List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves
Foreign-exchange reserves (also called Forex reserves) are, in a strict sense, only the foreign-currency deposits held by national central banks and monetary authorities (See List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves (excluding gold)). However, in popular usage and in the list below, it also includes gold reserves, special drawing rights (SDRs) and International Monetary Fund (IMF) reserve position because this total figure, which is usually more accurately termed as official reserves or international reserves or official international reserves, is more readily available and also arguably more meaningful.
These foreign-currency deposits are the financial assets of the central banks and monetary authorities that are held in different reserve currencies (e.g. the U.S. dollar, the Euro, the Japanese yen and the Pound sterling) and which are used to back its liabilities (e.g. the local currency issued and the various bank reserves deposited with the Central bank by the government or financial institutions). Before the end of the gold standard, gold was the preferred reserve currency. Some nations are converting foreign-exchange reserves into sovereign wealth funds, which can rival foreign-exchange reserves in size.
The list below is mostly based on the latest available IMF data, and while most nations report in U.S. dollars, a few nations in Eastern Europe report solely in Euros. And since all the figures below are in U.S. dollar equivalents, exchange rate fluctuations can have a significant impact on these figures.
Foreign exchange reserves
Rank [a] |
Country or region | Foreign exchange reserves (millions of US$) |
Figures as of | Change from previous data (millions of US$) weekly/monthly |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 ![]() |
![]() |
3,356,529 | December 2020[1] | ![]() |
2 ![]() |
![]() |
1,394,680 | December 2020[2] | ![]() |
3 ![]() |
![]() |
1,036,531 | November 2020[3] | ![]() |
4 ![]() |
![]() |
597,400 | 8 January 2021[4] | ![]() |
5 ![]() |
![]() |
586,082 | 8 January 2021[5] | ![]() |
6 ![]() |
![]() |
529,910 | December 2020[6] | ![]() |
7 ![]() |
![]() |
491,600 | December 2020[7] | ![]() |
8 ![]() |
![]() |
456,869 | November 2020[8] | ![]() |
9 ![]() |
![]() |
436,400 | November 2020[9] | ![]() |
10 ![]() |
![]() |
355,620 | December 2020[10] | ![]() |
11 ![]() |
![]() |
362,304 | December 2020[11] | ![]() |
12 ![]() |
![]() |
258,134 | December 2020[12] | ![]() |
13 ![]() |
![]() |
253,278 | November 2020[13] | ![]() |
14 ![]() |
![]() |
212,415 | November 2020[14] | ![]() |
15 ![]() |
![]() |
201,287 | November 2020[15] | ![]() |
16 ![]() |
![]() |
199,469 | November 2020[16] | ![]() |
17 ![]() |
![]() |
186,656 | December 2020[17] | ![]() |
18 ![]() |
![]() |
173,307 | December 2020[18] | ![]() |
19 ![]() |
![]() |
165,756 | December 2020[19] | ![]() |
20 ![]() |
![]() |
154,246 | December 2020[20] | ![]() |
21 ![]() |
![]() |
