of Bulgaria]] is a state symbol of the sovereignty and independence of the Bulgarian people and state. It represents a crowned rampant golden lion on a dark red background with the shape of a shield. Above the shield there is a crown modeled after the crowns of the emperors of the [[Second Bulgarian Empire]], with five crosses and an additional cross on top. Two crowned rampant golden lions hold the shield from both sides, facing it. They stand upon two crossed oak branches with acorns, which symbolize the power and the longevity of the Bulgarian state. Under the shield, there is a white band lined with the three national colors. The band is placed across the ends of the branches and the phrase "Unity Makes Strength" is inscribed on it. |
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Both the Bulgarian flag and the Coat of Arms are also used as symbols of various Bulgarian organisations, political parties and institutions. |
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== Bulgarians through history== |
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{{main|List of Bulgarians}} |
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<center> |
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{{Gallery |
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|title=Bulgarian people through the ages |
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|height=210 |
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|lines=1 |
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|File:Bulgarian women 1586.jpg|Bulgarian women in 1586 |
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|File:Bulgarian children from Macedonia.jpg|Children in [[Smilevo]], 1913 |
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|File:Bulgarian photographers.jpg|A group of men in 1926 |
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|File:Abiturienti.jpg|Girls at a college prom, 2008 |
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}} |
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</center> |
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==References and notes== |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
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==See also== |
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*[[List of Bulgarians]] |
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*[[Bulgarian diaspora]] |
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*[[Bulgarian Americans]] |
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*[[Bulgarian Canadians]] |
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*[[Bulgarians in South America]] |
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*[[Bulgarian Australian]] |
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*[[Bulgarians in the Republic of Macedonia]] |
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*[[Bulgarians in Serbia]] |
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*[[Bulgarians in Greece]] |
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*[[Bulgarians in Turkey]] |
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*[[Bulgarians in Albania]] |
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*[[Bessarabian Bulgarians]] ([[Bulgarians in Ukraine]]) |
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*[[Banat Bulgarians]] ([[Bulgarians in Romania]]) |
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*[[Bulgars]] |
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*[[Bulgarian cuisine]] |
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*[[Bulgarian months]] |
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*[[Macedonians (ethnic group)]] |
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{{Bulgaria topics}} |
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{{Bulgarian diaspora}} |
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{{Slavic ethnic groups}} |
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{{commons category|Bulgarians}} |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Bulgaria]] |
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[[Category:Slavic nations]] |
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[[Category:South Slavs]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Macedonia]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in the Republic of Macedonia]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Serbia]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Greece]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Turkey]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Albania]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Ukraine]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Moldova]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Spain]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Italy]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Germany]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in France]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Russia]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Austria]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Belgium]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Portugal]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in the Czech Republic]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Canada]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Argentina]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Brazil]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Africa]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Australia]] |
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[[af:Bulgare]] |
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[[ang:Pulgare]] |
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[[ar:بلغار]] |
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[[an:Bulgaros]] |
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[[av:Болгарал]] |
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[[be:Балгары]] |
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[[be-x-old:Баўгары]] |
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[[bs:Bugari]] |
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[[bg:Българи]] |
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[[cv:Полхарсем]] |
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[[cs:Bulhaři]] |
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[[de:Bulgaren]] |
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[[el:Βούλγαροι]] |
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[[es:Búlgaros]] |
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[[eo:Bulgaroj]] |
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[[fr:Bulgares]] |
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[[fy:Bulgaren]] |
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[[gag:Bulgarlar]] |
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[[gl:Búlgaros]] |
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[[ko:불가리아인]] |
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[[hr:Bugari]] |
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[[id:Bangsa Bulgaria]] |
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[[os:Болгайраг адæм]] |
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[[it:Bulgari]] |
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[[he:בולגרים (עם סלאבי)]] |
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[[ka:ბულგარელები]] |
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[[ku:Bulgar]] |
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[[la:Bulgari]] |
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[[lt:Bulgarai]] |
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[[hu:Bolgárok]] |
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[[mk:Бугари]] |
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[[nl:Bulgaren]] |
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[[ja:ブルガリア人]] |
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[[no:Bulgarere]] |
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[[pl:Bułgarzy]] |
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[[pt:Búlgaros]] |
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[[ro:Bulgari]] |
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[[ru:Болгары]] |
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[[sq:Bullgarët]] |
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[[simple:Bulgarians]] |
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[[sk:Bulhari]] |
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[[cu:Блъгарє]] |
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[[sl:Bolgari]] |
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[[sr:Бугари]] |
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[[sh:Bugari]] |
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[[fi:Bulgarialaiset]] |
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[[sv:Bulgarer]] |
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[[tr:Bulgarlar]] |
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[[uk:Болгари]] |
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[[zh:保加利亞人]] |
Revision as of 00:35, 6 December 2011
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total population | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
9+[1] to 10 million[2][3] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Regions with significant populations | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 169,195[6] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 100,000–150,000[7] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 100,000–130,000[8] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 62,000+[9] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 43,981–80,000[10][11] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 34,000[12] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 15,000[13] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 8,025[14] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 7,443[15] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 7,202[16] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 6,346[17] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 5,000[18] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 300,000[19] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 70,000[20] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 62,000[21][22] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 50,000[23] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 15,000–20,000[24] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 6,915[25] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 5,000[26] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 4,898[27] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 270,000 (Pomaks)[28][29][30] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 204,574[31] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 90,000[32] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 31,965[33] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 20,497[34] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 1,417[35][36] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Languages | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bulgarian | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Religion | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Usually † Orthodox Christianity, Small minorities practicing Islam(Pomaks), Roman Catholicism, Protestanism and varieties of other religions | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Related ethnic groups | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other Slavs, especially other South Slavs,[37] especially the Macedonians[37] |
Part of a series on |
Bulgarians Българи |
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The Bulgarians ([българи, balgari] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help), pronounced [ˈbɤɫɡɐri]) are a South Slavic[37][38][39][40] nation and ethnic group native to Bulgaria and neighbouring regions. Emigration has resulted in immigrant communities in a number of other countries.
