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|occupation=Former chief of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]]
|occupation=Former chief of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]]
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'''Madhav Sadashiv Golwalkar''' (19 February 1906&nbsp;– 5 June 1973), also known as '''Shri Guruji''',<ref>Eleanor Zelliot, Maxine Berntsen (1988), "The Experience of Hinduism: Essays on Religion in Maharashtra", SUNY, p.197: "M.S. Golwakar, who later came to be known as Guruji".</ref> was the second [[Sarsanghchalak]] (Supreme Leader) of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]. Golwalkar is the author of two controversial books--''[[Bunch of Thoughts]]'', and [[We or Our Nationhood Defined|''We, or Our Nationhood Defined.'']]<ref name="Guha_Hindu"/><ref name="Oberoi"/>{{sfn|Jaffrelot|1996|p=52-58}}{{sfn|Noorani|2008|p=18-23}}Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] has written a biographical profile of Golwalkar in his book "Jyotipunj"; Modi considers Golwalkar to be one of his inspirations.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Śuklā|first1=Narendra Modī ; anuvāda, Saṅgītā|title=Jyotipuñja|date=2010|publisher=Prabhāta Prakāśana|location=Dillī|isbn=9788173156953|edition=Saṃskaraṇa 1.}}</ref><ref name="Modi_Caravan">{{cite web|title=Narendra Modi on MS Golwalkar, translated by Aakar Patel - Part 1|url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/modi-golwalkar-part-1|accessdate=20 June 2015}}</ref>
'''Madhav Sadashiv Golwalkar''' (19 February 1906&nbsp;– 5 June 1973), also known as '''Shri Guruji''',<ref>Eleanor Zelliot, Maxine Berntsen (1988), "The Experience of Hinduism: Essays on Religion in Maharashtra", SUNY, p.197: "M.S. Golwakar, who later came to be known as Guruji".</ref> was the second [[Sarsanghchalak]] (Supreme Leader) of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]].

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In Nagpur, Golwalkar came into contact with the [[Ramakrishna Mission]]. He left for the Saragachi Ashram in [[Murshidabad district]] of [[West Bengal]], seeking to renounce the world and become a [[sanyasi]]. At the ashram, he became a disciple of [[Swami Akhandananda]], a direct disciple of [[Ramakrishna]] and ''gurubandhu'' of [[Vivekananda]]. On 13 January 1937, he was initiated into the order and eventually, received his '[[diksha]]' but his guru refused to permit him to become a sanyasi and directed him to continue his social service. He returned to Nagpur after his guru died in 1937.<ref name=guruji4>{{cite news |title=Shri Guruji Centenary Reminiscences: The importance of not asking for anything |newspaper=Organiser |date=27 August 2006 |url=http://organiser.org/archives/historic/dynamic/modulesde66.html?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=145&page=16 |accessdate=7 October 2014}}</ref>
In Nagpur, Golwalkar came into contact with the [[Ramakrishna Mission]]. He left for the Saragachi Ashram in [[Murshidabad district]] of [[West Bengal]], seeking to renounce the world and become a [[sanyasi]]. At the ashram, he became a disciple of [[Swami Akhandananda]], a direct disciple of [[Ramakrishna]] and ''gurubandhu'' of [[Vivekananda]]. On 13 January 1937, he was initiated into the order and eventually, received his '[[diksha]]' but his guru refused to permit him to become a sanyasi and directed him to continue his social service. He returned to Nagpur after his guru died in 1937.<ref name=guruji4>{{cite news |title=Shri Guruji Centenary Reminiscences: The importance of not asking for anything |newspaper=Organiser |date=27 August 2006 |url=http://organiser.org/archives/historic/dynamic/modulesde66.html?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=145&page=16 |accessdate=7 October 2014}}</ref>

==Indian Independence Movement==
{{main|Indian Freedom Movement}}

The [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) had a tradition of keeping aloof from the anti-British [[Indian independence movement]] since its founding by [[K.B. Hedgewar]] in 1925. M.S. Golwalkar became the Sarsanghchalak(head) of the RSS in 1940, and under him, this policy was further crystallized. Golwalkar was always more vocal and forthright about the RSS' non-involvement in the anti-British Indian freedom struggle. In a speech delivered by him at Indore in 1960, Golwalkar said<blockquote>"Many people worked with the inspiration to free the country by throwing the British out... We should remember that in our pledge we have talked of the freedom of the country through defending religion and culture.These is no mention of departure of the British in that."<ref name="Golwalkar1974">{{cite book|author=M.S. Golwalkar|title=Shri Guruji Samgra Darshan, Volume 4|date=1974|publisher=Bharatiya Vichar Sadhana|}}</ref><ref name="Islam2006">{{cite book|author=Shamsul Islam|title=Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism: A Study of RSS|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iaQjbO8SN48C&pg=PA191|year=2006|publisher=Media House|isbn=978-81-7495-236-3|pages=191–}}</ref><ref name="Puniyani2005">{{cite book|author=Ram Puniyani|title=Religion, Power and Violence: Expression of Politics in Contemporary Times|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ioyHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135|date=6 July 2005|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-0206-9|pages=135–}}</ref></blockquote> Golwalkar even lamented on the anti-British nationalism of pre-independence India. In his book titled "We or our Nationhood Defined" , he criticized the vigorous anti-British character of the [[Indian freedom movement]]. In Golwalkar's own words,<blockquote> "Anti-Britishism was equated with patriotism and nationalism. This reactionary view has had disastrous effects upon the entire course of the freedom struggle, its leaders and the common people."<ref name="Basu1993">{{cite book|author=Tapan Basu|title=Khaki Shorts and Saffron Flags: A Critique of the Hindu Right|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CimVTTVHtwQC&pg=PA29|date=1 January 1993|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-0-86311-383-3|pages=29–}}</ref><ref name="Ludden1996">{{cite book|author=David Ludden|title=Contesting the Nation: Religion, Community, and the Politics of Democracy in India|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jEUdPqYQjhoC&pg=PA274|date=1 April 1996|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=0-8122-1585-0|pages=274–}}</ref></blockquote>