145,752 | 31 Dec 2020[21] | ![]() |
22 ![]() |
![]() |
135,897 | December 2020[22] | ![]() |
23 ![]() |
![]() |
105,336 | November 2020[23] | ![]() |
24 ![]() |
![]() |
109,796 | December 2020[24] | ![]() |
25 | ![]() |
98,507 | October 2020[25] | ![]() |
26 ![]() |
![]() |
91,742 | November 2020[26] | ![]() |
27 ![]() |
![]() |
89,355 | September 2020[25] | ![]() |
28 ![]() |
![]() |
86,000 | February 2020[27] | |
- | ![]() |
85,473 | November 2020[28] | ![]() |
29 ![]() |
![]() |
82,694 | November 2020[29] | ![]() |
30 ![]() |
![]() |
79,368 | November 2020[30] | ![]() |
31 ![]() |
![]() |
77,723 | November 2020[31][32] | ![]() |
32 ![]() |
![]() |
77,198 | May 2020[25] | ![]() |
33 ![]() |
![]() |
76,750 | 29 December 2020[33] | ![]() |
34 ![]() |
![]() |
74,332 | November 2020[32] | ![]() |
35 ![]() |
![]() |
65,386 | August 2020[25] | ![]() |
36 ![]() |
![]() |
60,950 | 7 December 2020[34] | ![]() |
37 ![]() |
![]() |
60,914 | October 2020[25] | ![]() |
38 ![]() |
![]() |
58,500 | December 2020[32] | ![]() |
39 ![]() |
![]() |
56,130 | November 2020[35] | ![]() |
40 ![]() |
![]() |
53,085 | November 2020[36] | ![]() |
41 ![]() |
![]() |
52,173 | December 2020[32] | ![]() |
42 ![]() |
![]() |
51,162 | November 2020[37] | ![]() |
43 ![]() |
![]() |
48,122 | October 2020[25][38] | ![]() |
44 ![]() |
![]() |
44,224 | October 2020[25] | ![]() |
45 ![]() |
![]() |
43,419 | November 2020[39] | ![]() |
46 ![]() |
![]() |
42,973 | December 2020[40] | ![]() |
47 ![]() |
![]() |
38,990 | November 2020[32] | ![]() |
48 ![]() |
![]() |
38,651 | November 2020[32] | ![]() |
49 ![]() |
![]() |
38,223 | November 2020[41] | ![]() |
50 ![]() |
![]() |
37,708 | November 2020[32] | ![]() |
51 ![]() |
![]() |
35,689 | October 2020[42] | ![]() |
52 ![]() |
![]() |
34,494 | November 2020[32] | ![]() |
53 ![]() |
![]() |
33,573 | October 2020[32] | ![]() |
54 ![]() |
![]() |
32 892 | 12 December 2020[43] | ![]() |
55 ![]() |
![]() |
32,577 | October 2020[32] | ![]() |
56 ![]() |
![]() |
31,841 | October 2020[32] | ![]() |
57 ![]() |
![]() |
30,803 | October 2020[32] | ![]() |
58 ![]() |
![]() |
29,606 | October 2020[32] | ![]() |
59 ![]() |
![]() |
26,137 | November 2020[32] | ![]() |
60 ![]() |
![]() |
24,199 | November 2020[44] | ![]() |
61 ![]() |
![]() |
21,197 | October 2020[32] | ![]() |
62 ![]() |
![]() |
20,933 | October 2020[25] | ![]() |
63 ![]() |
![]() |
20,600 | December 2017[27] | N/A |
64 ![]() |
![]() |
17,606 | September 2020[32] | ![]() |
65 ![]() |
![]() |
17,328 | August 2020[25] | ![]() |
66 ![]() |
![]() |
16,798 | October 2020[32] | ![]() |
67 ![]() |
![]() |
16,536 | October 2020[45][32] | ![]() |
68 ![]() |
![]() |
15,272 | October 2020[25] | ![]() |
69 ![]() |
![]() |
15,249 | October 2020[25] | ![]() |
70 ![]() |
![]() |
13,983 | November 2020[32] | ![]() |
71 ![]() |
![]() |
13,400 | 8 January 2021[46] | ![]() |
72 ![]() |
![]() |
12,800 | 31 December 2017[27] | |
73 ![]() |
![]() |
11,815 | December 2020[47] | ![]() |
74 ![]() |
![]() |