History and ethnogenesis
The Bulgarians have descended from three main tribal groups, which mixed themselves and formed a Slavic-speaking nation and ethnicity in the First Bulgarian Empire: 1) the Slavic invaders, who gave their language to the Bulgarians; 2) the Bulgars, from whom the ethnonym and the early statehood were inherited; as well as 3) certain cultural elements taken from the 'indigenous' late Roman provincial peoples (Thraco-Romans and Thraco-Byzantines).[41][42] Between the 7th and the 10th centuries, the local population, the Bulgars and the other tribes in the empire, which were outnumbered by the Slavs[43][44][45] gradually became absorbed by them, adopting a South Slav language.[46] Since the late 10th century, the names “Bulgarians” and “Bulgarian” got prevalence and became permanent designations for the local population, both in the literature and in the spoken language.
The ethnic contribution of pre-Slavic populations (so-called Thracian and Daco-Getic peoples) was determined by some recent genetic studies.[47] The ancient languages of the local people had gone nearly extinct before the arrival of the Slavs, mostly due to Hellenization since the antiquity and to a lesser degree to Romanization during Roman rule, accompanied by Christianisation. Their cultural influence was also highly reduced due to the repeated barbaric invasions on the Balkans during the early Middle Ages by Goths, Celts, Huns and Sarmatians and later slavicisation. However, some of their linguistic and cultural traces are nevertheless present in modern Bulgarians (and Macedonians).
The Slavs emerged from their original homeland in the early 6th century, and spread to most of the eastern Central Europe, Eastern Europe and the Balkans, thus forming three main branches – the West Slavs, the East Slavs and the South Slavs. The Slavs became the largest part of the ancestors of the Bulgarians. Similar to the rest of their South Slavic neighbours, the Bulgarians are clearly separated from the tight R1a1a cluster typical for Western and Eastern Slavs. However, I2a1b1, which is typical of the South Slavic populations[48] is not older than 2550 years and is probably result of the Slavic invasion from the area north-east of the Carpathians.[49]
The Bulgars are first mentioned in the 4th century in the vicinity of the North Caucasian steppe, although scholars speculate that their history may go back to the Central Asian Mongol-Turkic khaganates.[50][51][52][53] Many scholars posit the origins of the Bulgars as a Turkic tribe of Central Asia (perhaps with Iranian elements).[54][55] In the late 7th century, some Bulgar tribes, led by Asparukh and others, led by Kouber, permanently settled in the Balkans, and formed the ruling class of the First Bulgarian Empire in 680–681. It is assumed, that because Balkan Bulgars were not numerous,[56] only a cultural, and low genetic influence was brought into the region, since the genetic background of the local populations was not significantly modified.[57]
Genetic origin
According to some 20th century researchers as William Z. Ripley, Carleton S. Coon and Bertil Lundman the Bulgarians are predominantly Mediterranean people, with unexplained Pre-Pontic, Alpine, and Nordic strains, whose roots go back to the Neolithic.[58][59] Bulgarian DNA profile is congruent with those described for most European populations. Among the prehistoric events marked by the observed haplogroups, the greatest contribution comes from the range expansion of local Mesolithic foragers. The Bulgarian gene pool also bears signals of the recolonization from different glacial refugia and the spread of agriculture (and farmers) from the Near East. As for the interpopulation analysis of Y-DNA, similarly to mtDNA, Bulgarians belong to the cluster of European populations, still being slightly distant from them.[60][61] Genetically, modern Bulgarians are more closely related to other neighbouring Balkan populations (Macedonians, Serbs, Romanians, Greeks and Albanians) than to the rest of the Europeans.[62][63][64][65][66]. Analyses shows that almost the entire Bulgarian mtDNA pool is made up of West Eurasian lineages; the Mediterranean contribution could be attributed to the Thracians, while the Eastern contribution could be attributed to the Bulgars and Slavs.
