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2022 invasion of Ukraine
Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War


Top: Territorial map of Ukraine as of 17 February 2022
Bottom: Russian military buildup around Ukraine as of 3 December 2021

     Ukraine      Russia and territories invaded by the Russian troops
DateFebruary 22, 2022 (2022-02-22) – present (2 years, 5 months)
Location
Ukraine
Status Ongoing
Belligerents
Arms suppliers:
Non-lethal military aid:
Commanders and leaders
Strength
  •  Russia:
  • 900,000 (Armed Forces)
  • 554,000 (Paramilitary)
  • 2,000,000 (Reserves)[5]
  • • including 175,000[27] to 190,000[28] at the Ukrainian border
  •  Belarus:
  • 45,350 (Armed Forces)
  • 110,000 (Paramilitary)
  • 289,500 (Reserves)[5]
  • Donetsk PR:
  • 20,000[5]
  • Luhansk PR:
  • 14,000[5]
  •  Ukraine:
  • 209,000 (Armed Forces)
  • 102,000 (Paramilitary)
  • 900,000 (Reserves)[5]
  • Training mission:
  •  Canada:
  • 260 (Operation Unifier)[5][29] (until 13 February 2022)[30]
  •  United States:
  • 165 (JMTG-U)[31] (until 12 February 2022)[32]
  •  United Kingdom:
  • 53 (Operation Orbital)[5] (until 12 February 2022)[33]
  •  Poland:
  • 40 (JMTG-U)[5]
  • Lithuania Lithuania:
  • 26 (JMTG-U)[5]
  •  Sweden:
  • 4 (Operation Unifier) (until 13 February 2022)[23][34]

The 2022 invasion of Ukraine was an entrance of the Russian Armed Forces to the Donbas region of Ukraine on 21 February 2022. The campaign started after a prolonged military buildup and the Russian recognition of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic.

Background

Main articles: Russo-Ukrainian War and Historical background of the Russo-Ukrainian War
See also: Enlargement of NATO, Ukraine–NATO relations, and Second Cold War

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukraine and Russia continued to retain close ties. In 1994, Ukraine agreed to abandon its nuclear arsenal and signed the Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances on the condition that Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States would issue an assurance against threats or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of Ukraine. Five years later, Russia was one of the signatories of the Charter for European Security, where it "reaffirmed the inherent right of each and every participating State to be free to choose or change its security arrangements, including treaties of alliance, as they evolve".[35]

Despite being a recognized independent country since 1991, as a former USSR constituent republic, Ukraine had been perceived by the leadership of Russia as being part of its sphere of influence. In 2008, Russian President Vladimir Putin spoke out against Ukraine's membership in NATO.[36][37] In 2009, Romanian analyst Iulian Chifu and his co-authors opined that in regard to Ukraine, Russia has pursued an updated version of the Brezhnev Doctrine, which dictates that the sovereignty of Ukraine cannot be larger than that of the Warsaw Pact's member states prior to the collapse of the Soviet sphere of influence during the late-1980s and early-1990s.[38] This view is built upon the premise that Russia's actions to placate the West in the early 1990s should have been met with reciprocity from the West, without NATO expansion along Russia's border.[39]

Following weeks of protests as part of the Euromaidan movement (2013–2014), pro-Russian Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych and the leaders of the Ukrainian parliamentary opposition on 21 February 2014 signed a settlement agreement that called for an early election. The following day, Yanukovych fled from Kyiv ahead of an impeachment vote that stripped him of his powers as president.[40][41][42] Leaders of the Russian-speaking eastern regions of Ukraine declared continuing loyalty to Yanukovych,[43] causing the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine.[44] The unrest was followed by the annexation of Crimea by Russia in March 2014 and the War in Donbas, which started in April 2014 with the creation of the Russia-backed quasi-states of the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics.[45][46]

On 14 September 2020, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy approved Ukraine's new National Security Strategy, "which provides for the development of the distinctive partnership with NATO with the aim of membership in NATO."[47][48][49] On 24 March 2021, Zelenskyy signed the Decree No. 117/2021 approving the "strategy of de-occupation and reintegration of the temporarily occupied territory of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol."[50]