11,443 | October 2020[48] | ![]() |
75 ![]() |
![]() |
11,339 | October 2020[32] | ![]() |
76 ![]() |
![]() |
9,873 | October 2020[32] | ![]() |
77 ![]() |
![]() |
9,382 | August 2020[25] | ![]() |
78 ![]() |
![]() |
9,267 | November 2020[32] | ![]() |
79 ![]() |
![]() |
8,625 | November 2020[32] | ![]() |
80 ![]() |
![]() |
8,508 | 30 December 2020[49] | ![]() |
81 ![]() |
![]() |
8,000 | November 2013[50] | |
82 ![]() |
![]() |
7,837 | 18 December 2020[51] | ![]() |
83 ![]() |
![]() |
7,809 | October 2020[52] | ![]() |
84 ![]() |
![]() |
7,508 | September 2020[32] | ![]() |
85 ![]() |
![]() |
7,376 | November 2020[32] | ![]() |
86 ![]() |
![]() |
7,208 | 2019[53] | ![]() |
87 ![]() |
![]() |
7,205 | September 2020[32] | ![]() |
88 ![]() |
![]() |
7,127 | September 2020[25] | ![]() |
89 ![]() |
![]() |
7,103 | October 2019[54] | |
90 ![]() |
![]() |
6,839 | September 2020[32] | ![]() |
91 ![]() |
![]() |
6,644 | August 2020[55] | ![]() |
92 ![]() |
![]() |
6,603 | October 2020[32] | ![]() |
93 ![]() |
![]() |
6,330 | May 2020[56] | ![]() |
94 ![]() |
![]() |
6,170 | 2019[53] | ![]() |
95 ![]() |
![]() |
5,824 | 2019[53] | ![]() |
96 ![]() |
![]() |
5,549 | 30 November 2020[57] | ![]() |
97 ![]() |
![]() |
5,076 | October 2020[32] | ![]() |
98 ![]() |
![]() |
5,060 | April 2020[58] | ![]() |
99 ![]() |
![]() |
5,059 | September 2020[32] | ![]() |
100 ![]() |
![]() |
5,050 | 2018[53] | ![]() |
101 ![]() |
![]() |
4,832 | July 2020[32] | ![]() |
102 | ![]() |
4,688 | 31 December 2017[27] | |
103 ![]() |
![]() |
4,273 | 2019[53] | ![]() |
104 ![]() |
![]() |
4,072 | September 2020[32] | ![]() |
105 ![]() |
![]() |
4,015 | September 2020[32] | ![]() |
106 ![]() |
![]() |
3,905 | June 2020[32] | ![]() |
107 | ![]() |
3,888 | 2019[53] | |
108 ![]() |
![]() |
3,776 | October 2020[32] | ![]() |
109 ![]() |
![]() |
3,697 | September 2020[32] | ![]() |
110 | ![]() |
3,459 | 2018[53] | |
111 ![]() |
![]() |
3,453 | September 2020[32] | ![]() |
112 ![]() |
![]() |
3,423 | 2019[53] | ![]() |
113 | ![]() |
3,415 | date=May 2020}} | |
114 | ![]() |
3,359 | 2018[53] | |
115 ![]() |
![]() |
3,228 | August 2020[59] | ![]() |
116 ![]() |
![]() |
2,993 | 2019[53] | |
117 ![]() |
![]() |
2,910 | September 2020[32] | ![]() |
118 ![]() |
![]() |
2,907 | September 2020[32] | ![]() |
119 ![]() |
![]() |
2,449 | September 2020[32] | ![]() |
120 | ![]() |
2,371 | 2018[53] | |
121 ![]() |
![]() |
2,339 | 2019[53] | ![]() |
122 ![]() |
![]() |
2,216 | October 2020[32] | ![]() |
123 ![]() |
![]() |
1,924 | September 2020[32] | ![]() |
124 | ![]() |
1,758 | 2019[53] | |
125 | ![]() |
1,693 | 2019[53] | |
126 | ![]() |
1,529 | 2019[53] | |
127 | ![]() |
1,466 | 2019[53] | |
128 | ![]() |
1,465 | 2019[53] | |
129 | ![]() |
1,449 | 2019[53] | |
130 | ![]() |
1,418 | 2019[53] | |
131 | ![]() |
1,321 | 2019[53] | |
132 ![]() |
![]() |
1,271 | August 2020[32] | ![]() |
133 | ![]() |
1,238 | 2019[53] | |
134 ![]() |
![]() |
1,217 | October 2020[32] | ![]() |
135 | ![]() |
1,146 | October 2020[32] | |