Demographics
Most Bulgarians live in Bulgaria, where they are around 6 million,[4][5] constituting 85% of the population. There are significant Bulgarian minorities in the Republic of Macedonia, Serbia (see Western Outlands), Greece, Turkey, Albania, Romania (Banat Bulgarians), as well as in Ukraine and Bessarabian Bulgarians. Many Bulgarians also live in the diaspora, which is formed by representatives and descendants of the old (before 1989) and new (after 1989) emigration. The old emigration was made up of some 2,470,000 [citation needed] economic and several tens of thousands of political emigrants, and was directed for the most part to the U.S., Canada, Argentina, Brazil and Germany. The new emigration is estimated at some 970,000 people and can be divided into two major subcategories: permanent emigration at the beginning of the 1990s, directed mostly to the U.S., Canada, Austria, and Germany and labour emigration at the end of the 1990s, directed for the most part to Greece, Italy, the UK and Spain. Migrations to the West have been quite steady even in the late 1990s and early 21st century, as people continue moving to countries like the US, Canada and Australia. Most Bulgarians living in the US can be found in Chicago, Illinois. However, according to the 2000 US census most Bulgarians live in the cities of New York and Los Angeles, and the state with most Bulgarians in the US is California. Most Bulgarians living in Canada can be found in Toronto, Ontario, and the provinces with most Bulgarians in Canada are Ontario and Quebec. The largest urban populations of Bulgarians are to be found in Sofia (1,1 million),[4] Plovdiv (302,858) and Varna (300,000+). The total number of Bulgarians stood at over 10 million.[2][3]
Related ethnic groups
Bulgarians are considered most closely related to the neighboring Macedonians, indeed it is sometimes said there is no discernible ethnic difference between them.[37] The ethnic Macedonians were considered Macedonian Bulgarians by the most ethnographers until the early 20th century and beyond with a big portion of them evidently self-identifying as such.[67][68] The Slavic-speakers of Greek Macedonia and most among the Torlaks in Serbia have also had a history of identifying as Bulgarians and many were members of the Bulgarian Exarchate, which included most of the territory regarded as Torlak. Greater part of these people were also considered Bulgarians by most of the ethnographers until the early 20th century and beyond.[69][70][71][72]
Culture
Language
Bulgarians speak a Southern Slavic language which is mutually intelligible with the Macedonian and with the Torlak dialect. The Bulgarian language is also, to some degree, mutually intelligible with Russian on account of the influence which Russia has had on the development of Modern Bulgaria since 1878, as well as the earlier effect of Old Bulgarian on the development of Old Russian. Although related, Bulgarian and the Western and Eastern Slavic languages are not mutually intelligible.
Bulgarian demonstrates some linguistic developments that set it apart from other Slavic languages. These are shared with Romanian, Albanian and Greek (see Balkan linguistic union) with which it is not in any case mutually intelligible. Until 1878 Bulgarian was influenced lexically by medieval and modern Greek, and to a much lesser extent, by Turkish. More recently, the language has borrowed many words from Russian, German, French and English.
Comparatively small are the people of the diaspora who are Bulgarians by ethnic origin or descent but do not speak the Bulgarian language (mostly representatives of the old emigration in the U.S., Canada, Argentina and Brazil).
The majority of Bulgarian linguists[who?] consider the officialized Macedonian language (since 1944) a local variation of Bulgarian, just as the most ethnographers and linguists until the early 20th century considered the local Slavic speech in the Macedonian region. The president of Bulgaria Zhelyu Zhelev, declined to recognize the Macedonian as a separate language when the Republic of Macedonia became a new independent state. The Bulgarian language is written in the Cyrillic alphabet.
Cyrillic alphabet
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ocslavonic.gif/220px-Ocslavonic.gif)
In the first half of the 10th century, the Cyrillic alphabet was devised in the Preslav Literary School, Bulgaria, based on the Glagolitic, the Greek and Latin alphabets. Modern versions of the alphabet are now used to write five more Slavic languages such as Belarusian, Macedonian, Russian, Serbian and Ukrainian as well as Mongolian and some other 60 languages spoken in the former Soviet Union. Medieval Bulgaria was the most important cultural centre of the Slavic peoples at the end of the 9th and throughout the 10th century. The two literary schools of Preslav and Ohrid developed a rich literary and cultural activity with authors of the rank of Constantine of Preslav, John Exarch, Chernorizets Hrabar, Clement and Naum of Ohrid. Bulgaria exerted similar influence on her neighbouring countries in the mid to late 14th century, at the time of the Tarnovo Literary School, with the work of Patriarch Evtimiy, Gregory Tsamblak, Constantine of Kostenets (Konstantin Kostenechki). Bulgarian cultural influence was especially strong in Wallachia and Moldova where the Cyrillic alphabet was used until 1860, while Church Slavonic was the official language of the princely chancellery and of the church until the end of 17th century.