===Quit India Movement===
{{main|Quit India Movement}}

In keeping with this philosophy espoused by Golwalkar, which had no anti-British or anti-imperialist content, the RSS completely abstained from joining in the Quit India Movement as well. The Bombay government(British) appreciated the RSS as such, by noting that,<blockquote> "the Sangh has scrupulously kept itself within the law, and in particular, has refrained from taking part in the disturbances that broke out in August 1942".<ref name="Bandyopādhyāẏa2004">{{cite book|author=Śekhara Bandyopādhyāẏa|title=From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0oVra0ulQ3QC&pg=PA422|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-2596-2|pages=422–}}</ref></blockquote> The British Government stated that the RSS was not at all supporting any civil disobedience against them, and as such their other political activities(even if objectionable) can be overlooked.<ref name="Chandra2008">{{cite book|author=Bipan Chandra|title=Communalism in Modern India|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jlDjbnKqtHIC&pg=PA140|year=2008|publisher=Har-Anand|isbn=978-81-241-1416-2|pages=140–}}</ref>
Further, the British also asserted that at Sangh meetings organized during the times of anti-British movements started and fought by the [[Indian National Congress]], <blockquote>"speakers urged the Sangh members to keep aloof from the congress movement and these instructions were generally observed" .<ref name="Chandra2008"/></blockquote> As such, the British government did not crack down on the RSS and Hindu Mahasabha at all.

Post the Quit India movement too, Golwalkar did not want to give the British any excuse to ban the RSS, and he was willing to follow any British order to that end. When the British Government banned military drills and use of uniforms in non-official organisations, Golwalkar complied and terminated the RSS military department on April 29, 1943. To this effect, Golwalkar distributed a circular to senior RSS figures, the wordings of which revealed his apprehensions about a possible British ban on the RSS. The circular went thus:<blockquote> "We discontinued practices included in the Government's early orders on military drills and uniforms...to keep our work clearly within bounds of law, as every law abiding institution would...Hoping that circumstances would ease early, we had in a sense only suspended that part of our training. Now, however, we decide to stop it altogether and abolish the department without waiting for the time to change"<ref name="Noorani2000">{{cite book|author=Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed Noorani|title=The RSS and the BJP: A Division of Labour|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6PnBFW7cdtsC&pg=PT60|year=2000|publisher=LeftWord Books|isbn=978-81-87496-13-7|pages=60–}}</ref></blockquote>

Golwalkar later openly admitted to the fact that the RSS did not participate in the Quit India Movement. However, such a dubious attitude during the [[Indian freedom movement]] also led to the Sangh being viewed with distrust and anger, both by the general Indian public, as well as certain members of the organization itself. In Golwalkar’s own words:<blockquote>“In 1942 also, there was a strong sentiment in the hearts of many. At that time too, the routine work of the Sangh continued. Sangh decided not to do anything directly. ‘Sangh is the organization of inactive people, their talks have no substance’ was the opinion uttered not only by outsiders but also our own swayamsevaks”<ref name="Puniyani2005">{{cite book|author=Ram Puniyani|title=Religion, Power and Violence: Expression of Politics in Contemporary Times|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZdPipb-u21gC&pg=PA134|date=21 July 2005|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-3338-0|pages=134–}}</ref><ref name="Islam2006">{{cite book|author=Shamsul Islam|title=Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism: A Study of RSS|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iaQjbO8SN48C&pg=PA187|year=2006|publisher=Media House|isbn=978-81-7495-236-3|pages=187–}}</ref></blockquote>


==Leadership of RSS==
==Leadership of RSS==
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In his role as the Sarsanghachalak, Golwalkar began a series of countrywide tours for interacting with the Sangh workers and propagating the RSS ideology. Under his leadership, Sangh activities grew and ''shakhas'' were established all over the country. He was the force behind the formation of the network of numerous socio-cultural organisations in the entire country, popularly referred to as the [[Sangh Parivar]]. The [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] (political party), [[Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh]] (trade union), [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] (students union), [[Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram]] (Tribal welfare) and many other organizations were started by Swayamsevaks who forayed into various fields of public life.
In his role as the Sarsanghachalak, Golwalkar began a series of countrywide tours for interacting with the Sangh workers and propagating the RSS ideology. Under his leadership, Sangh activities grew and ''shakhas'' were established all over the country. He was the force behind the formation of the network of numerous socio-cultural organisations in the entire country, popularly referred to as the [[Sangh Parivar]]. The [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] (political party), [[Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh]] (trade union), [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] (students union), [[Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram]] (Tribal welfare) and many other organizations were started by Swayamsevaks who forayed into various fields of public life.


