Toxaphene: Difference between revisions
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'''Toxaphene''' is an insecticide. It is a mixture of closely related substances |
'''Toxaphene''' is an insecticide. It is a mixture of closely related substances. Toxaphene is a known [[persistent organic pollutants]] (POP), classified among the "dirty dozen" and banned globally by the 2001 [[Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants]]. |
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==Composition== |
==Composition== |
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Revision as of 21:14, 30 April 2014
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| Identifiers | |
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3D model (JSmol)
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.029.348 |
| KEGG | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| Density | 1.65 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 65–90 °C |
| Boiling point | decomposition at 155 °C |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Toxaphene is an insecticide. It is a mixture of closely related substances. Toxaphene is a known persistent organic pollutants (POP), classified among the "dirty dozen" and banned globally by the 2001 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.
Composition
Toxaphene is a mixture of approximately 200 organic compounds, formed by the chlorination of camphene (C10H16) to an overall chlorine content of 67-69% by weight.[1][2] The bulk of the compounds (mostly chlorobornanes, chlorocamphenes, and other bicyclic chloroorganic compounds) found in toxaphene have chemical formulas ranging from C10H11Cl5 to C10H6Cl12, with a mean formula of C10H10Cl8.[3] The formula weights of these compounds range from 308 to 551 grams/mole; the theoretical mean formula has a value of 414 grams/mole. Toxaphene is usually seen as a yellow to amber waxy solid. It is volatile enough to be transported for long distances through the atmosphere.[4][5]
Health effects
When inhaled or ingested, sufficient quantities of toxaphene can damage the lungs, nervous system, and kidneys, and may cause death. It is classified as an IARC Group 2B carcinogen.
Applications
Toxaphene was used as an insecticide. In the U.S., it was chiefly used in the cotton and soybean growing areas in the southeastern region. It was used to treat mange in cattle in California in the 1970s, although there were reports of cattle deaths following spraying with toxaphene.[6]
In 1982, it was banned for most uses, and in 1990 it was banned for all uses in the United States.[7] It belongs to the so-called "dirty dozen", a list of very toxic substances, eleven of which were outlawed in May 2004 when the Stockholm Convention went into effect.[8]
Trade names
Trade names and synonyms include Chlorinated camphene, Octachlorocamphene, Camphochlor, Agricide Maggot Killer, Alltex, Allotox, Crestoxo, Compound 3956, Estonox, Fasco-Terpene, Geniphene, Hercules 3956, M5055, Melipax, Motox, Penphene, Phenacide, Phenatox, Strobane-T, Toxadust, Toxakil, Vertac 90%, Toxon 63, Attac, Anatox, Royal Brand Bean Tox 82, Cotton Tox MP82, Security Tox-Sol-6, Security Tox-MP cotton spray, Security Motox 63 cotton spray, Agro-Chem Brand Torbidan 28, and Dr Roger's TOXENE.[9]
References
- ^ Saleh, Mahmoud Abbas; Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 1983, vol. 31, pp 748-751.
- ^ Buntin, G.A. U.S. Patent 2,565,471, 1951.
- ^ Buser, Hans-Rudolf; et al., Chemosphere, 2000, vol. 40, pp 1213-1220.
- ^ Shoeib, Mahiba; et al., Chemosphere, 1999, vol. 39, pp 849-871.
- ^ Rice, Clifford P.; et al., Environmental Science and Technology, 1986, vol. 20, pp 1109-1116.
- ^ Chancellor, John; Oliver, Don (1979-02-22). "Possible Toxaphene Cattle Poisoning". NBC News. Vanderbilt Television News Archive. http://tvnews.vanderbilt.edu/program.pl?ID=502980. Retrieved on 2008-02-08.
- ^ http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/toxaphene.cfm
- ^ http://chm.pops.int/Portals/0/docs/publications/sc_factsheet_004.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-03-05.
- ^ http://www.epa.gov/safewater/dwh/c-soc/toxaphen.html. Retrieved on 2009-03-05.