In July 2021, Putin published an essay titled On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians, in which he re-affirmed his view that Russians and Ukrainians were "one people".[51] American historian Timothy Snyder described Putin's ideas as imperialism.[52] British journalist Edward Lucas described it as historical revisionism.[53] Other observers have noted that the Russian leadership has a distorted view of modern Ukraine and its history.[54][55][56]

Russia has said that a possible Ukrainian accession to NATO and the NATO enlargement in general threaten its national security.[57][58][59] In turn, Ukraine and other European countries neighboring Russia have accused Putin of attempting to restore the Russian Empire/Soviet Union and of pursuing aggressive militaristic policies.[60][61][62][63][64]

NATO and CSTO in Europe
NATO and CSTO on a world map
On the left are NATO member countries (blue), countries seeking to join NATO (violet and light blue), and the Russia-led CSTO (red).

Casus belli

Russia's accusations of genocide in eastern Ukraine

See also: Humanitarian situation during the war in Donbas and Misinformation in the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis § Claim of genocide in Donbas

On 9 December 2021, Russian President Vladimir Putin spoke of discrimination against Russian speakers outside Russia, saying: "I have to say that Russophobia is a first step towards genocide. You and I know what is happening in Donbass. It certainly looks very much like genocide."[65][66] Russia also condemned the Ukrainian language law.[67][68][69] On 15 February 2022, Putin told the press: "What is going on in Donbass is exactly genocide."[70]

Several international organizations, including the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine and Council of Europe found no evidence supporting the Russian claims.[71][72][73][74] The genocide allegations have been rejected by the European Commission as Russian disinformation.[75]

The US embassy in Ukraine described the Russian genocide claim as "reprehensible falsehood",[76] while the US State Department Spokesman Ned Price said that Moscow was making such claims as an excuse for invading Ukraine.[70] On 18 February, Russian Ambassador to the US Anatoly Antonov replied to a question about US officials, who doubted the fact of the genocide of Russians in Donbass, by posting a statement on the Embassy's Facebook page that said: 'This causes outrage and indignation. ... We see here not just double standards of the United States, but quite a primitive and crude cynicism. ... The main geopolitical goal of the United States is to push Russia back to the East as far possible. To that end, a policy to force the Russian-speaking population out of their current places of residence is needed. Therefore, Americans prefer not only to ignore the attempts of forced assimilation of Russians in Ukraine, but also strongly condone them with political and military support."[77]

Alleged clashes between Russia and Ukraine

Fighting in Donbas escalated significantly on 17 February 2022. While the daily number of attacks over the first six weeks of 2022 was 2 to 5,[78] the Ukrainian military reported 60 attacks on 17 February. Russian state media also reported over 20 artillery attacks on separatist positions the same day.[78] For example, the Ukrainian government accused Russian separatists of shelling a kindergarten at Stanytsia Luhanska using artillery, injuring three civilians. The Luhansk People's Republic said that its forces had been attacked by the Ukrainian government with mortars, grenade launchers and machine gun fire.[79][80]

The next day, the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic ordered mandatory evacuations of civilians from their respective capital cities, although it has been noted that full evacuations would take months to accomplish.[81][82][83][84] Ukrainian media reported a sharp increase in artillery shelling by the Russian-led militants in Donbas as attempts to provoke the Ukrainian army.[85][86]

On 21 February, Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB) announced that Ukrainian shelling had destroyed an FSB border facility 150 m from the Russia–Ukraine border in Rostov Oblast.[87] Separately, the press service of the Southern Military District announced that Russian forces had in the morning that day killed a group of five saboteurs near the village of Mityakinskaya, Rostov Oblast, that had penetrated the border from Ukraine in two infantry fighting vehicles, the vehicles having been destroyed.[88] Ukraine denied being involved in both incidents and called them a false flag.[89][90] Additionally, two Ukrainian soldiers and a civilian were reported killed by shelling in the village of Zaitseve, 30 km north of Donetsk.[91]

Several analysts, including the investigative website Bellingcat, published evidence that many of the claimed attacks, explosions as well as evacuations in Donbas were staged by Russia.[92][93][94]