RSS expanded into [[Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)|Kashmir and Jammu]] starting in 1940, when [[Balraj Madhok]] was sent as a ''pracharak'' to [[Jammu]], with [[Prem Nath Dogra]] being the ''sanghchalak'' (Director). A ''shakha'' was started in [[Srinagar]] in 1944 and Golwalkar himself visited Srinagar in 1946. On 18 October 1947, he met the [[Maharaja Hari Singh]] upon the request of [[Vallabhbhai Patel]], India's Home Minister, to persuade the Maharaja to accede to India. He was accompanied by [[Vasantrao Oak]], the RSS ''pracharak'' for Delhi, and [[Narendrajit Singh]], the RSS ''sanghchalak'' for United Provinces. It is believed that the Maharaja agreed to the proposal but the formal accession was signed only on the 26 October, after the invasion by raiders from Pakistan.{{sfn|Chitkara|2004|p=263}}{{sfn|Sharma|2006|p=44}}<ref>
RSS expanded into [[Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)|Kashmir and Jammu]] starting in 1940, when [[Balraj Madhok]] was sent as a ''pracharak'' to [[Jammu]], with [[Prem Nath Dogra]] being the ''sanghchalak'' (Director). A ''shakha'' was started in [[Srinagar]] in 1944 and Golwalkar himself visited Srinagar in 1946. On 18 October 1947, he met the [[Maharaja Hari Singh]] upon the request of [[Vallabhbhai Patel]], India's Home Minister, to persuade the Maharaja to accede to India. He was accompanied by [[Vasantrao Oak]], the RSS ''pracharak'' for Delhi, and [[Narendrajit Singh]], the RSS ''sanghchalak'' for United Provinces. It is believed that the Maharaja agreed to the proposal but the formal accession was signed only on the 26 October, after the invasion by raiders from Pakistan.{{sfn|Chitkara|2004|p=263}}{{sfn|Sharma|2006|p=44}}<ref>
{{cite news |author=Tapan Bose |title=Modi's Kashmir Policy |newspaper=Kashmir Times |date=1 September 2014 |url=http://www.kashmirtimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=36234 |accessdate=2014-10-15}}
{{cite news |author=Tapan Bose |title=Modi's Kashmir Policy |newspaper=Kashmir Times |date=1 September 2014 |url=http://www.kashmirtimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=36234 |accessdate=2014-10-15}}
</ref><ref>
</ref><ref>
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==Plan of Pogrom of Muslims==
=== Arrest and RSS ban ===
⚫
When [[Mahatma Gandhi]] was assassinated in January 1948 by [[Nathuram Godse]], a former member of RSS, there was widespread apprehension that the organization was involved in the plot, despite Golwalkar's condemnation of the murderers.{{sfn|Andersen|1972|p=675}} Golwalkar himself was arrested on 4 February, along with 20,000 swayamsevaks, and the RSS was banned on charges of promoting "violence" and "subversion."{{sfn|Goyal|1979|pp=201-202}} Godse declared that he acted on his own initiative and no connection between the RSS and the Gandhi's assassination has ever been made officially. Golwalkar was released on 5 August after the expiry of the six month statutory period.{{sfn|Andersen|1972|p=675}}
In his book ''A Life of Our Times'', Rajeshwar Dayal, who was the Chief Secretary to the United Provinces Government in 1947-1948, comments on the official discovery of Golwalkar's plan to carry out a pogrom of Muslims. According to Dayal:{{Quote|I must record an episode of a very grave nature when the procrastination and indecision of the U.P. Cabinet led to dire consequences. When communal tension was still at fever-pitch, the Deputy Inspector-General of Police of the Western Range, a very seasoned and capable officer, B.B.L. Jaitley, arrived at my house in great secrecy. He was accompanied by two of his officers who brought with them two large steel trunks securely locked. When the trunks were opened, they revealed incontrovertible evidence of a dastardly conspiracy to create a communal holocaust throughout the western districts of the province. The trunks were crammed with blueprints of great accuracy and professionalism of every town and village in that vast area, prominently marking out the Muslim localities and habitations. There were also detailed instructions regarding access to the various locations, and other matters which amply revealed their sinister purport.

Greatly alarmed by these revelations, I immediately took the police party to the Premier's house. There, in a closed room, Jaitley gave a full report of his discovery, backed by all the evidence contained in the steel trunks. Timely raids conducted on the premises of the RSS (Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangh) had brought the massive conspiracy to light. The whole plot had been concerted under the direction and supervision of the Supremo of the organization[Golwalkar] himself. Both Jaitley and I pressed for the immediate arrest of the prime accused, Shri Golwalkar, who was still in the area. {{sfn|Dayal|1998|p=93}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Into the sunset|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2619/stories/20090925261912600.htm|publisher=Frontline|accessdate = 25 June 2015}}</ref>}}
Dayal goes on to state that the Chief Minister, [[Govind Ballabh Pant|Pant]], did not agree to an immediate arrest of Golwalkar, as he and Jaitley had hoped for, but instead called for a discussion of the issue by the Cabinet. Comments Dayal:{{Quote|At the Cabinet meeting there was the usual procrastination and much irrelevant talk. The fact that the police had unearthed a conspiracy which would have set the whole province in flames and that the officers concerned deserved warm commendation hardly seemed to figure in the discussion.{{sfn|Dayal|1998|p=94}}}}Finally, it was decided to draft a letter to Golwalkar, demanding an explanation in lieu of the evidence against him. Dayal states that he drafted this letter himself, and two police officers were sent off to deliver the letter immediately. However, the letter could not be delivered because: {{Quote|Golwalkar, however, had been tipped off and he was nowhere to be found in the area. He was tracked down southwards but he managed to elude the couriers in pursuit. This infructuous chase continued from place to place and weeks passed. Came January 30, 1948, when the [[Mahatma Gandhi|Mahatma]], that supreme apostle of peace, fell to a bullet fired by an RSS fanatic. The whole tragic episode left me sick at the heart.{{sfn|Dayal|1998|p=94}}}}

==RSS ban and arrest==
⚫
When [[Mahatma Gandhi]] was assassinated in January 1948 by [[Nathuram Godse]], there was widespread apprehension that the organization was involved in the plot, despite Golwalkar's condemnation of the murderers.{{sfn|Andersen|1972|p=675}} Golwalkar himself was arrested on 4 February, along with 20,000 swayamsevaks, and the RSS was banned on charges of promoting "violence" and "subversion."{{sfn|Goyal|1979|pp=201-202}} Godse declared that he acted on his own initiative and no connection between the RSS and the Gandhi's assassination has ever been made officially. However, Nathuram Godse's brother [[Gopal Godse]]—who was also an accused in the Gandhi assassination—has asserted that Nathuram never left the RSS and his statement of having left the RSS was designed to protect the RSS and Golwalkar who were "in a lot of trouble" after the Gandhi assassination.<ref>{{cite news|title=The BJP and Nathuram Godse|url=http://www.frontline.in/books/the-bjp-and-nathuram-godse/article4328688.ece|date=8 February 2013|publisher=Frontline|accessdate=25 June 2015}}</ref> Golwalkar was released on 5 August after the expiry of the six month statutory period.{{sfn|Andersen|1972|p=675}}
<!--begin disputed content
<!--begin disputed content
[[T. R. Venkatarama Sastri|T.R. Venkatrama Shastri]], former Advocate General of Madras intervened. He met Sardar Patel and urged him to lift the ban. Shastri claimed RSS’ complicity in [[Gandhi]]’s assassination had no real foundation, and "charges against the RSS in some cases having been found unsustainable". Due to Venkatarama Shastri's efforts, the ban was lifted on 9 July 1949. <ref>{{cite news|title=Lifting of ban on RSS was unconditional|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/lifting-of-ban-on-rss-was-unconditional/article5237922.ece|accessdate=13 October 2014|publisher=The Hindu|date=October 16, 2013}}</ref>
[[T._R._Venkatarama_Sastri|T.R. Venkatrama Shastri]], former Advocate General of Madras intervened. He met Sardar Patel and urged him to lift the ban. Shastri claimed RSS’ complicity in [[Gandhi]]’s assassination had no real foundation, and "charges against the RSS in some cases having been found unsustainable". Due to Venkatarama Shastri's efforts, the ban was lifted on 9 July 1949. <ref>{{cite news|title=Lifting of ban on RSS was unconditional|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/lifting-of-ban-on-rss-was-unconditional/article5237922.ece|accessdate=13 October 2014|publisher=The Hindu|date=October 16, 2013}}</ref>
end of disputed content-->
end of disputed content-->


