List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom
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The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the head of the Government of the United Kingdom, and chair of the British Cabinet. There is no specific date for when the office of prime minister first appeared, as the role was not created but rather evolved over a period of time through a merger of duties.[1] However, the term was regularly, if informally, used of Walpole by the 1730s.[2] It was used in the House of Commons as early as 1805,[3] and it was certainly in parliamentary use by the 1880s.[4] In 1905 the post of prime minister was officially given recognition in the order of precedence.[5] Modern historians generally consider Sir Robert Walpole, who led the government of Great Britain for over twenty years from 1721,[6] as the first prime minister. Walpole is also the longest-serving British prime minister by this definition.[7] However, Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman was the first and Margaret Thatcher the longest-serving prime minister officially referred to as such in the order of precedence.[8] The first to use the title in an official act was Benjamin Disraeli, who signed the Treaty of Berlin as "Prime Minister of her Britannic Majesty" in 1878.[9]
Strictly speaking, the first prime minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was William Pitt the Younger.[10] The first prime minister of the current United Kingdom, i.e. the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, was Bonar Law,[11] although the country was not renamed officially until 1927, when Stanley Baldwin was the serving prime minister.[12]
Due to the gradual evolution of the post of prime minister, the title is applied to early prime ministers only retrospectively;[13] this has sometimes given rise to academic dispute. Lord Bath and Lord Waldegrave are sometimes listed as prime ministers.[14] Bath was invited to form a ministry by George II when Henry Pelham resigned in 1746,[15] as was Waldegrave in 1757 after the dismissal of William Pitt the Elder,[16] who dominated the affairs of government during the Seven Years' War. Neither was able to command sufficient parliamentary support to form a government; Bath stepped down after two days,[14] and Waldegrave after three.[16] Modern academic consensus does not consider either man to have held office as prime minister,[17] and they are therefore listed separately.
Before 1721
Prior to the Georgian era, the Treasury of England was led by the Lord High Treasurer.[18] By the late Tudor period, the Lord High Treasurer was regarded as one of the Great Officers of State,[18] and was often (though not always) the dominant figure in government: Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset (Lord High Treasurer, 1547–1549),[19] served as Lord Protector to his prepubescent nephew Edward VI;[19] William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley (Lord High Treasurer, 1572–1598),[20] was the dominant minister to Elizabeth I;[20] Burghley's son Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, succeeded his father as chief minister to Elizabeth I (1598–1603) and was eventually appointed by James I as Lord High Treasurer (1608–1612).[21]
By the late Stuart period, the Treasury was often run not by a single individual (i.e., the Lord High Treasurer) but by a commission of Lords of the Treasury,[22] led by the First Lord of the Treasury. The last Lords High Treasurer, Lord Godolphin (1702–1710) and Lord Oxford (1711–1714),[23] ran the government of Queen Anne.[24]
After the succession of George I in 1714, the arrangement of a commission of Lords of the Treasury (as opposed to a single Lord High Treasurer) became permanent.[25] For the next three years, the government was headed by Lord Townshend, who was appointed Secretary of State for the Northern Department.[26] Subsequently, Lord Stanhope and Lord Sunderland ran the government jointly,[27] with Stanhope managing foreign affairs and Sunderland domestic.[27] Stanhope died in February 1721 and Sunderland resigned two months later;[27] Townshend and Robert Walpole were then invited to form the next government.[28] From that point, the holder of the office of First Lord also usually (albeit unofficially) held the status of prime minister. It was not until the Edwardian era that the title prime minister was constitutionally recognised.[13] The prime minister still holds the office of First Lord by constitutional convention,[29] the only exceptions being Lord Chatham (1766–1768) and Lord Salisbury (1885–1886, 1887–1892, 1895–1902).[30]
From 1721
18th century | 19th century | 20th century | 21st century |
---|
Disputed
Template:Party name with color box (2) | Monarch | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Title Prime Minister Office (Birth–Death) |
Term of office & mandate[a] Duration in years and days |
Ministerial offices held as prime minister |
Party | Government | |||||
bgcolor="Template:Whigs (British political party)/meta/color" rowspan="2" | | William Pulteney 1st Earl of Bath (1684–1764) |
10 February 1746 |
12 February 1746 |
– | Whig | Short Lived | George II
(1727–1760) | ||
3 days | |||||||||
bgcolor="Template:Whigs (British political party)/meta/color" rowspan="2" | | James Waldegrave 2nd Earl Waldegrave (1715–1763) |
8 June 1756 |
12 June 1756 |
– | Waldegrave | ||||
5 days |
Living former officeholders
As of October 2024, there are five living former British prime ministers. The most recent to die was Margaret Thatcher (1979–1990), on 8 April 2013.