Name system
There are several different layers of Bulgarian names. The vast majority of them have either Christian (names like Lazar, Ivan, Anna, Maria, Ekaterina) or Slavic origin (Vladimir, Svetoslav, Velislava). After the Liberation in 1878, the names of historical Bulgar rulers like Asparuh, Krum, Kubrat and Tervel were resurrected. The old Bulgar name Boris has spread from Bulgaria to a number of countries in the world with Russian Tsar Boris Godunov, British politician Boris Johnson, and German tennis player Boris Becker being three of the examples of its use.
Most Bulgarian male surnames have an -ov surname suffix (Cyrillic: -ов). This is sometimes transcribed as -off (John Atanasov—John Atanasoff), but more often as -ov (e.g. Boyko Borisov). The -ov suffix is the Slavic gender-agreeing suffix, thus Ivanov (Bulgarian: Иванов) literally means "Ivan's". Bulgarian middle names are patronymic and use the gender-agreeing suffix as well, thus the middle name of Nikola's son becomes Nikolov, and the middle name of Ivan's son becomes Ivanov. Since names in Bulgarian are gender-based, Bulgarian women have the -ova surname suffix (Cyrillic: -овa), for example, Maria Ivanova. The plural form of Bulgarian names ends in -ovi (Cyrillic: -ови), for example the Ivanovi family (Иванови).
Other common Bulgarian male surnames have the -ev surname suffix (Cyrillic: -ев), for example Stoev, Ganchev, Peev, and so on. The female surname in this case would have the -eva surname suffix (Cyrillic: -ева), for example: Galina Stoeva. The last name of the entire family then would have the plural form of -evi (Cyrillic: -еви), for example: the Stoevi family (Стоеви).
Another typical Bulgarian surname suffix, though less common, is -ski. This surname ending also gets an –a when the bearer of the name is female (Smirnenski becomes Smirnenska). The plural form of the surname suffix -ski is still -ski, e.g. the Smirnenski family (Bulgarian: Смирненски).
The ending –in (female -ina) also appears rarely. It used to be given to the child of an unmarried woman (for example the son of Kuna will get the surname Kunin and the son of Gana – Ganin). The surname suffix -ich can be found only occasional, primarily among the Roman Catholic Bulgarians. The surname ending –ich does not get an additional –a if the bearer of the name is female.
Religion
Most Bulgarians are at least nominally members of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church founded in 870 AD (autocephalous since 927 AD). The Bulgarian Orthodox Church is the independent national church of Bulgaria like the other national branches of the Orthodox communion and is considered an inseparable[citation needed] element of Bulgarian national consciousness. The church was abolished once, during the period of Ottoman rule (1396—1878), in 1873 it was revived as Bulgarian Exarchate and soon after raised again to Bulgarian Patriarchate. In 2001, the Orthodox Church at least nominally had a total of 6,552,000 members in Bulgaria (82.6% of the population), 6,300,000 of which were Bulgarians, and between one and two million members in the diaspora. The Orthodox Bulgarian minorities in the Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, Greece, Albania, Ukraine and Moldova nowadays hold allegiance to the respective national Orthodox churches.
Despite the position of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church as a unifying symbol for all Bulgarians, small groups of Bulgarians have converted to other faiths through the course of time. In the 16th and the 17th century Roman Catholic missionaries converted a small number of Bulgarian Paulicians in the districts of Plovdiv and Svishtov to Roman Catholicism. Nowadays there are some 40,000 Roman Catholic Bulgarians in Bulgaria, additional 10,000 in the Banat in Romania and up to 100,000 people of Bulgarian ancenstry in South America. The Roman Catholic Bulgarians of the Banat are also descendants of Paulicians who fled there at the end of the 17th century after an unsuccessful uprising against the Ottomans. Protestantism was introduced in Bulgaria by missionaries from the United States in 1857. Missionary work continued throughout the second half of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century. Nowadays there are some 25,000 Protestant Bulgarians in Bulgaria. Between the 15th and the 19th century, during the Ottoman rule, some Orthodox Bulgarians converted to Islam. At 2001 census, 131,000 declared that are ethnic Bulgarians with Islamic denomination (locally called Pomaks) in Bulgaria in the Rhodope region, as well as few villages in the Teteven region in Central North Bulgaria, however nowadays most of the Pomaks live in Turkey where they are at least 270,000.
Art and science
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Baptism-of-Jesus-from-Kremikovtsi.jpg/220px-Baptism-of-Jesus-from-Kremikovtsi.jpg)
Boris Christoff, Nicolai Ghiaurov, Raina Kabaivanska and Ghena Dimitrova made a precious contribution to opera singing with Ghiaurov and Christoff being two of the greatest bassos in the post-war period. The name of the harpist-Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean is one of the best-known harpists today. Bulgarians have made valuable contributions to world culture in modern times as well. Julia Kristeva and Tzvetan Todorov were among the most influential European philosophers in the second half of the 20th century. The artist Christo is among the most famous representatives of environmental art with projects such as the Wrapped Reichstag.