The ban on the RSS however continued, and Golwalkar tried to negotiate with the then [[Home Minister]] [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] about lifting the ban. The mass arrests, violence against its members and the ban by an independent Indian government of what was understood to be a patriotic organization was a great shock{{weasel-inline|date=October 2014}} to the RSS members.{{sfn|Andersen|1972|p=675}}
The ban on the RSS however continued, and Golwalkar tried to negotiate with the then [[Home Minister]] [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] about lifting the ban. The mass arrests, violence against its members and the ban by an independent Indian government of what was understood to be a patriotic organization was a great shock{{weasel word|date=October 2014}} to the RSS members.{{sfn|Andersen|1972|p=675}}


Patel asked the RSS to join the Congress, but this was not to Golwalkar's liking. Patel then demanded, as an absolute pre-condition, that the RSS adopt a written constitution. Golwalkar responded by launching a ''satyagraha'' on 9 December 1948. Golwalkar was arrested once again, along with 60,000 RSS volunteers. The RSS leaders [[Eknath Ranade]], [[Bhaiyaji Dani]] and [[Balasaheb Deoras]] suspended the ''satyagraha'' in January 1949 and, in collaboration with Liberal leader [[T. R. Venkatarama Sastri]],<ref>{{cite news |title=RSS to abandon politics |newspaper=The Hindu |date=24 May 1949 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/archive/01619/01_RSS_abandons_po_1619424a.pdf |accessdate=2014-10-14}}</ref> wrote a constitution for the RSS that was to Patel's satisfaction. The ban was subsequently lifted on 11 July 1949.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|1996|p=88-89}}
Patel asked the RSS to join the Congress, but this was not to Golwalkar's liking. Patel then demanded, as an absolute pre-condition, that the RSS adopt a written constitution. Golwalkar responded by launching a ''satyagraha'' on 9 December 1948. Golwalkar was arrested once again, along with 60,000 RSS volunteers. The RSS leaders [[Eknath Ranade]], [[Bhaiyaji Dani]] and [[Balasaheb Deoras]] suspended the ''satyagraha'' in January 1949 and, in collaboration with Liberal leader [[T. R. Venkatarama Sastri]],<ref>{{cite news |title=RSS to abandon politics |newspaper=The Hindu |date=24 May 1949 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/archive/01619/01_RSS_abandons_po_1619424a.pdf |accessdate=2014-10-14}}</ref> wrote a constitution for the RSS that was to Patel's satisfaction. The ban was subsequently lifted on 11 July 1949.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|1996|p=88-89}}


==Political views and reception==
==Political views and reception==
⚫
Critics have accused Golwalkar of being a fascist, pointing to his extreme right-wing views expressed in the 1939 book, ''We, Our Nationhood Defined.'' In it, Golwalkar writes: "To keep up the purity of the Race and its culture, Germany shocked the world by her purging the country of the semitic Races - the Jews. Race pride at its highest has been manifested here. Germany has also shown how well nigh impossible it is for Races and cultures, having differences going to the root, to be assimilated into one united whole, a good lesson for us in Hindusthan to learn and profit by."{{sfn|Jaffrelot|1996|p=55}} "Ever since that evil day, when Moslems first landed in Hindustan, right up to the present moment, the Hindu Nation has been gallantly fighting on to take on these despoilers. The Race Spirit has been awakening."<ref>{{cite news |last=Roy |first=Arundhati |title=The monster in the mirror |newspaper=Guardian |date=13 December 2008 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/12/mumbai-arundhati-roy |accessdate=2014-10-08}}</ref>
* Golwalkar lamented on the anti-British nationalism of pre-independence India. In his book titled "We or our Nationhood Defined" , he criticized the vigorous anti-British character of the [[Indian freedom movement]]. In Golwalkar's own words,<blockquote> "Anti-Britishism was equated with patriotism and nationalism. This reactionary view has had disastrous effects upon the entire course of the freedom struggle, its leaders and the common people."<ref name="Basu1993">{{cite book|author=Tapan Basu|title=Khaki Shorts and Saffron Flags: A Critique of the Hindu Right|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CimVTTVHtwQC&pg=PA29|date=1 January 1993|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-0-86311-383-3|pages=29–}}</ref><ref name="Ludden1996">{{cite book|author=David Ludden|title=Contesting the Nation: Religion, Community, and the Politics of Democracy in India|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jEUdPqYQjhoC&pg=PA274|date=1 April 1996|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=0-8122-1585-0|pages=274–}}</ref></blockquote>