136 | ![]() |
1,068 | 2019[53] | |
137 | ![]() |
1,055 | 31 October 2019[60][u] | |
138 | ![]() |
1,043 | 2019[53] | |
139 | ![]() |
1,039 | 2015[53][failed verification] | |
140 | ![]() |
1.029 | 2019[53] | |
141 | ![]() |
982 | 2019[53] | |
142 | ![]() |
965 | 2019[53] | |
143 ![]() |
![]() |
928 | October 2020[32] | ![]() |
144 | ![]() |
824 | 2019[53] | |
145 | ![]() |
774 | 2019[53] | |
146 | ![]() |
772 | 2019[53] | |
147 | ![]() |
762 | 2018[53] | |
148 | ![]() |
737 | 2019[53] | |
149 ![]() |
![]() |
683 | August 2019[32][v] | ![]() |
150 | ![]() |
665 | 2018[53] | |
151 | ![]() |
656 | 2019[53] | |
152 ![]() |
![]() |
647 | 2019[53] | ![]() |
153 | ![]() |
624 | 2015[53][failed verification] | |
154 ![]() |
![]() |
573 | 2019[53] | ![]() |
155 | ![]() |
571 | 2019[53] | |
156 ![]() |
![]() |
566 | September 2020[32] | ![]() |
157 | ![]() |
532 | 2019[53] | |
158 | ![]() |
511 | 2019[53] | |
159 | ![]() |
501 | 2019[53] | |
160 | ![]() |
473 | 2019[53] | |
161 | ![]() |
440 | 2019[53] | |
162 | ![]() |
423 | 2018[53] | |
163 | ![]() |
407 | 31 December 2017[27] | |
164 | ![]() |
397 | 2019[53] | |
165 | ![]() |
361 | 2018[53] | |
166 | ![]() |
351 | 2018[53] | |
167 | ![]() |
349 | 2019[53] | |
168 | ![]() |
332 | 2015[53][failed verification] | |
169 | ![]() |
279 | 2019[53] | |
170 | ![]() |
277 | 2019[53] | |
171 | ![]() |
260 | 2019[53] | |
172 | ![]() |
245 | 31 December 2017[27] | |
173 | ![]() |
236 | 2019[53] | |
174 | ![]() |
229 | 2019[53] | |
175 | ![]() |
215 | 31 December 2017[27] | |
176 | ![]() |
202 | 2019[53] | |
177 | ![]() |
193 | 2019[53] | |
178 | ![]() |
191 | 2019[53] | |
179 | ![]() |
191 | 2018[53] | |
180 | ![]() |
185 | 2019[53] | |
181 | ![]() |
177 | 2017[53] | |
182 | ![]() |
166 | 2019[53] | |
183 | ![]() |
152 | 31 December 2017[27] | |
184 | ![]() |
147 | 2018[53] | |
185 | ![]() |
151 | 2019[53] | |
186 | ![]() |
111 | 2019[53] | |
187 | ![]() |
68 | 2016[53] | |
188 | ![]() |
60 | 31 December 2017[27] | |
189 | ![]() |
49 | 31 December 2017[27] | |
190 | ![]() |
48 | 2018[53] | |
191 | ![]() |
45 | 31 December 2017[27] | |
192 | ![]() |
47 | 2019[53] | |
193 | ![]() |
32 | 30 December 2017[27] | |
194 | ![]() |
7 | 31 December 2017[27] |
Timeline of the top 5 countries
The five countries with the largest foreign exchange reserves almost all have reserves of at least 500 billion USD and higher and have maintained such an amount for at least a week. At present there are only six countries whose reserves are at such a figure; this includes China, Japan, Russia, Switzerland, India and Taiwan. Saudi Arabia formerly included on the list until March 2020; its reserves were severely depleted by the low oil price during the economic fallout of from the global outbreak of coronavirus disease, its ongoing oil price war with Russia and competition from US shale oil.[62]
The images below shows the timeline of their reserves since the earliest available forex data. The list is in accordance to their respective positions.