-
Sir John Major (age 81)
(1990–1997) -
Tony Blair (age 71)
(1997–2007) -
Gordon Brown (age 73)
(2007–2010) -
David Cameron (age 58)
(2010–2016) -
Theresa May (age 68)
(2016–2019)
See also
- List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom by length of tenure
- List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom by education
- Assassination of Spencer Perceval
- Downing Street
- List of British governments
- List of current heads of government in the United Kingdom and dependencies
- Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- List of United Kingdom general elections
- Royal prerogative in the United Kingdom
- List of government ministers of the United Kingdom
Notes
- ^§ Elevated to the British peerage
- ^† Died in office
- ^‡ Elected to a new constituency in a general election
- ^ a b Legend for cells listed in the sixth column from right:
- e.g. 1722 and 1841 —coloured containing a linked year
- indicates a general election won by the government (e.g. 1722) or one that led to its formation (e.g. 1841);
- e.g. 1830 —shaded grey containing a linked year
- indicates an election resulting in no single party winning a Commons majority;
- e.g. — —coloured containing a dash
- indicates the formation of a majority government without an election;
- e.g. — —shaded grey containing a dash
- indicates the formation of a minority or coalition government during a hung parliament.
- e.g. 1722 and 1841 —coloured containing a linked year
- ^ Douglas Home disclaimed his peerage as the Earl of Home on 23 October 1963. He was elected an MP on 7 November.
References
Citations
- ^ Hennessy 2001, pp. 39–40.
- ^ Stephen Taylor ODNB.[full citation needed]
- ^ Castlereagh 1805.
- ^ Eardley-Wilmot 1885; Macfarlane 1885.
- ^ Marriott 1923, p. 83.
- ^ Clarke 1999, p. 266; Hennessy 2001, pp. 39–40.
- ^ BBC News 1998.
- ^ Mackay 1987; Marriott 1923, p. 83.
- ^ Bogdanor 1997.
- ^ Burt 1874, p. 106; Castlereagh 1805.
- ^ Law 1922.
- ^ Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927.
- ^ a b Leonard 2010, p. 1.
- ^ a b Carpenter 1992, p. 37.
- ^ Leonard 2010, p. 47.
- ^ a b Leonard 2010, p. 65.
- ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2011.
- ^ a b Chisholm 1911f.
- ^ a b Pollard 1904.
- ^ a b Chisholm 1911a.
- ^ Chisholm 1911c.
- ^ Chapman 2002.
- ^ Fisher Russell Barker 1890; Stephen 1890.
- ^ Morrill 2018.
- ^ Chapman 2002, p. 15.
- ^ McMullen Rigg 1899.
- ^ a b c Chisholm 1911d; Chisholm 1911e.
- ^ Chisholm 1911b; McMullen Rigg 1899.
- ^ UK Government 2013.
- ^ Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, p. 413; Locker-Lampson 1907, p. 497.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, pp. 1, 5; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 1–5; Pryde et al. 1996, pp. 45–46.
- ^ Cook & Stevenson 1988, p. 41; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 14; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 7–10; Jones & Jones 1986, p. 222.
- ^ Cook & Stevenson 1988, pp. 41–42; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 17; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 11–15.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 28; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 16–21.
- ^ Cook & Stevenson 1988, p. 44; Courthope 1838, p. 19; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 34; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 23–26; Schumann & Schweizer 2012, p. 143.
- ^ Cook & Stevenson 1980, p. 11; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 28; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 16–21; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 46; Tout 1910, p. 740.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 36; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 28–31; Jones & Jones 1986, p. 223; Tout 1910, p. 740.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 42; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 33–35; Tout 1910, p. 740.
- ^ a b The British Magazine and Review 1782, p. 79; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, pp. 46, 50; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 39–43.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 54; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 45–50; Kebbel 1864, p. 143; Venning 2005, p. 93.
- ^ Courthope 1838, p. 9; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 61; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 52–56; Venning 2005, p. 93; Vincitorio 1968, p. 156.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 64; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 58–62; Whiteley 1996, p. 24.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 73; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 64–68; Venning 2005, p. 93.
- ^ Cook & Stevenson 1980, p. 11; Courthope 1838, p. 25; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 77; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 69–74; Venning 2005, p. 93.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 85; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 75–78; Evans 2008, p. 4.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 94; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 83–85; Styles 1829, p. 266.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 85; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 75–77; Evans 2008, p. 4.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 98; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 90–92; Tout 1910, p. 740.