Bulgarians in the diaspora have also been active. American scientists and inventors of Bulgarian descent include John Atanasoff, Peter Petroff, and Assen Jordanoff. Bulgarian-American Stephane Groueff wrote the celebrated book "Manhattan Project", about the making of the first atomic bomb and also penned "Crown of Thorns", a biography of Tsar Boris III of Bulgaria. According to MENSA International, Bulgaria ranks 2nd in the world in Mensa IQ test-scores and its students rate second in the world in SAT scores.[73][74] Also, international MENSA IQ testing completed in 2004 identified as the world's smartest woman (and one of the smartest people in the world) Daniela Simidchieva of Bulgaria, who has an IQ of 200.[75][76]As of 2007[update] CERN employed more than 90 Bulgarian scientists, and about 30 of them will actively participate in the Large Hadron Collider experiments.[77]
Cuisine
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bg-kozunak-1.jpg/220px-Bg-kozunak-1.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Kukeri-Surva-festival-Pernik-2010--06.jpg/220px-Kukeri-Surva-festival-Pernik-2010--06.jpg)
Famous for its rich salads required at every meal, Bulgarian cuisine is also noted for the diversity and quality of dairy products and the variety of local wines and alcoholic beverages such as rakia, mastika and menta. Bulgarian cuisine features also a variety of hot and cold soups, an example of a cold soup being tarator. There are many different Bulgarian pastries as well such as banitsa.
Most Bulgarian dishes are oven baked, steamed, or in the form of stew. Deep-frying is not very typical, but grilling – especially different kinds of meats – is very common. Pork meat is the most common meat in the Bulgarian cuisine. Oriental dishes do exist in Bulgarian cuisine with most common being moussaka, gyuvetch, and baklava. A very popular ingredient in Bulgarian cuisine is the Bulgarian white brine cheese called "sirene" (сирене). It is the main ingredient in many salads, as well as in a variety of pastries. Fish and chicken are widely eaten and while beef is less common as most cattle are bred for milk production rather than meat, veal is a natural byproduct of this process and it is found in many popular recipes. Bulgaria is a net exporter of lamb and its own consumption of the meat is prevalent during its production time in spring.[78]
Customs
Bulgarians may wear the martenitsa (мартеница) – an adornment made of white and red yarn and worn on the wrist or pinned on the clothes – from 1 March until the end of the month. Alternatively, one can take off the martenitsa earlier if one sees a stork (considered a harbinger of spring). One can then tie the martenitsa to the blossoming branch of a tree. Family-members and friends in Bulgaria customarily exchange martenitsas, which they regard as symbols of health and longevity. The white thread represents peace and tranquility, while the red one stands for the cycles of life. Bulgarians may also refer to the holiday of 1 March as Baba Marta (Баба Марта), meaning Grandmother March. It preserves an ancient pagan tradition. Many legends exist regarding the birth of this custom, some of them dating back to the 7th-century times of Khan Kubrat, the ruler of Old Great Bulgaria. Other tales relate the martenitsa to Thracian and Zoroastrian beliefs.
The ancient ritual of kukeri (кукери), performed by costumed men, seeks to scare away evil spirits and bring good harvest and health to the community. The costumes, made of animal furs and fleeces, cover the whole of the body. A mask, adorned with horns and decoration, covers the head of each kuker, who also must have bells attached to his waist. The ritual consists of dancing, jumping and shouting in an attempt to banish all evil from the village. Some of the performers impersonate royalty, field-workers and craftsmen. The adornments on the costumes vary from one region to another.
Another characteristic custom called nestinarstvo (нестинарство), or firedancing, distinguishes the Strandzha region. This ancient custom involves dancing into fire or over live embers. Women dance into the fire with their bare feet without suffering any injury or pain.
Sport
As for most European peoples, the football became by far the most popular sport for the Bulgarians. Hristo Stoichkov was one of the best football (soccer) players in the second half of the 20th century, having played with the national team and FC Barcelona. He received a number of awards and was the joint top scorer at the 1994 World Cup. Dimitar Berbatov, currently in Manchester United and formely in the national team and two domestic clubs, is still the most popular Bulgarian football player of the 21st century.
In the beginning of the 20th century Bulgaria was famous for two of the best wrestlers in the world – Dan Kolov and Nikola Petroff. Stefka Kostadinova is the best female high jumper, still holding the world record from 1987, one of the oldest unbroken world records for all kind of athletics. Ivet Lalova along with Irina Privalova is currently the fastest white woman at 100 metres. Kaloyan Mahlyanov has been the first European sumo wrestler to win the Emperor's Cup in Japan. Veselin Topalov won the 2005 World Chess Championship. He was ranked No. 1 in the world from April 2006 to January 2007, and had the second highest Elo rating of all time (2813). He regained the world No. 1 ranking again in October 2008.
Symbols
The national symbols of the Bulgarians are the Flag, the Coat of Arms, the National anthem and the National Guard, as well other unofficial symbols such as the Samara flag.
The national flag of Bulgaria is a rectangle with three colors: white, green, and red, positioned horizontally top to bottom. The color fields are of same form and equal size. It is generally known that the white represents – the sky, the green – the forest and nature and the red – the blood of the people, referencing the strong bond of the nation through all the wars and revolutions that have shaken the country in the past.