China
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/China_forex_reserves.png/220px-China_forex_reserves.png)
The foreign-exchange reserves of China are the greatest of all countries and been so for more than 14 years.[63][64] The main composition of Chinese forex reserves is approximately two-thirds USD and one-fifth Euros with the rest made up of Japanese Yen and the British Pound. China is also the only country that has ever had net reserves greater than $4 trillion.
Japan
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Japan_forex_reserves.png/220px-Japan_forex_reserves.png)
Japanese foreign exchange reserves are the second biggest reserves in the world. Japan was the first country to reach $500 billion in reserves and had the highest forex reserves in the world until they were surpassed by China in 2006. Since 2006 they have remained in second place with over $1 trillion, being only the second country to surpass such an amount.[65]
Switzerland
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Switzerland_forex_reserves.png/220px-Switzerland_forex_reserves.png)
Swiss forex reserves are the third biggest reserves in the world and reached $500 Billion in 2014 becoming fifth country to do so after Saudi Arabia. Swiss reserves are compiled in Swiss franc. The high reserves are mainly because of their historic high net trade surplus.
Russia
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Russia_forex_reserves.png/220px-Russia_forex_reserves.png)
Russian reserves are the world's fourth biggest; they were the third country to reach $500 billion.[66] The first fall in reserves was because of the 2008 financial crisis, the second fall in 2015 was due to sanctions imposed by the European Union following the Russian annexation of the Crimea.
India
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Indian_forex_reserves.png/220px-Indian_forex_reserves.png)
The Foreign-exchange reserves of India became the fifth largest on 5th June 2020 after the Reserve Bank of India released its weekly bulletin. On 1st January 2021 reserves exceeded $585.324 billion for the first time and they became the sixth country after Switzerland to do so.[67] During the 1991 Indian economic crisis country only had $5 billion of reserves left which led to subsequent economic liberalisation. Since then the reserves had seen a 10,000% increase in under 30 years.[68]
Currency composition of foreign exchange reserves
IMF releases the quarterly data on the currency composition of official foreign exchange reserves. The data are reported to the IMF on a voluntary and confidential basis. As of Q4 2016, there are 146 reporters, consisting of IMF member countries, a number of non-member countries/economies, and other entities holding foreign exchange reserves. From Q4 2016, the data was expanded to include renminbi (RMB).[69] Monetary gold is not covered in COFER but included in reserved assets, a broader scope than that of COFER.[70]
No. | Currency | Q4 2016 | Q1 2017 | Q2 2017 | Q3 2017 | Q4 2017 | Q1 2018 | Q2 2018 | Q3 2018 | Q4 2018 | Q1 2019 | Q2 2019 | Q3 2019 | Q4 2019 | Q1 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ![]() |
5,501.98 | 5,713.35 | 5,909.13 | 6,124.73 | 6,280.61 | 6,530.87 | 6,560.78 | 6,632.15 | 6,617.84 | 6,727.09 | 6,752.28 | 6,728.85 | 6,674.83 | 6,794.91 |
2 | ![]() |
1,610.87 | 1,703.13 | 1,847.19 | 1,933.68 | 2,019.25 | 2,117.57 | 2,129.41 | 2,192.43 | 2,219.34 | 2,208.79 | 2,264.88 | 2,212.74 | 2,279.30 | 2,197.30 |