On 21 February, the Luhansk Thermal Power Plant in the Luhansk People's Republic was shelled from unknown forces .[95] Ukranian News states that it was forced to shut down as a result.[96]

Invasion

On 21 February 2022, following the recognition of the Donetsk and Luhansk republics, President Putin ordered Russian troops (including tanks) to be sent into Donbas, in what Russia called a "peacekeeping mission".[97][98] Later on the same day, several independent media outlets confirmed that Russian forces were entering Donbas.[99][100][101][102] On 22 February 2022, the United States declared this movement an "invasion".[103]

On the same day, the Federation Council unanimously authorised Putin to use military force outside Russia.[104] In turn, President Zelenskyy ordered a conscription of Ukraine's reservists, while not committing to general mobilization yet.[105]

On 23 February, Ukraine announced that it will declare nationwide state of emergency in all of the country, excluding the occupied territories in Donbas.[106] On the same day, Russia began to evacuate it's embassy in Kiev and also lowered the Russian flag from the top of the building.[107]

International sanctions on Russia

In response to the recognition of the two breakaway republics, Western countries started to roll out sanctions against Russia.

On 22 February, UK Prime Minister Johnson announced sanctions on five Russian banks, namely Rossiya Bank, Industrialny Sberegatelny Bank, General Bank, Promsvyazbank, and Black Sea Bank and three billionaire associates of Putin, namely Gennady Timchenko, Boris Rotenberg, and Igor Rotenberg;[108][109] German Chancellor Scholz announced halting the certification process of the Nord Stream 2 pipeline;[110] EU foreign ministers blacklisted all members of Duma who voted in favour of the recognition of the breakaway regions, banned EU investors from trading in Russian state bonds, and targeted imports and exports with separatist entities;[111] US President Biden announced sanctions on banks VEB.RF and Promsvyazbank and comprehensive sanctions on Russia's sovereign debt.[112]

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ The Donetsk People's Republic is a separatist state that declared its independence in May 2014, while receiving recognitions from its neighboring partially recognized quasi-state, the de facto state of South Ossetia, and Russia (since 2022).[2]
  2. ^ The Luhansk People's Republic is a separatist state that declared its independence in May 2014, while receiving recognitions from its neighboring partially recognized quasi-state, the de facto state of South Ossetia, and Russia (since 2022).[3][4]
  3. ^ Canada sent ammunition, light weapons and other military equipment as well as military instructors; overall, Canada committed $7.8m in lethal aid and $620m in financial loans and non-lethal military aid.[5][6][7][8]
  4. ^ Czech Republic sold armored cars and donated artillery shells.[9][10]
  5. ^ Estonia sent a field hospital (together with Germany) and weapons (specifically FGM-148 Javelin anti-tank missiles).[11][12][13]
  6. ^ Latvia delivered FIM-92 Stinger air-defense systems.[14]
  7. ^ Lithuania sent ammunition, weapons (including FIM-92 Stinger air-defense systems) and instructors.[11][15][16][5]
  8. ^ The Netherlands will supply Ukraine with sniper rifles, ammunition, combat helmets, flak jackets, and radars.[17]
  9. ^ Poland sold armoured personnel carriers,[18] ammunition[19] and sent instructors[5]
  10. ^ Turkey sold combat drones (specifically Bayraktar TB2s).[20]
  11. ^ The United Kingdom sent ammunition, weapons (specifically NLAW anti-tank guided missiles) and instructors.[21][5]
  12. ^ The United States sent financial aid, ammunition, weapons and instructors.[22][5]
  13. ^ Germany sent a field hospital (together with Estonia)[13]
  14. ^ Sweden sent instructors[23]
  15. ^ Following a request under the EU Civil Protection Mechanism, the EU is sending medical supplies, field hospitals, generators, and CBRN equipment. [24]
  16. ^ Belarusian opposition assisting through cyberwarfare.[25][26]