The Coat of Arms of Bulgaria is a state symbol of the sovereignty and independence of the Bulgarian people and state. It represents a crowned rampant golden lion on a dark red background with the shape of a shield. Above the shield there is a crown modeled after the crowns of the emperors of the Second Bulgarian Empire, with five crosses and an additional cross on top. Two crowned rampant golden lions hold the shield from both sides, facing it. They stand upon two crossed oak branches with acorns, which symbolize the power and the longevity of the Bulgarian state. Under the shield, there is a white band lined with the three national colors. The band is placed across the ends of the branches and the phrase "Unity Makes Strength" is inscribed on it.
Both the Bulgarian flag and the Coat of Arms are also used as symbols of various Bulgarian organisations, political parties and institutions.
Bulgarians through history
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Bulgarian women in 1586
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Children in Smilevo, 1913
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A group of men in 1926
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Girls at a college prom, 2008
References and notes
- ^
Lewis, M. Paul (ed.) (1986–2009). "Bulgarian". Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. SIL International. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
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"Chairman of the State Agency for Bulgarians Abroad – 3–4 million Bulgarians abroad as of 2009 [[:Template:Bg icon]]". Bulgarians abroad. 2009. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
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"Bulgarian Minister without Portfolio – 4 million Bulgarians outside Bulgaria as of 2010 [[:Template:Bg icon]]". Bulgarians outside Bulgaria. 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
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"Bulgarian 2011 census [[:Template:Bg icon]]" (PDF). nsi.bg. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
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"Experts for Census 2011 [[:Template:Bg icon]]".
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"National Institute of Statistics of Spain – Foreigners as of 12.2009 [[:Template:Es icon]]" (PDF). ine.es. Retrieved 8 February 2011.
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"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria – Bulgarians in the UK [[:Template:Bg icon]]". mfa.bg. Retrieved 8 February 2011.
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"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria – Bulgarians in Italy [[:Template:Bg icon]]". mfa.bg. Retrieved 8 February 2011.
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"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria – Bulgarians in Germany [[:Template:Bg icon]]". mfa.bg. Retrieved 8 February 2011.
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: URL–wikilink conflict (help) - ^ "Greek Statistical Authority – Foreigners as of 12.2005" (PDF). statistics.gr.
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"Greek 1991 census – Officialy identified as Pomaks (additional number) [[:Template:El icon]]". hri.org.
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"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria – Bulgarians in France [[:Template:Bg icon]]". mfa.bg. Retrieved 8 February 2011.
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"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria – Bulgarians in Austria [[:Template:Bg icon]]". mfa.bg. Retrieved 8 February 2011.
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"Romanian 2002 census [[:Template:Ro icon]]". edrc.ro.
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"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria – Bulgarians in Belgium [[:Template:Bg icon]]". mfa.bg. Retrieved 8 February 2011.
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"Portuguese 2009 census [[:Template:Pt icon]]" (PDF). sefstat.sef.pt. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
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"Czech Statistical Office – Foreigners as of 10.2009 [[:Template:Cz icon]]" (PDF). czso.cz.
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"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria – Bulgarians in Hungary [[:Template:Bg icon]]". mfa.bg. Retrieved 8 February 2011.
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"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria – Bulgarians in the US [[:Template:Bg icon]]". mfa.bg.
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"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria – Bulgarians in Argentina [[:Template:Bg icon]]". mfa.bg. Retrieved 29 April 2008.
{{cite web}}
: URL–wikilink conflict (help) - ^ IBGE 2006
- ^
"bTV – estimate for Bulgarians in Brazil [[:Template:Bg icon]]". btv.bg.
{{cite web}}
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"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria – Bulgarians in Canada [[:Template:Bg icon]]". mfa.bg. Retrieved 8 February 2011.
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"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria – Bulgarians in South Africa [[:Template:Bg icon]]". mfa.bg. Retrieved 8 February 2011.
{{cite web}}
: URL–wikilink conflict (help) - ^
"Kazakh 1999 census". stat.kz.
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(help) - ^
"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria – Bulgarians in the UAE [[:Template:Bg icon]]". mfa.bg. Retrieved 30 April 2008.
{{cite web}}
: URL–wikilink conflict (help) - ^ "Australian 2006 census" (PDF). abs.gov.au.
- ^ "Ethnolugue – Bulgarian language". ethnologue.com. Retrieved 31 December 2008.
- ^ "Bulgarian language". lmp.ucla.edu. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
- ^ "Bulgarian language". govorunby.com. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
- ^ "Ukrainian 2001 census". ukrcensus.gov.ua. Retrieved 28 April 2008.
- ^
"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria – Bulgarians in Moldova [[:Template:Bg icon]]". mfa.bg. Retrieved 8 February 2011.
{{cite web}}
: URL–wikilink conflict (help) - ^
"Russian 2002 census [[:Template:Ru icon]]". perepis2002.ru. Retrieved 12 May 2008.