⚫
Despite the use of the term "race," Golwalkar's purpose was not racial homogeneity, but rather cultural unity.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|1996|p=57}} Neither was Golwalkar an [[antisemitism|anti-semite]] as he admired Jews and supported the establishment of a Jewish state of Israel.<ref name=Saffron>{{cite book|last1=Elst|first1=Koenraad|title=The saffron swastika : the notion of "Hindu fascism"|date=2001|publisher=Voice of India|location=New Delhi|isbn=8185990697|edition=[1st reprint]}}</ref>
⚫
* Critics have accused Golwalkar of being a fascist, pointing to his extreme right-wing views expressed in the 1939 book, ''We, Our Nationhood Defined.'' In it, Golwalkar writes:<blockquote> "To keep up the purity of the Race and its culture, Germany shocked the world by her purging the country of the semitic Races - the Jews. Race pride at its highest has been manifested here. Germany has also shown how well nigh impossible it is for Races and cultures, having differences going to the root, to be assimilated into one united whole, a good lesson for us in Hindusthan to learn and profit by."{{sfn|Jaffrelot|1996|p=55}} "Ever since that evil day, when Moslems first landed in Hindustan, right up to the present moment, the Hindu Nation has been gallantly fighting on to take on these despoilers. The Race Spirit has been awakening."<ref>{{cite news |last=Roy |first=Arundhati |title=The monster in the mirror |newspaper=Guardian |date=13 December 2008 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/12/mumbai-arundhati-roy |accessdate=2014-10-08}}</ref></blockquote>

* According to Christopher Jaffrelot, despite the use of the term "race," Golwalkar's main purpose was not racial homogeneity, but cultural unity. However, Jaffrelot also makes reference to Golwalkar's racism. According to Jaffrelot, Golwalkar's viewed a national language—like Sanskrit—to be an expression of the race spirit; the german parallel would be volksgeist according to Jaffrelot. Jaffrelot characterizes Golwalkar's racism as a form of socio-cultural domination rather than being based on notions of racial purity.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|1996|p=57}} According to Jaffrelot, the "racial factor" was—to Golwalkar—the most important indgredient for a nation, and in this respect Golwakar claimed inspiration from Hitler's ideology. According to Jaffrelot, Golwalkar applied this nationalist ethnic reasoning to Indian muslims who Golwalkar felt were a "foreign body" embedded in and destabilizing Hindu society.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|1996|p=55}} The minorities were meant to be "assimilated" through the removal of their signs of adherence to particular communities. This is evidently an asymmetric relationship: whereas the Hindu symbols are "national," those of the religious minorities are communal or "foreign." The Indian nation of Golwalkar and other RSS leaders is a "hierarchy dominated by the Hindus." {{sfn|Jaffrelot|1996|p=83}}

⚫
* According to [[Koenraad Elst]], a proponent of controversial fringe theories, Golwalkar was not an [[antisemitism|anti-semite]] as he admired Jews and supported the establishment of a Jewish state of Israel.<ref name=Saffron>{{cite book|last1=Elst|first1=Koenraad|title=The saffron swastika : the notion of "Hindu fascism"|date=2001|publisher=Voice of India|location=New Delhi|isbn=8185990697|edition=[1st reprint]}}</ref>
<!-- Why is this quote relevant or important? -->
<!-- Why is this quote relevant or important? -->
<!-- {{cquote|"The Christians committed all sorts of atrocities on the Jews by giving them the label “Killers of Christ”. Hitler is not an exception but a culmination of the 2000-year long oppression of the Jews by the Christians."<ref name="bunch">MS Golwalkar, Bunch of Thoughts, Jagarana Prakashana, Bangalore, 1966, p.210</ref> Golwalkar was supportive of the [[Zionist]] movement and also supported the creation of Israel as a Jewish State:}} -->
<!-- {{cquote|"The Christians committed all sorts of atrocities on the Jews by giving them the label “Killers of Christ”. Hitler is not an exception but a culmination of the 2000-year long oppression of the Jews by the Christians."<ref name="bunch">MS Golwalkar, Bunch of Thoughts, Jagarana Prakashana, Bangalore, 1966, p.210</ref> Golwalkar was supportive of the [[Zionist]] movement and also supported the creation of Israel as a Jewish State:}} -->
[[Christophe Jaffrelot]] does not see Golwalkar advocating the "purging" of Muslim or other minorities. Rather, the religious minorities were required by him to owe allegiance to the "Bharatiya nation" which, by definition, embodied Hindu symbols of identity. The minorities were meant to be "assimilated" through the removal of their signs of adherence to particular communities.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|1996|p=57}} This is evidently an asymmetric relationship: whereas the Hindu symbols are "national," those of the religious minorities are communal or "foreign." The Indian nation of Golwalkar and other RSS leaders is a "hierarchy dominated by the Hindus."{{sfn|Jaffrelot|1996|p=83}}


* Golwalkar was vehemently opposed to the concept of a secular Indian state.<ref name="Guha">{{harvnb|Guha|2008|p=19}}</ref> In ''We, or Our Nation defined'' (1938), he stated:-
Golwalkar was vehemently opposed to the concept of a secular Indian state.<ref name="Guha">{{harvnb|Guha|2008|p=19}}</ref> In ''We, or Our Nation defined'' (1938), he stated:-


{{cquote|The non-Hindu people of [[Hindustan]] must either adopt Hindu culture and language, must learn and respect and hold in reverence the Hindu religion, must entertain no idea but of those of glorification of the Hindu race and culture ... In a word they must cease to be foreigners, or may stay in the country, wholly subordinated to the Hindu nation, claiming nothing, deserving no privileges, far less any preferential treatment—not even citizens' rights.}}
{{cquote|The non-Hindu people of [[Hindustan]] must either adopt Hindu culture and language, must learn and respect and hold in reverence the Hindu religion, must entertain no idea but of those of glorification of the Hindu race and culture ... In a word they must cease to be foreigners, or may stay in the country, wholly subordinated to the Hindu nation, claiming nothing, deserving no privileges, far less any preferential treatment—not even citizens' rights.}}


* [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]] says Golwalkar "broke with conventional views" on numerous issues in multiple senses, including the mainstream view about [[Indo-Aryan migration hypothesis|Indo Aryan migration]]. Golwalkar believed that the Aryan ancestors of the Hindus were indigenous to India in contrast to India’s Muslims, who invaded India and still looked to Mecca as the center of their faith.<ref>[[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]]. "[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2005/apr/07/india-the-war-over-history/?page=1 India: The War Over History]". ''[[New York Review of Books]]''. April 7, 2005.</ref>
[[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]] says Golwalkar "broke with conventional views" on numerous issues in multiple senses, including the mainstream view about [[Indo-Aryan migration hypothesis|Indo Aryan migration]]. Golwalkar believed that the Aryan ancestors of the Hindus were indigenous to India in contrast to India’s Muslims, who invaded India and still looked to Mecca as the center of their faith. <ref>[[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]]. "[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2005/apr/07/india-the-war-over-history/?page=1 India: The War Over History]". ''[[New York Review of Books]]''. April 7, 2005.</ref>


