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Circovirus

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Circovirus
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Monodnaviria
Kingdom: Shotokuvirae
Phylum: Cressdnaviricota
Class: Arfiviricetes
Order: Cirlivirales
Family: Circoviridae
Genus: Circovirus

Circovirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Circoviridae. Birds (such as pigeons[1] and ducks[2]) and pigs[3] serve as natural hosts, though dogs have been shown to be infected as well.[4] It is a single stranded DNA virus (ssDNA). There are 49 species in this genus. Some members of this genus cause disease: PCV-1 is non pathogenic, while PCV-2 causes postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS).[5][6]

Taxonomy

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The following species are recognized:

Structure

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Viruses in Circovirus are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and round[clarification needed] geometries, and T=1 symmetry.[7] The diameter is around 17 nm. Genomes are circular and non-segmented.[5]

The virions of Circoviruses are surprisingly small, with diameters ranging from 17 up to 22 nm.[8]

Genus Structure Symmetry Capsid Genomic arrangement Genomic segmentation
Circovirus Icosahedral T=1 Non-enveloped Circular Monopartite

Life cycle

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Viral replication is nuclear. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration. Replication follows the ssDNA rolling circle model. DNA templated transcription, with some alternative splicing mechanism is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by nuclear egress, and nuclear pore export. Birds and pigs serve as the natural host.[9][7] The virus is known to cause "immunosuppressive conditions" in animals that are infected; as well as having the ability to jump between species, creating difficulty in identifying the origin of infection.[7][10][11][12][13][14] Transmission routes are fecal-oral and parental.[5]

Genus Host details Tissue tropism Entry details Release details Replication site Assembly site Transmission
Circovirus Birds; pigs None Cell receptor endocytosis Budding Nucleus Nucleus Horizontal; oral-fecal

Genome

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Circovirus has a monopartite, circular, and ssDNA genome of between 1759 and 2319nt, making it possibly the virus of shortest genome size in mammal viruses. The virus replicates through an dsDNA intermediate initiated by the Rep protein. Two major genes are transcribed from open reading frame (ORF) 1 and 2. ORF1 encodes Rep and Rep' for initiation of rolling-circle replication; ORF2 encodes Cap, the only structural and most immunogenic protein forming the viral capsid.[15]

References

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  1. ^ Marlier D, Vindevogel H (July 2006). "Viral infections in pigeons". Veterinary Journal. 172 (1): 40–51. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.02.026. PMID 16772130.
  2. ^ Zhang XX, Liu SN, Xie ZJ, Kong YB, Jiang SJ (June 2012). "Complete genome sequence analysis of duck circovirus strains from Cherry Valley duck". Virologica Sinica. 27 (3): 154–164. doi:10.1007/s12250-012-3214-4. PMC 8218041. PMID 22684469.
  3. ^ Chae C (March 2012). "Porcine circovirus type 2 and its associated diseases in Korea". Virus Research. 164 (1–2): 107–113. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2011.10.013. PMID 22027190.
  4. ^ Vogelsang J (September 14, 2013). "5 Things You Need to Know About the 'Circovirus Outbreak'". Yahoo News.
  5. ^ a b c "Circovirus". Viral Zone. ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  6. ^ "Circovirus Family: Circoviridae". Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  7. ^ a b c Tarján ZL, Szekeres S, Vidovszky MZ, Egyed L (March 2024). "Detection of circovirus in free-ranging brown rats (Rattus norvegicus)". Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 118: 105548. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105548. PMID 38176604.
  8. ^ Barich D (ed.). "Circovirus". MicrobeWiki. Department of Biology, Kenyon College.
  9. ^ Opriessnig T, Karuppannan AK, Castro AM, Xiao CT (September 2020). "Porcine circoviruses: current status, knowledge gaps and challenges". Virus Research. 286: 198044. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198044. hdl:20.500.11820/5656bbcb-1051-411e-a955-ce4e25583860. PMID 32502553. S2CID 219398908.
  10. ^ Lorincz M, Cságola A, Biksi I, Szeredi L, Dán A, Tuboly T (June 2010). "Detection of porcine circovirus in rodents - short communication". Acta Veterinaria Hungarica. 58 (2): 265–268. doi:10.1556/avet.58.2010.2.12. PMID 20460225.
  11. ^ Pinheiro AL, Bulos LH, Onofre TS, de Paula Gabardo M, de Carvalho OV, Fausto MC, et al. (June 2013). "Verification of natural infection of peridomestic rodents by PCV2 on commercial swine farms". Research in Veterinary Science. 94 (3): 764–768. doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.10.006. PMID 23141170.
  12. ^ Truong QL, Seo TW, Yoon BI, Kim HC, Han JH, Hahn TW (December 2013). "Prevalence of swine viral and bacterial pathogens in rodents and stray cats captured around pig farms in Korea". The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 75 (12): 1647–1650. doi:10.1292/jvms.12-0568. PMC 3942947. PMID 23892461.
  13. ^ Zhai SL, Chen SN, Liu W, Li XP, Deng SF, Wen XH, et al. (November 2016). "Molecular detection and genome characterization of porcine circovirus type 2 in rats captured on commercial swine farms". Archives of Virology. 161 (11): 3237–3244. doi:10.1007/s00705-016-3004-7. PMID 27530112. S2CID 254052514.
  14. ^ Zhao M, Bao S, Xu D, He J, Zhang H, Ji L, et al. (March 2023). "Virome of wild rats (Rattus norvegicus) captured far from pig farms in Jiangsu province of China reveals novel porcine circovirus type 2d (PCV2d) sequences". Virology Journal. 20 (1): 46. doi:10.1186/s12985-023-02005-2. PMC 9997004. PMID 36894948.
  15. ^ Mankertz A (January 2008). "Circoviruses". In Mahy BW, Van Regenmortel MH (eds.). Encyclopedia of Virology (Third ed.). Oxford: Academic Press. pp. 513–519. doi:10.1016/b978-012374410-4.00702-0. ISBN 978-0-12-374410-4. Retrieved 2023-10-04.
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