References

  1. ^ "Захарова: РФ и Беларусь вынуждены реагировать на наращивание сил НАТО у общих границ" [Zakharova: Russia and Belarus are forced to respond to the build-up of NATO forces near their common border]. Rossiyskaya Gazeta (in Russian). Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022. На брифинге Захарова подчеркнула, что на происходящее Москва и Минск вынуждены адекватно реагировать. В частности, путем совместного патрулирования воздушного пространства, регулярных совместных тренировок, а также учений. Так, уже в феврале пройдет совместное учение "Союзная решимость-2022". На территорию Беларуси уже начали прибывать подразделения из состава ВС РФ. [Translated: At the briefing, Zakharova stressed that Moscow and Minsk were forced to respond adequately to what was happening. In particular, through joint patrolling of the airspace, regular joint training, and exercises. So, in February, the joint exercise "Allied Resolve-2022" will be held. Units from the RF Armed Forces have already begun to arrive on the territory of Belarus. ]
  2. ^ "South Ossetia recognises independence of Donetsk People's Republic". Information Telegraph Agency of Russia. 27 June 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  3. ^ Alec, Luhn (6 November 2014). "Ukraine's rebel 'people's republics' begin work of building new states". The Guardian. Donetsk. Retrieved 31 January 2022. The two 'people's republics' carved out over the past seven months by pro-Russia rebels have not been recognised by any countries, and a rushed vote to elect governments for them on Sunday was declared illegal by Kiev, Washington and Brussels.
  4. ^ "Общая информация" [General Information]. Official site of the head of the Lugansk People's Republic (in Russian). Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2018. 11 июня 2014 года Луганская Народная Республика обратилась к Российской Федерации, а также к 14 другим государствам, с просьбой о признании её независимости. К настоящему моменту независимость республики признана провозглашенной Донецкой Народной Республикой и частично признанным государством Южная Осетия. [Translated: On June 11, 2014, the Luhansk People's Republic turned to the Russian Federation, as well as to 14 other states, with a request to recognize its independence. To date, the republic's independence has been recognized by the proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic and the partially recognized state of South Ossetia.]
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n The military balance 2021. Abingdon, Oxon: International Institute for Strategic Studies. 2021. ISBN 978-1032012278.
  6. ^ "Ukraine receives machine guns, surveillance gear from Canada as Russian threats mount". Global News. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  7. ^ "Canada sends non-lethal military aid to further support Ukraine". Government of Canada. 4 February 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  8. ^ The Canadian Press (14 February 2022). "Canada to give $500M loan, send $7.8M in lethal weapons to Ukraine: Trudeau". CTV News. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  9. ^ ""Шепетівський ремонтний завод" отримав партію шасі Tatra від чеської Excalibur Army для РСЗВ "Буревій"" ["Shepetivka Repair Plant" received a batch of Tatra chassis from the Czech Excalibur Army for MLRS "Storm"] (in Ukrainian). Defense Express. 23 December 2021. Нові шасі від Tatra були спеціально доопрацьовані чеською Excalibur Army під вимоги ЗСУ – в рамках виконання державного оборонного замовлення. На ДП "Шепетівський ремонтний завод" прибула партія шасі Tatra для випуску нової української 220-мм реактивної системи залпового вогню "Буревій". [Translated: The new chassis from Tatra was specially modified by the Czech Excalibur Army to the requirements of the Armed Forces – as part of the state defense order. A batch of Tatra chassis has arrived at the Shepetivka Repair Plant to produce a new Ukrainian 220-mm Bureviya multiple rocket launchers.]
  10. ^ "The Czech Republic is sending thousands of artillery shells to Ukraine". Czech Daily. 27 January 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2022. ... the (Czech) government decided to donate 4,000 artillery shells to Ukraine for about CZK 37 million. Minister Černochová described it as a gesture of solidarity. Defence Minister Jana Černochová (ODS), who proposed the donation to the cabinet, sees it as a significant act of solidarity. The Czech Republic wants to use the donation to strengthen Ukraine's defense capabilities. The Czech Republic will send 4006 pieces of 152-millimeter artillery ammunition to Ukraine, worth CZK 36.6 million. It will be transferred through a donation agreement.