[[Narendra Modi]] in his book titled ''Jyotipunj'' wrote a biography of Golwalkar, who was one of his inspirations.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Śuklā|first1=Narendra Modī ; anuvāda, Saṅgītā|title=Jyotipuñja|date=2010|publisher=Prabhāta Prakāśana|location=Dillī|isbn=9788173156953|edition=Saṃskaraṇa 1.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Modi|first1=Narendra|title=Narendra Modi on MS Golwalkar, translated by Aakar Patel - Part 1 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._S._Golwalkar|website=www.caravanmagazine.in|accessdate=27 June 2014}}</ref>
* According to Rohan Oberoi, both of Golwalkar's books "Bunch of Thoughts" and "We, or Our Nationhood Defined" are egregious for the racist views they espouse. According to Oberoi, in "Bunch of Thoughts", Golwalkar opines that Muslims and Christians in India are unpatriotic, but Golwalkar's hatred is not confined to Indian Muslims or Christians. According to Oberoi, Golwalkar describes the Chinese using the following language:"They eat rats, pigs, dogs, serpents, cockroaches, and everything. Such men cannot be expected to have human qualities." In "We", writes Oberoi, Golwalkar showers praise on the egregious Nazi campaign against Jews and Gypsies which took place in the 1930s in Germany explaining that this was "a good lesson for us in Hindusthan to learn and profit by." "There are only two courses open to these foreign elements," Golwalkar explains—according to Oberoi--, "either to merge themselves in the national race and adopt its culture or to live at its mercy so long as the national race may allow them to do so and quit the country at the sweet will of the national race."<ref name="Oberoi">{{cite web|title=Welcome To The BJP (Bharatiya Janata Pustakalaya)|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/welcome-to-the-bjp-bharatiya-janata-pustakalaya/211728|accessdate=18 June 2015}}</ref>

* According to Ramachandra Guha, Golwalkar had written: ''in this land Hindus have been the owners, Parsis and Jews the guests, and Muslims and Christians the dacoits.'' Guha calls Golwalkar the "guru of Hate."<ref name="Guha_Hindu">{{cite web|title=The guru of hate|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/article3232784.ece|accessdate=18 June 2015}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Refbegin}}
{{Refbegin}}
'''Sources'''
'''Sources'''
* {{cite journal |last=Andersen |first=Walter |title=The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, III: Participation in Politics |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=7 |number=13 |date=25 March 1972 |pp=673+675+677–682 |JSTOR=4361179 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last=Andersen |first=Walter |title=The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, III: Participation in Politics |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=7 |number=13 |date=25 March 1972 |pp=673+675+677-682 |JSTOR=4361179 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |first=M. G. |last=Chitkara |title=Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh: National Upsurge |publisher=APH Publishing |year=2004 |ISBN=8176484652 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |first=M. G. |last=Chitkara |title=Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh: National Upsurge |publisher=APH Publishing |year=2004 |ISBN=8176484652 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |first=Des Raj |last=Goyal |authorlink=Des Raj Goyal |title=Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh |publisher=Radha Krishna Prakashan |location=Delhi |year=1979 |ISBN=0836405668 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |first=Des Raj |last=Goyal |authorlink=Des Raj Goyal |title=Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh |publisher=Radha Krishna Prakashan |location=Delhi |year=1979 |ISBN=0836405668 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Guha|first1=Ramachandra|authorlink=Ramachandra Guha |title=India after Gandhi : the history of the world's largest democracy|date=2008|publisher=Pan|location=London|isbn=9780330396110|edition=1. publ.|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last1=Guha|first1=Ramachandra|authorlink=Ramachandra Guha |title=India after Gandhi : the history of the world's largest democracy|date=2008|publisher=Pan|location=London|isbn=9780330396110|edition=1. publ.|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |authorlink=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |year=1996 |isbn=978-1850653011 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |authorlink=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |year=1996 |isbn=978-1850653011 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |first=Mahesh |last=Sharma |title=Shri Guruji Golwalkar |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books |location=New Delhi |year=2006 |ISBN=8128812459 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |first=Mahesh |last=Sharma |title=Shri Guruji Golwalkar |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books |location=New Delhi |year=2006 |ISBN=8128812459 |ref=harv}}
Line 106: Line 79:


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last1=Raje|first1=C.P. Bhishikar ; translated into English by Sudhakar|title=Shri Guruji : pioneer of a new era|date=1999|publisher=Sahitya Sindhu Prakashana|location=Bangalore|isbn=81-86595-16-3|edition=1st}}
* {{cite book|last1=Raje|first1=C.P. Bhishikar ; translated into English by Sudhakar|title=Shri Guruji : pioneer of a new era|date=1999|publisher=Sahitya Sindhu Prakashana|location=Bangalore|isbn=81-86595-16-3|edition=1st ed.}}
* {{cite book|last1=Islam|first1=Shamsul|title=Golwalkar's We or our nationhood defined : a critique|date=2006|publisher=Pharos Media & Pub.|location=New Delhi|isbn=8172210302|edition=1st}}
* {{cite book|last1=Islam|first1=Shamsul|title=Golwalkar's We or our nationhood defined : a critique|date=2006|publisher=Pharos Media & Pub.|location=New Delhi|isbn=8172210302|edition=1st ed.}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.golwalkarguruji.org/ golwalkarguruji.org]
*[http://www.golwalkarguruji.org/ golwalkarguruji.org]
* [http://koenraadelst.bharatvani.org/articles/fascism/golwalkar.html Was Guru Golwalkar a Nazi?] by [[Koenraad Elst]]
*[http://koenraadelst.bharatvani.org/articles/fascism/golwalkar.html Was Guru Golwalkar a Nazi?] by [[Koenraad Elst]]
* {{cite web |title=RSS Declared Unlawful: GOI communique of February 4, 1948 (extracted from Goyal, 1979, pp. 201-202) |url=http://dilipsimeon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/03/report-of-commission-of-inquiry-into.html |publisher=Dilip Simeon's blog |accessdate=2014-10-11}}
*{{cite web |title=RSS Declared Unlawful: GOI communique of February 4, 1948 (extracted from Goyal, 1979, pp. 201-202) |url=http://dilipsimeon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/03/report-of-commission-of-inquiry-into.html |publisher=Dilip Simeon's blog |accessdate=2014-10-11}}