- ^ Courthope 1838, p. 25; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 77; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 69–74; Evans 2008, p. 4.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 101; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 98–101; Evans 2008, p. 4.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 106; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 104–108; Evans 2008, p. 4; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 47.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, pp. 116, 133; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 110–115.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, pp. 120, 133; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 118–120.
- ^ Courthope 1838, p. 33; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 123; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 124–130; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 47; Shaw 1906, p. 447; Tout 1910, p. 740.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 128; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 133–139.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 136; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 141–143.
- ^ Courthope 1838, p. 33; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 123; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 124–130; Evans 2001, p. 471; Mahon & Cardwell 1856, p. 17; Shaw 1906, p. 447.
- ^ a b Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 142; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 148–153.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 136; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 141–145; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 47.
- ^ a b Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 151; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 155–160.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 161; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 162–164.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, pp. 159, 167; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 169–174; Royal Society of Edinburgh 2006, p. 375; Tout 1910, p. 741.
- ^ Disraeli 1855; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 174; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 177–184; Royal Society 2007, p. 349.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 161; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 162–164; Tout 1910, p. 741.
- ^ Balfour 1910; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 174; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 177–184; Royal Society 2007, p. 349.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 161; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 162–167; Tout 1910, p. 741.
- ^ Disraeli 1868; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 183; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 187–189; Tout 1910, p. 741.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 196; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 195–198; Royal Statistical Society 1892, p. 9.
- ^ Chamberlain 1884; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 183; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 187–192.
- ^ a b c Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 196; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 195–202; Royal Statistical Society 1892, p. 9.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 213; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 205–210; Mosley 2003, p. 3505.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 213; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 205–210; Locker-Lampson 1907, p. 497; Mosley 2003, p. 3505; Sandys 1910, p. 287.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 222; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 212–215.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, pp. 213, 221; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 205–210; Mosley 2003, p. 3505; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 47; Sandys 1910, p. 287.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 231; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 217–221; Mosley 1999, p. 173; Tout 1910, p. 741.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 239; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 223–227.
- ^ Butler & Butler 2010, p. 5; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 244; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 229–235; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 48.
- ^ Butler & Butler 2010, pp. 6–9; The Constitutional Yearbook 1919, p. 42; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 252; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 237–243.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 262; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 246–248; Scully 2018.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 273; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 253–255; Mosley 1999, p. 172.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 281; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 262–264.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 273; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 253–259; Mosley 1999, p. 172.
- ^ Butler & Butler 2010, p. 13; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 281; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 262–268.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 273; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 253–259; Mosley 1999, p. 172; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 48.
- ^ The Annual Register 1941, p. 11; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 289; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 270–274.
- ^ The Annual Register 1946, p. 11; Butler & Butler 2010, pp. 17–21, 77; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 295; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 276–282; The London Gazette 1924 .
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 305; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 284–289.
- ^ BBC On This Day 2005; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 295; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 276–282; The London Gazette 1924 ; Mosley 1999, p. 1868; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 48.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 315; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 291–295.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 320; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 297–303.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 329; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 306–310; Scully 2018.
- ^ a b Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 333; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 313–320.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 343; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 322–328; UK Parliament 2005a.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 350; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 331–333; UK Parliament 2005b.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 358; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 340–347; UK Parliament 2013.
- ^ Butler & Butler 2010, p. 61; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 384; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 350–352.
- ^ Butler & Butler 2010, pp. 61, 270; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 392; Seldon 2007, pp. 77, 371, 647; UK Parliament 2017b.
- ^ Butler & Butler 2010, pp. 61, 86; UK Parliament 2012.
- ^ Butler & Butler 2010, pp. 61, 65; Lee & Beech 2011; Royal Communications 2016; Wheeler 2016.
- ^ BBC News 2017; Stamp 2016; UK Parliament 2017a.
Sources
Publications
- Burt, Llewellyn Charles (1874). A Synoptical History of England (2nd ed.). London, UK: Lockwood – via the Internet Archive.
- Butler, David; Butler, Gareth (2010). British Political Facts (10th ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-29318-2.
- Carpenter, Clive, ed. (1992). The Guinness UK Data Book. Guinness. ISBN 978-0-85112-522-0.
- Chapman, Richard A. (2002). "History: from earliest times to the present day". The Treasury in Public Policy-Making. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-86426-3.