  11. ^ a b "Baltic states step up in arming Ukraine against potential Russian incursion". Politico. 21 January 2022. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  12. ^ "First batch of Estonia-donated Javelin missiles arrive in Ukraine". ERR News. 18 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  13. ^ a b "Estonia donates mobile field hospital to Ukrainian army". Ukrinform. 9 February 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  14. ^ "Latvia delivers Stinger missiles to Ukraine". LSM. 23 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  15. ^ "Lietuva išskraidino karinę paramą Ukrainai – siunčia "Stinger" raketas". LRT. 13 February 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  16. ^ "UNIAN: Lithuania hands over almost 1 million pieces of ammunition to Ukraine". Kyiv Post. 12 June 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  17. ^ "Netherlands to give Ukraine sniper rifles, radars, helmets". NL Times. 18 February 2022.
  18. ^ ЗСУ передана партія бойових машин Oncilla//Мілітарний, 27 April 2021
  19. ^ Україна закупила в Польщі партію болгарських боєприпасів//Ukrainian Military Pages, 21 April 2021
  20. ^ Kramer, Andrew E. (3 February 2022). "Turkey, a Sometimes Wavering NATO Ally, Backs Ukraine". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  21. ^ Larisa Brown, Defence, ed. (18 January 2022). "British anti-tank weapons sent to defend Ukraine from Russia". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  22. ^ "US small arms and ammo arrive in Ukraine as Pentagon details troops to train country's military". CNN. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  23. ^ a b "Därför utbildar Sverige ukrainska säkerhetsstyrkor" [The reason Sweden trains Ukrainian security forces] (in Swedish). Swedish Armed Forces. 14 December 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  24. ^ "EU delivers emergency civil protection assistance to Ukraine". ec.europa.eu. 19 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  25. ^ ""Киберпартизаны" заявили о взломе серверов БЖД и выставили ультиматум режиму". Charter 97. 24 January 2022. Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  26. ^ "Білоруські "кіберпартизани" зламали сервер залізниці, щоб не пустити російські війська в країну". LB.ua. 25 January 2022. Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  27. ^ Julian E., Barnes; Michael, Crowley; Eric, Schmitt (10 January 2022). "Russia Positioning Helicopters, in Possible Sign of Ukraine Plans". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022. American officials had expected additional Russian troops to stream toward the Ukrainian border in December and early January, building toward a force of 175,000.
  28. ^ Bengali, Shashank (18 February 2022). "The U.S. says Russia's troop buildup could be as high as 190,000 in and near Ukraine". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  29. ^ Aaron D'Andrea, Amanda Connolly, and Crystal Goomansingh (26 January 2022). "Canada will not send weapons to Ukraine, boosting cyber support and training mission - National | Globalnews.ca". Global News. Retrieved 9 February 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ "Canada relocates military personnel out of Ukraine amid Russia threats". Reuters. 13 February 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
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  34. ^ "Sveriges bidrag till Operation Unifier har lämnat Ukraina" [The Swedish contribution to Operation Unifier has left Ukraine]. Swedish Armed Forces (in Swedish). 14 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  35. ^ "Istanbul Document 1999". Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 19 November 1999. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
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  37. ^ Dawar, Anil (4 April 2008). "Putin warns Nato over expansion". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 February 2022. The Russian president, Vladimir Putin, today repeated his warning that Moscow would view any attempt to expand NATO to its borders as a 'direct threat'.
  38. ^ Chifu, Iulian; Nantoi, Oazu; Sushko, Oleksandr (2009). "Russia–Georgia War of August 2008: Ukrainian Approach" (PDF). The Russian Georgian War: A trilateral cognitive institutional approach of the crisis decision-making process. Bucharest: Editura Curtea Veche. p. 181. ISBN 978-973-1983-19-6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2016. Conceptually, Russia sees Ukraine within the sphere of own 'privileged interests'; in fact, it means a modernized version of Brezhnev's doctrine of 'limited sovereignty', realized after the occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1968.