3 | ![]() |
332.93 | 399.85 | 427.79 | 435.67 | 491.01 | 477.28 | 511.52 | 532.94 | 558.36 | 584.63 | 611.87 | 612.75 | 631.00 | 624.97 |
4 | ![]() |
365.85 | 377.89 | 409.48 | 434.08 | 454.12 | 486.13 | 469.86 | 481.10 | 475.45 | 495.70 | 497.41 | 492.22 | 511.51 | 486.08 |
5 | ![]() |
90.78 | 95.42 | 100.00 | 108.37 | 123.47 | 145.67 | 192.75 | 192.38 | 202.79 | 212.26 | 212.80 | 213.83 | 215.81 | 221.48 |
6 | ![]() |
163.14 | 167.49 | 178.77 | 192.85 | 202.80 | 193.29 | 200.22 | 208.74 | 197.76 | 208.64 | 209.85 | 205.44 | 206.71 | 195.13 |
7 | ![]() |
142.30 | 156.28 | 162.31 | 171.22 | 180.01 | 176.96 | 178.61 | 180.91 | 174.21 | 181.95 | 186.71 | 182.48 | 187.18 | 170.16 |
8 | ![]() |
13.69 | 14.45 | 15.60 | 16.31 | 18.09 | 17.93 | 17.18 | 17.18 | 15.86 | 15.27 | 15.53 | 16.20 | 17.36 | 16.05 |
Other currencies | 199.51 | 208.28 | 209.55 | 228.81 | 244.69 | 256.46 | 254.62 | 269.60 | 266.07 | 263.50 | 270.56 | 262.92 | 281.50 | 255.53 | |
Unallocated Reserves | 2,293.61 | 2,063.28 | 1,859.04 | 1,650.32 | 1,430.36 | 1,201.40 | 951.69 | 692.22 | 690.55 | 712.93 | 715.88 | 729.40 | 749.55 | 770.32 | |
Total | 10,714.68 | 10,899.42 | 11,118.86 | 11,296.05 | 11,444.41 | 11,603.57 | 11,466.63 | 11,399.66 | 11,418.24 | 11,610.77 | 11,737.76 | 11,656.82 | 11,824.74 | 11,731.94 |
Notes
- ^ increment & decrement icon of countries resets at end of month or till specific country releases its forex reserve data.
- ^ Excluding figures for Hong Kong and Macau.
- ^ Russian Federation release weekly data of its reserves instead of monthly data.
- ^ Indian reports are released on a weekly basis rather than the traditional monthly basis with the figures being of the previous week.
- ^ Formally known as the Republic of China
- ^ Amount calculated on 30 November 2020 when 1sar : 0.266613 usd.
- ^ Amount calculated on 30 November 2020 when 1 Euro : 1.193090 USD
- ^ Amount calculated on 30 November 2020 when 1 Euro : 1.193090 USD
- ^ Amount calculated on 30 November 2020 when 1 Euro : 1.193090 USD
- ^ Includes 261.499 million fine troy ounces of gold valued at a fixed price of $42.2222 per fine troy ounce
- ^ The Iranian government does not report the foreign exchange reserves as a matter of policy and all figures are estimates calculated by international or foreign institutes, which are occasionally endorsed by Iranian officials without disclosing the exact numbers.
- ^ Not to be confused over 'Eurozone' ECB is the common bank of European countries that have opted for Euro as their common currency but eurozone includes the total amount of foreign reserves held by the different European countries central bank and provides collective data of all European members.
- ^ Amount calculated on 30 November 2020 when 1 Euro : 1.193090 USD
- ^ Amount calculated on 30 November 2020 when 1 Euro: 1.193090 USD.
- ^ Including gold reserves valued @ $1,878.67 per fine troy ounce calculated on 30 October 2020
- ^ Amount calculated on 30 November 2020 when 1 Qatari Riyal: 0.274592 USD
- ^ Amount calculated on 30 November 2020 when 1 Rand: 0.065190 USD.
- ^ Amount calculated on 30 November 2020 when 1 Euro : 1.193090 USD
- ^ Nigeria's number is of 30-day moving average.
- ^ Amount calculated on 31 December 2020 when 1 Euro : 1.1987 USD
- ^ Figure reported in NAf (ANG), and derived using currency peg of 1USD to 1.79ANG[61].
- ^ Name in IMF data is "West Bank and Gaza".
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