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911a). "Burghley, William Cecil, Baron". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ——— (1911b). "Orford, Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.).
- ——— (1911c). "Salisbury, Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.).
- ——— (1911d). "Stanhope, Earls". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.).
- ——— (1911e). "Sunderland, Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.).
- ——— (1911f). "Treasury". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.).
- Clarke, John (1999). "House of Hanover". In Fraser, Antonia (ed.). The Lives of the Kings & Queens of England. University of California Press (published 2000). ISBN 978-0-520-22460-5.
- Cook, Chris; Stevenson, John (1980). British Historical Facts: 1760–1830 (1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-21512-8.
- ——— (1988). "Administrations and Political Biographies". British Historical Facts: 1688–1760 (1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-349-02369-1.
- Courthope, William, ed. (1838). Debrett's Complete Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (22nd ed.). London, UK: J. G. & F. Rivington – via the Internet Archive.
His grace.
- "Deaths". The British Magazine and Review. Vol. 1. 1782.
The Most Honourable Charles Watson Wentworth.
- Eccleshall, Robert; Walker, Graham, eds. (2002). Biographical Dictionary of British Prime Ministers (2nd ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-66230-2.
- Englefield, Dermot; Seaton, Janet; White, Isobel (1995). Facts About the British Prime Ministers. Mansell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7201-2306-7.
All Prime Ministers ... were members of the Privy Council ... This means they are entitled to be addressed as 'The Right Honourable'.
- Evans, Eric J. (2001). "Compendium of Information". The Forging of the Modern State: Early Industrial Britain, 1783–1870 (3rd ed.). Routledge (published 2013). ISBN 978-1-317-87371-6.
- ——— (2008). "Introduction". Britain before the Reform Act: Politics and Society 1815–1832 (2nd ed.). Routledge (published 2014). ISBN 978-1-317-88547-4.
- Fisher Russell Barker, George (1890). Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney (eds.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 24. London: Smith, Elder & Co. . In
- Hennessy, Peter (2001). "The Platonic Idea and the Constitutional Deal". The Prime Minister: The Office and Its Holders Since 1945. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-29313-0.
- Jones, Clyve; Jones, David L., eds. (1986). "The Origin of the Leadership of the House of Lords". Peers, Politics and Power: House of Lords, 1603–1911. A & C Black. ISBN 978-0-907628-78-1.
- Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Vol. 55. London, UK: Royal Statistical Society. 1948 [First published 1892] – via the Internet Archive.
- Kebbel, Thomas Edward (1864). Essays Upon History and Politics. London, UK: Chapman and Hall – via the Internet Archive.
- Lee, Simon; Beech, Matt, eds. (2011). The Cameron–Clegg Government: Coalition Politics in an Age of Austerity. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-30501-4.
- Leonard, Dick (2010). Eighteenth-Century British Premiers: Walpole to the Younger Pitt. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-30463-5.
- Locker-Lampson, Godfrey (1907). A Consideration of the State of Ireland in the Nineteenth Century. London, UK: Archibald Constable and Co – via the Internet Archive.
- Marriott, John (1923). English Political Institutions: An Introductory Study (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. OL 17361473W.
- McMullen Rigg, James (1899). Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 57. London: Smith, Elder & Co. . In
- Mahon, Viscount; Cardwell, Edward, eds. (1856). "Part II—The New Government; 1834–5". Memoirs by the Right Honourable Sir Robert Peel. London, UK: J. Murray. OL 23318495M.
- Mosley, Charles, ed. (1999). Burke's Peerage and Baronetage. Vol. 1–2 (106th ed.). Crans, Switzerland: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books).
- ——— (2003). Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage. Vol. 3 (107th ed.). Wilmington, US: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books).
- "Mr. Lloyd George's War Administration, 1916". The Constitutional Yearbook. Vol. 33. National Unionist Association. 1919.
- "Mr. Neville Chamberlain's War Administration". The Annual Register. Vol. 182. Rivingtons. 1941.
- "Mr. Winston Churchill's War Administration". The Annual Register. Vol. 187. J. Dodsley. 1946.
- Pollard, Albert (1904). . The Cambridge Modern History. Vol. 2 – via Wikisource.
- Pryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I., eds. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56350-5.
- Sandys, John (1910). "Index". Orationes et epistolae Cantabrigienses (1876–1909). Vol. 84. London, UK: Macmillan. pp. 35–36. Bibcode:1910Natur..84...35T. doi:10.1038/084035a0. S2CID 3975449 – via the Internet Archive.
The Most Hon. Robert Cecil, Marquess of Salisbury.