{{cite web}}
: URL–wikilink conflict (help) - ^
"Serbian 2003 census [[:Template:Sr icon]]" (PDF). webrzs.stat.gov.rs.
{{cite web}}
: URL–wikilink conflict (help) - ^ Republic of Macedonia – State Statistical Office[dead link]
- ^ "Bulgarian presidency – Foreign citizens who obtained Bulgarian citizenship from 01.2002 to 06.2011". president.bg.
- ^ a b c d "Political and economic dictionary of Eastern Europe, Alan John Day, Roger East, Richard Thomas, Routledge, 2002, ISBN 1857430638, p. 96". Google Books. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups, James Minahan, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000, ISBN 0313309841, pp. 134–135". Google Books. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Fine, John Van Antwerp (1991). The early medieval Balkans: a critical survey from the sixth to the late twelfth century. University of Michigan Press. p. 308. ISBN 9780472081493.
- ^ Kopeček, Michal (2007). Balázs Trencsényi (ed.). Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770–1945): texts and commentaries. Central European University Press. p. 240. ISBN 9789637326608.
- ^ The so-called Bulgar inscriptions are, with few exceptions, written in Greek rather than in Turkic runes; they mention officials with late antique titles, and use late Antique terminology and indictional dating.. contemporary Byzantine inscriptions are not obviously similar, implying that this (Bulgar) epigraphic habit was not imported from Constantinople but was a local Bulgar development, or rather, it was an indigenous 'Roman' inheritance. Nicopolis ad Istrium: Backward and Balkan ? M Whittow.
- ^ ...Many Thracian survivals have been detected in the sphere of Bulgarian national costume and folk tradition... The Bulgarians: from pagan times to the Ottoman conquest, David Marshall Lang, Westview Press, 1976, ISBN 0891585303, p. 27.
- ^ "An historical geography of Europe, 450 B.C.-A.D.1330, Norman John, CUP Archive, 1977, ISBN 0521291267, p. 179". Google Books. 28 January 1977. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "The early medieval Balkans: a critical survey from the sixth to the late twelfth century, John Van Antwerp Fine, University of Michigan Press, 1991, ISBN 0472081497 p. 68". Google Books. 15 May 1991. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Formation of the Bulgarian nation: its development in the Middle Ages (9th–14th c.) Academician Dimitŭr Simeonov Angelov, Summary, Sofia-Press, 1978". Kroraina.com. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ L. Ivanov. Essential History of Bulgaria in Seven Pages. Sofia, 2007.
- ^ "Paleo-MtDNA Analysis and population genetic aspects of old Thracian population from South-Eastern Romania". Scribd.com. 25 September 2007. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Pericic et al., High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations [1]
- ^ "Russian I2a2a-Dinaric TMRCA, 2010.04.10 by Ken Nordtwedt". Archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com. 10 April 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Образуване на българската държава. проф. Петър Петров (Издателство Наука и изкуство, София, 1981)]
- ^ "Образуване на българската народност.проф. Димитър Ангелов (Издателство Наука и изкуство, "Векове", София, 1971)". Kroraina.com. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Runciman, Steven. 1930. A history of the First Bulgarian Empire. London: G. Bell & Sons.: §I.1
- ^ Vassil Karloukovski. "История на българската държава през средните векове Васил Н. Златарски (I изд. София 1918; II изд., Наука и изкуство, София 1970, под ред. на проф. Петър Хр. Петров)". Kroraina.com. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "''Encyclopaedia Britannica Online''". Britannica.com. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Rasho Rashev, Die Protobulgaren im 5.-7. Jahrhundert, Orbel, Sofia, 2005. (in Bulgarian, German summary)
- ^ The history of the Balkan Peninsula, Eastern Europe Collection, Ferdinand Schevill, Ayer Publishing, 1971, ISBN 0405027745, p. 92.
- ^ Arnaiz-Villena et al. Human Biology, Volume 75, Number 3, June 2003, E-ISSN: 1534-6617, HLA Genes in the Chuvashian Population from European Russia: Admixture of Central European and Mediterranean Populations, pp. 375–392.
- ^ Races Of Europe, (Chapter XII, section 15)
- ^ Lundman, Bertil J. – The Races and Peoples of Europe, (Chapter: The Races and Peoples of Southeast Europe), New York: IAAEE. 1977.