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[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Hindu religious figures]]
[[Category:Hindu revivalists]]
[[Category:Hindu revivalists]]
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1906 births]]

Revision as of 06:18, 6 September 2015

M. S. Golwalkar
Born19 February 1906
Ramtek, Maharashtra, India
Died5 June 1973 (aged 67)
Nagpur, India
OccupationFormer chief of RSS

Madhav Sadashiv Golwalkar (19 February 1906 – 5 June 1973), also known as Shri Guruji,[1] was the second Sarsanghchalak (Supreme Leader) of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh.

Early life

Golwalkar was born on 19 February 1906 at Ramtek near Nagpur, Maharashtra. He was the only surviving son of the nine children born to his parents Sadashivrao and Lakshmibai. As a school teacher, his father was frequently transferred around the country, and Golwalkar enrolled in schools in several different locations.[2]

After graduating with a Bachelor's degree in the sciences from the Hislop College in Nagpur in 1926, he joined Benaras Hindu University (BHU) in Varanasi for his Master's degree in science. During this period, he came under the influence of Madan Mohan Malaviya, a nationalist leader and the founder of the University. After completing his degree in 1928, he went to Madras to pursue his doctorate in Marine Life but was unable to complete it for financial reasons. Later, he served at BHU as a professor for three years, teaching zoology. It was here that he earned from his students the affectionate sobriquet of 'Guruji', owing to his beard, long hair and simple robe, a practice that was continued in a reverential manner among his RSS followers in later days.[3] After his teaching tenure, Golwalkar returned to Nagpur and by 1935 had obtained an LL.B. Degree.

In Nagpur, Golwalkar came into contact with the Ramakrishna Mission. He left for the Saragachi Ashram in Murshidabad district of West Bengal, seeking to renounce the world and become a sanyasi. At the ashram, he became a disciple of Swami Akhandananda, a direct disciple of Ramakrishna and gurubandhu of Vivekananda. On 13 January 1937, he was initiated into the order and eventually, received his 'diksha' but his guru refused to permit him to become a sanyasi and directed him to continue his social service. He returned to Nagpur after his guru died in 1937.[4]

Leadership of RSS

While Golwalkar was lecturing at BHU, Bhaiyaji Dani, a student at BHU and a close associate of RSS Sarsanghachalak K. B. Hedgewar, founded an RSS shakha in Varanasi. Inspired by the ideology and methodology of the RSS, Golwalkar joined the RSS and eventually, following a meeting with Hedgewar, went to the RSS' "Officers Training Camp" in Nagpur.

Hedgewar was deeply impressed by Golwalkar and, after his return from the Ramakrishna Mission, persuaded him to take a more active role in the RSS. About his new role, Golwalkar said: "Like spirituality, organization of the Nation has also been my inclination from early days. I believe that I would be in a better position to achieve it successfully being a part of the Sangh." He rose rapidly through the ranks of the organization, and was appointed General Secretary of the RSS in 1939. Golwalkar succeeded Hedgewar as the RSS Sarsanghachalak when the latter died in 1940.

In his role as the Sarsanghachalak, Golwalkar began a series of countrywide tours for interacting with the Sangh workers and propagating the RSS ideology. Under his leadership, Sangh activities grew and shakhas were established all over the country. He was the force behind the formation of the network of numerous socio-cultural organisations in the entire country, popularly referred to as the Sangh Parivar. The Bharatiya Jana Sangh (political party), Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (trade union), Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (students union), Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram (Tribal welfare) and many other organizations were started by Swayamsevaks who forayed into various fields of public life.

RSS expanded into Kashmir and Jammu starting in 1940, when Balraj Madhok was sent as a pracharak to Jammu, with Prem Nath Dogra being the sanghchalak (Director). A shakha was started in Srinagar in 1944 and Golwalkar himself visited Srinagar in 1946. On 18 October 1947, he met the Maharaja Hari Singh upon the request of Vallabhbhai Patel, India's Home Minister, to persuade the Maharaja to accede to India. He was accompanied by Vasantrao Oak, the RSS pracharak for Delhi, and Narendrajit Singh, the RSS sanghchalak for United Provinces. It is believed that the Maharaja agreed to the proposal but the formal accession was signed only on the 26 October, after the invasion by raiders from Pakistan.[5][6][7][8][9]

Arrest and RSS ban

When Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated in January 1948 by Nathuram Godse, a former member of RSS, there was widespread apprehension that the organization was involved in the plot, despite Golwalkar's condemnation of the murderers.[10] Golwalkar himself was arrested on 4 February, along with 20,000 swayamsevaks, and the RSS was banned on charges of promoting "violence" and "subversion."[11] Godse declared that he acted on his own initiative and no connection between the RSS and the Gandhi's assassination has ever been made officially. Golwalkar was released on 5 August after the expiry of the six month statutory period.[10]

The ban on the RSS however continued, and Golwalkar tried to negotiate with the then Home Minister Vallabhbhai Patel about lifting the ban. The mass arrests, violence against its members and the ban by an independent Indian government of what was understood to be a patriotic organization was a great shock[weasel words] to the RSS members.[10]

Patel asked the RSS to join the Congress, but this was not to Golwalkar's liking. Patel then demanded, as an absolute pre-condition, that the RSS adopt a written constitution. Golwalkar responded by launching a satyagraha on 9 December 1948. Golwalkar was arrested once again, along with 60,000 RSS volunteers. The RSS leaders Eknath Ranade, Bhaiyaji Dani and Balasaheb Deoras suspended the satyagraha in January 1949 and, in collaboration with Liberal leader T. R. Venkatarama Sastri,[12] wrote a constitution for the RSS that was to Patel's satisfaction. The ban was subsequently lifted on 11 July 1949.[13]