{{cite book}}
:|journal=
ignored (help) - Schumann, Matt; Schweizer, Karl W. (2012). "Domestic politics". The Seven Years War: A Transatlantic History. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-16068-6.
- Scully, Roger (2018). "The High-Point of British Party Politics". The End of British Party Politics?. Biteback Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78590-363-2.
Yet the Scottish party was much more influential at Westminster: two of its major figures, Andrew Bonar Law and Sir Alec Douglas-Home, became (albeit short-lived) Prime Ministers.
- Seldon, Anthony, ed. (2007). Blair's Britain, 1997–2007. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-46898-5.
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- Styles, John, ed. (1829). Memoirs of the Life of the Right Honourable George Canning. Vol. 1. London, UK: T. Tegg – via the Internet Archive.
- Tout, Thomas Frederick (1910). An Advanced History of Great Britain. New York, US: Longmans, Green. OL 13991885M.
- Venning, Timothy (2005). "Prime Ministers". Compendium of British Office Holders. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-50587-2.
- Vincitorio, Gaetano L., ed. (1968). Studies in Modern History. New York, US: St. John's University Press. OCLC 908430.
- Whiteley, Peter (1996). "Political Apprenticeship". Lord North: The Prime Minister Who Lost America. A & C Black. ISBN 978-1-85285-145-3.
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Churchill ... tendered his resignation as ... First Lord of the Treasury.
- Balfour, Arthur (29 March 1910). "Duration of Parliament". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 15. House of Commons. col. 1189. Archived from the original on 2 September 2018.
in 1860 ... Lord Palmerston, then the Leader of this House.
- "Baroness Thatcher". Parliament.uk. UK Parliament. Archived from the original on 20 April 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
Deceased: 08 April 2013.
- Bogdanor, Vernon (3 October 1997). "Ministers take the biscuit". Times Higher Education. Archived from the original on 29 April 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
The title ... was not used in an official document until 1878 when Disraeli ... signed the Treaty of Berlin as 'First Lord of the Treasury and Prime Minister of her Britannic Majesty'.
- Castlereagh, Viscount, President of the Board of Control (29 April 1805). "Military Commissioners' Bill". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 4. House of Commons. col. 496. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Chamberlain, Joseph, President of the Board of Trade (27 March 1884). "Second Reading—Adjourned Debate". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 286. House of Commons. col. 954. Archived from the original on 2 September 2018.
This matter was brought before the House on the 13th of May, 1874 ... It was opposed ... by Mr. Disraeli, who was then the Leader of the House.
- Disraeli, Benjamin (8 June 1855). "Prosecution of the War—Adjourned Debate (Sixth Night)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 138. House of Commons. col. 1726. Archived from the original on 2 September 2018.
The noble Lord the leader of this House and First Minister of the Crown—a man eminently versed in foreign policy.
- Benjamin Disraeli (7 May 1868). "Committee". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 191. House of Commons. col. 1930. Archived from the original on 2 September 2018.
the manner in which I attempt to perform my duties as Leader of this House is preferable to that ideal.
- Eardley-Wilmot, Sir John (20 March 1885). "Boroughs to Lose One Member". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 296. House of Commons. col. 156–157. Archived from the original on 21 May 2011.
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Further reading
- Bogdanor, Vernon, ed. (2010). From New Jerusalem to New Labour: British Prime Ministers from Attlee to Blair. Palgrave Macmillan (published 20 October 2016). ISBN 978-0-230-29700-5.
- Browne, J. Houston (1858). Lives of the Prime Ministers of England: From the Restoration to the Present Time. Vol. 1. London: Thomas Cautley Newby.
- Davidson, Jonathan (2010). Downing Street Blues: A History of Depression and Other Mental Afflictions in British Prime Ministers. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-5793-9.
- Grube, Dennis (2013). Prime Ministers and Rhetorical Governance. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-31836-7.
- King, Anthony Stephen, ed. (1985). The British Prime Minister (2nd ed.). Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-0635-1.
- Leonard, Dick (2008). Nineteenth Century Premiers: Pitt to Rosebery. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-22725-5.
- Parker, Robert J. (2013). British Prime Ministers (2nd ed.). Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4456-1021-4.
- Quinault, Roland (2011). British Prime Ministers and Democracy: From Disraeli to Blair. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4411-1105-0.
External links
- "Past Prime Ministers". Gov.uk. UK Government. Archived from the original on 25 August 2008.
- "Prime Ministers and Politics Timeline". History. BBC. Archived from the original on 27 May 2011.