  39. ^ Remarks concerning Ukraine, Vladimir Putin, Putin makes a statement following the Security Council meeting on Donbass recognition on YouTube, RT, 21 February 2022, minutes 41:17–42:58. Quote: "Because of the openness and goodwill, our goodwill, relations between Russia and the West were at a high level. Russia fulfilled all its obligations, we withdrew troops from Germany, from the central and European countries, and it made a huge contribution in overcoming the legacy of the Cold War. We consistently suggested all kinds of cooperation, including in the form of the NATO council and OECD. ... [When I asked], how would America see Russia joining NATO? ... How did Americans really look at this possibility? You can see it in their practical steps, in regard for a country: Open support of the terrorists in North Caucasus; Ignoring our demands and our concerns in the security area; Withdrawing from the arms treaties, and so on and so forth. It still begs the question, why? Why did they do that? What for? Okay, you don't want to see a friend in us, an ally in us. But why do you want to make an enemy out of us?"
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  43. ^ Polityuk, Pavel; Robinson, Matt; Baczynska, Gabriela; Goettig, Marcin; Graff, Peter; Elgood, Giles (22 February 2014). Roche, Andrew (ed.). "Ukraine parliament removes Yanukovich, who flees Kiev in "coup"". Reuters. Kyiv: Thomson Corporation. Archived from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2020. Underscoring Ukraine's regional divisions, leaders of Russian-speaking eastern provinces loyal to Yanukovich voted to challenge anti-Yanukovich steps by the central parliament.
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  46. ^ Ragozin, Leonid (16 March 2019). "Annexation of Crimea: A masterclass in political manipulation". aljazeera.com. Riga: Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 8 May 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2022. Putin framed the invasion and eventual annexation of Crimea as an act of salvation rather than a clear violation of international law and turned a revolution which could have marked the end of his rule into a much-needed popularity booster ... {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 28 May 2020 suggested (help)
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  49. ^ Getmanchuk, Alyona (30 September 2020). "Russia as aggressor, NATO as objective: Ukraine's new National Security Strategy". atlanticcouncil.org. Atlantic Council. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  50. ^ "Zelensky enacts strategy for de-occupation and reintegration of Crimea". Ukrinform. Government of Ukraine. 24 March 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2022. Decree No. 117/2021 of March 24 on enactment of the relevant decision of the National Security and Defense Council was published on the website of the Head of State.
  51. ^ Putin, Vladimir (12 July 2021). "Article by Vladimir Putin 'On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians'". The Kremlin. Government of Russia. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2022. During the recent Direct Line, when I was asked about Russian-Ukrainian relations, I said that Russians and Ukrainians were one people – a single whole. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 25 January 2022 suggested (help)
  52. ^ Snyder, Timothy D. (18 January 2022). "How to think about war in Ukraine". Thinking about... (newsletter). Substack. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2021. Historically speaking, the idea that a dictator in another country decides who is a nation and who is not is known as imperialism.
  53. ^ Lucas, Edward (15 September 2020). "Why Putin's history essay requires a rewrite". The Times. Times Newspapers. Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  54. ^ Roth, Andrew (7 December 2021). "Putin's Ukraine rhetoric driven by distorted view of neighbour". The Guardian. Moscow. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021. But that fear has gone hand-in-hand with chauvinistic bluster that indicates Moscow has a distorted view of modern Ukraine and the goals it wants to achieve there.
  55. ^ Dickinson, Peter; Haring, Melinda; Lubkivsky, Danylo; Motyl, Alexander; Whitmore, Brian; Goncharenko, Oleksiy; Fedchenko, Yevhen; Bonner, Brian; Kuzio, Taras (15 July 2021). "Putin's new Ukraine essay reveals imperial ambitions". Atlantic Council. Archived from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021. Vladimir Putin's inaccurate and distorted claims are neither new nor surprising. They are just the latest example of gaslighting by the Kremlin leader.
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  87. ^ ФСБ сообщила о попадании снаряда в погранпункт на границе с ДНР [The FSB reported that a shell hit the border checkpoint on the border with the DPR]. RBK Daily (in Russian). RBK Group. 21 February 2022. ISSN 1991-0703. OCLC 849495462. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022. В 9:50 выпущенным с Украины снарядом полностью разрушен российский пограничный пункт в Ростовской области в 150 метрах от границы, пострадавших нет, сообщили РБК в ФСБ. [At 9:50 a.m., a projectile fired from Ukraine completely destroyed a Russian border checkpoint in the Rostov region, 150 meters from the border, there were no casualties, the FSB told RBC.]
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