- ^ "Y-Chromosome genetic variation of modern Bulgarians, S. Karachanak et al. European Human Genetics Conference 2011, Amsterdam, May 28–31, 2011". Abstractsonline.com. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Bulgarians vs the other European populations: a mitochondrial DNA perspective, International journal of legal medicine (2011), DOI: 10.1007/s00414-011-0589-y, Karachanak et al". Google. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ USA (3 October 2011). "Five polymorphisms of the apolipoprotein B gene in healthy Bulgarians.Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria.PMID 12713147". Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ USA (3 October 2011). "HLA polymorphism in Bulgarians defined by high-resolution typing methods in comparison with other populations". Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language" (PDF). Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Distributions of HLA class I alleles and haplotypes in Bulgarians – contribution to understanding the origin of the population. M. Ivanova, P. Spassova, A. Michailova, E. Naumova. Division of Clinical and Transplantation Immunology, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria". Blackwell-synergy.com. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Bulgarian Bone Marrow Donors Registry—past and future directions – Asen Zlatev, Milena Ivanova, Snejina Michailova, Anastasia Mihaylova and Elissaveta Naumova, Central Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital "Alexandrovska", Sofia, Bulgaria, Published online: 2 June 2007". Springerlink.com. doi:10.1007/s10561-007-9046-z. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Cousinéry, Esprit Marie. Voyage dans la Macédoine: contenant des recherches sur l'histoire, la géographie, les antiquités de ce pay, Paris, 1831, Vol. II, p. 15-17, one of the passages in English – [2], Engin Deniz Tanir, The Mid-Nineteenth century Ottoman Bulgaria from the viewpoints of the French Travelers, A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of Social Sciences of Middle East Technical University, 2005, p. 99, 142
- ^ Pulcherius, Receuil des historiens des Croisades. Historiens orientaux. III, p. 331 – a passage in English -http://promacedonia.org/en/ban/nr1.html#4
- ^ "The struggle for Greece, 1941–1949, Christopher Montague Woodhouse, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2002, ISBN 1850654921, p. 67". Books.google.bg. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Who are the Macedonians? Hugh Poulton. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1995, ISBN 1850652384,p. 109.
- ^ Felix Philipp Kanitz, (Das Konigreich Serbien und das Serbenvolk von der Romerzeit bis dur Gegenwart, 1904, in two volume) # "In this time (1872) they (the inhabitants of Pirot) did not presume that six years later the often damn Turkish rule in their town will be finished, and at least they did not presume that they will be include in Serbia, because they always feel that they are Bulgarians. ("Србија, земља и становништво од римског доба до краја XIX века", Друга књига, Београд 1986, p. 215)
- And today (in the end of XIX century) among the older generation there are many fondness to Bulgarians, that it led him to collision with Serbian government. Some hesitation can be noticed among the youngs..." ("Србија, земља и становништво од римског доба до краја XIX века", Друга књига, Београд 1986, c. 218; Serbia – its land and inhabitants, Belgrade 1986, p. 218)
- ^ Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui, „Voyage en Bulgarie pendant l'année 1841“ (Жером-Адолф Бланки. Пътуване из България през 1841 година. Прев. от френски Ел. Райчева, предг. Ив. Илчев. София: Колибри, 2005, 219 с. ISBN 978–954–529–367–2.) It describes a population in Nish sandjak as Bulgarian, see: [3]
- ^ "Bulgaria- Eastern Europe's Newest Hot Spot | Offshoring Business Intelligence & Tools | EU Out-Sourcing Specialists Platform | German Market-Entry offshoring Vendor Services". Outsourcingmonitor.eu. 6 August 2006. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
{{cite web}}
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- ^ http://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/11/05/clever_job_hunt/
- ^ Independent Newspapers Online (8 November 2004). "The world's 'smartest woman' can't find a job – Back Page | IOL News". IOL.co.za. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Bulgarians uncover the birth of the Universe", dir.bg, 21 December 2007
- ^ (April 2006). "Bulgaria Poultry and Products Meat Market Update." Thepoultrysite.com. Accessed 2011-07-01.
See also
- List of Bulgarians
- Bulgarian diaspora
- Bulgarian Americans
- Bulgarian Canadians
- Bulgarians in South America
- Bulgarian Australian
- Bulgarians in the Republic of Macedonia
- Bulgarians in Serbia
- Bulgarians in Greece
- Bulgarians in Turkey
- Bulgarians in Albania
- Bessarabian Bulgarians (Bulgarians in Ukraine)
- Banat Bulgarians (Bulgarians in Romania)
- Bulgars
- Bulgarian cuisine
- Bulgarian months
- Macedonians (ethnic group)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Use dmy dates from November 2011
- Ethnic groups in Europe
- Ethnic groups in Bulgaria
- Slavic nations
- South Slavs
- Ethnic groups in Macedonia
- Ethnic groups in the Republic of Macedonia
- Ethnic groups in Serbia
- Ethnic groups in Greece
- Ethnic groups in Turkey
- Ethnic groups in Albania
- Ethnic groups in Ukraine
- Ethnic groups in Moldova
- Ethnic groups in Spain
- Ethnic groups in Italy
- Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom
- Ethnic groups in Germany
- Ethnic groups in France
- Ethnic groups in Russia
- Ethnic groups in Austria
- Ethnic groups in Belgium
- Ethnic groups in Portugal
- Ethnic groups in the Czech Republic
- Ethnic groups in the United States
- Ethnic groups in Canada
- Ethnic groups in Argentina
- Ethnic groups in Brazil
- Ethnic groups in South Africa
- Ethnic groups in Australia