Political views and reception

Critics have accused Golwalkar of being a fascist, pointing to his extreme right-wing views expressed in the 1939 book, We, Our Nationhood Defined. In it, Golwalkar writes: "To keep up the purity of the Race and its culture, Germany shocked the world by her purging the country of the semitic Races - the Jews. Race pride at its highest has been manifested here. Germany has also shown how well nigh impossible it is for Races and cultures, having differences going to the root, to be assimilated into one united whole, a good lesson for us in Hindusthan to learn and profit by."[14] "Ever since that evil day, when Moslems first landed in Hindustan, right up to the present moment, the Hindu Nation has been gallantly fighting on to take on these despoilers. The Race Spirit has been awakening."[15]

Despite the use of the term "race," Golwalkar's purpose was not racial homogeneity, but rather cultural unity.[16] Neither was Golwalkar an anti-semite as he admired Jews and supported the establishment of a Jewish state of Israel.[17] Christophe Jaffrelot does not see Golwalkar advocating the "purging" of Muslim or other minorities. Rather, the religious minorities were required by him to owe allegiance to the "Bharatiya nation" which, by definition, embodied Hindu symbols of identity. The minorities were meant to be "assimilated" through the removal of their signs of adherence to particular communities.[16] This is evidently an asymmetric relationship: whereas the Hindu symbols are "national," those of the religious minorities are communal or "foreign." The Indian nation of Golwalkar and other RSS leaders is a "hierarchy dominated by the Hindus."[18]

Golwalkar was vehemently opposed to the concept of a secular Indian state.[19] In We, or Our Nation defined (1938), he stated:-

The non-Hindu people of Hindustan must either adopt Hindu culture and language, must learn and respect and hold in reverence the Hindu religion, must entertain no idea but of those of glorification of the Hindu race and culture ... In a word they must cease to be foreigners, or may stay in the country, wholly subordinated to the Hindu nation, claiming nothing, deserving no privileges, far less any preferential treatment—not even citizens' rights.

William Dalrymple says Golwalkar "broke with conventional views" on numerous issues in multiple senses, including the mainstream view about Indo Aryan migration. Golwalkar believed that the Aryan ancestors of the Hindus were indigenous to India in contrast to India’s Muslims, who invaded India and still looked to Mecca as the center of their faith. [20]

Narendra Modi in his book titled Jyotipunj wrote a biography of Golwalkar, who was one of his inspirations.[21][22]

References

Sources

  • Andersen, Walter (25 March 1972). "The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, III: Participation in Politics". Economic and Political Weekly. 7 (13): 673+675+677-682. JSTOR 4361179. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Chitkara, M. G. (2004). Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh: National Upsurge. APH Publishing. ISBN 8176484652. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Goyal, Des Raj (1979). Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. Delhi: Radha Krishna Prakashan. ISBN 0836405668. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Guha, Ramachandra (2008). India after Gandhi : the history of the world's largest democracy (1. publ. ed.). London: Pan. ISBN 9780330396110. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Jaffrelot, Christophe (1996). The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 978-1850653011. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Sharma, Mahesh (2006). Shri Guruji Golwalkar. New Delhi: Diamond Pocket Books. ISBN 8128812459. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Citations

  1. ^ Eleanor Zelliot, Maxine Berntsen (1988), "The Experience of Hinduism: Essays on Religion in Maharashtra", SUNY, p.197: "M.S. Golwakar, who later came to be known as Guruji".
  2. ^ V. Sundaram (9 January 2006). "Salutations to Golwalkar - I". News Today. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
  3. ^ Jaffrelot 1996, p. 40.
  4. ^ "Shri Guruji Centenary Reminiscences: The importance of not asking for anything". Organiser. 27 August 2006. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  5. ^ Chitkara 2004, p. 263.
  6. ^ Sharma 2006, p. 44.
  7. ^ Tapan Bose (1 September 2014). "Modi's Kashmir Policy". Kashmir Times. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
  8. ^ R. Upadhyay (July 2002). "RSS & Kashmir: Battle for Integration". The Kashmir Telegraph. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
  9. ^ Priti Gandhi (15 May 2014). "Rashtriya Swayamsewak Sangh: How the world's largest NGO has changed the face of Indian democracy". DNA India. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
  10. ^ a b c Andersen 1972, p. 675.
  11. ^ Goyal 1979, pp. 201–202.
  12. ^ "RSS to abandon politics" (PDF). The Hindu. 24 May 1949. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
  13. ^ Jaffrelot 1996, p. 88-89.
  14. ^ Jaffrelot 1996, p. 55.
  15. ^ Roy, Arundhati (13 December 2008). "The monster in the mirror". Guardian. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
  16. ^ a b Jaffrelot 1996, p. 57.
  17. ^ Elst, Koenraad (2001). The saffron swastika : the notion of "Hindu fascism" ([1st reprint] ed.). New Delhi: Voice of India. ISBN 8185990697.
  18. ^ Jaffrelot 1996, p. 83.
  19. ^ Guha 2008, p. 19
  20. ^ William Dalrymple. "India: The War Over History". New York Review of Books. April 7, 2005.
  21. ^ Śuklā, Narendra Modī ; anuvāda, Saṅgītā (2010). Jyotipuñja (Saṃskaraṇa 1. ed.). Dillī: Prabhāta Prakāśana. ISBN 9788173156953.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ Modi, Narendra. "Narendra Modi on MS Golwalkar, translated by Aakar Patel - Part 1". www.caravanmagazine.in. Retrieved 27 June 2014.

Further reading

  • Raje, C.P. Bhishikar ; translated into English by Sudhakar (1999). Shri Guruji : pioneer of a new era (1st ed. ed.). Bangalore: Sahitya Sindhu Prakashana. ISBN 81-86595-16-3. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Islam, Shamsul (2006). Golwalkar's We or our nationhood defined : a critique (1st ed. ed.). New Delhi: Pharos Media & Pub. ISBN 8172210302. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
Wikiquote has quotations related to M. S. Golwalkar.


Preceded by Sarsanghchalak of the RSS
1940–1973 		Succeeded by

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