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Captain America
File:Cap america v4.jpg
Promotional art for Captain America vol. 4, #6, by John Cassaday.
Publication information
PublisherMarvel Comics
First appearanceCaptain America Comics #1
(March 1941)[1]
Created byJoe Simon
Jack Kirby
In-story information
Alter egoSteven "Steve" Rogers
Team affiliationsSecret Avengers
Avengers
Invaders
All-Winners Squad
Secret Defenders
S.H.I.E.L.D.
Project: Rebirth
U.S. Army
Redeemers
Notable aliases"Cap", "Winghead", Nomad, The Captain, Brett Hendrick, Roger Stevens, Steven Grant Rogers, Yeoman America
AbilitiesEnhanced to Peak human potential
Expert martial artist and hand-to-hand combatant
All terrain acrobatics
Master tactician and field commander
Vibranium-steel alloy shield

Captain America, the alter ego of Steve Rogers,[2] is a fictional comic-book superhero in the Marvel Comics universe. Created by Joe Simon and Jack Kirby, he first appeared in Captain America Comics #1 (March 1941), from Marvel Comics' 1940s predecessor, Timely Comics.[1] Often seen as a symbol of America's spirit, he has been associated with the Avengers since 1964, shortly after their formation, and is considered a founding member. Over the years, an estimated 210 million copies of "Captain America" comic books have been sold in a total of 75 countries.[3]

Publication history

Captain America was one of the most popular characters of Marvel Comics' predecessor, Timely Comics, during the 1940s period fans and historians call the Golden Age of Comic Books. Captain America Comics #1 (March 1941) — on sale in December 1940, a year before the bombing of Pearl Harbor, and already showing Cap socking Hitler in the jaw — sold nearly one million copies. [4] Though preceded as a "patriotically themed superhero" by MLJ's The Shield, Captain America immediately became the most prominent and enduring of that wave of superheroes introduced in American comic books prior to and during World War II. With his sidekick Bucky, Captain America faced Nazis, Japanese and other threats to wartime America and the Allies, and joined Timely's fellow hit characters the Human Torch and the Sub-Mariner as the company's primary stars. The first instance of Captain America's trademark ricocheting shield-toss occurs in future Marvel editor-in-chief Stan Lee's first comics writing, the two-page text story "Captain America Foils the Traitor's Revenge" in Captain America Comics #3 (May 1941).[5]

Comic Art Convention program book featuring Joe Simon's original 1940 sketch of Captain America.

After the Simon & Kirby team moved to DC late 1941, having produced Captain America Comics through issue #10 (Jan. 1942), Al Avison and Syd Shores became regular pencilers of the celebrated title, with one generally inking over the other.

In the post-war era, with the popularity of superheroes fading, Captain America led Timely/Marvel's first superhero team, the All-Winners Squad, in its two published adventures, in the unhyphenated All Winners Comics #19 & 21 (Fall-Winter 1946; there was no issue #20). After Bucky was shot and wounded in a 1948 Captain America story, he was succeeded by Captain America's girlfriend Betsy Ross, who became the superheroine Golden Girl. Captain America Comics ended with #75 (Feb. 1950), by which time the series had been titled Captain America's Weird Tales for two issues, with the finale a horror/suspense anthology issue with no superheroes.

Captain America was briefly revived, along with the original Human Torch and the Sub-Mariner, in Young Men #24 (Dec. 1953), published by Marvel's 1950s iteration Atlas Comics. Billed as "Captain America, Commie Smasher!", he appeared several times during the next year in Young Men and Men's Adventures, as well as in three issues of an eponymous title. Sales were poor, however, and the character again disappeared after Captain America #78 (Sept. 1954).

In the Human Torch story titled "Captain America" in Marvel Comics' Strange Tales #114 (Nov. 1963), writer-editor Stan Lee and artist and co-plotter Jack Kirby depicted the brash young Fantastic Four member Johnny Storm, the Human Torch, in an exhibition performance with Captain America, described as a legendary World War II and 1950s superhero who has returned after many years of apparent retirement. The 13-page story ends with this Captain America revealed as an impostor: the villain the Acrobat, a former circus performer the Torch had defeated in Strange Tales #106. Afterward, Storm digs out an old comic book in which Captain America is shown to be Steve Rogers. A caption in the final panel says this story was a test to see if readers would like Captain America to return.

The genuine character was revived a few months later in The Avengers #4 (March 1964), which explained that in the final days of WWII, Captain America fell from an experimental drone plane into the North Atlantic Ocean and spent decades frozen in a state of suspended animation. (Retellings sometimes place the event over the English Channel.) He quickly became leader of that superhero team.

After then guest-starring in the feature "Iron Man" in Tales of Suspense #58 (Oct. 1964), Captain America gained his own solo feature in that "split book", beginning the following issue. Kirby, Captain America's co-creator during the 1940s period fans and historians call the Golden Age of comic books was illustrating his hero's solo adventures again for the first time since 1941. Issue #63 (March 1965), which retold Captain America's origin, through #71 (Nov. 1965) was a period feature set during WWII and co-starred Captain America's Golden Age sidekick, Bucky.

In the 1970s, the post-war versions of Captain America were retconned into separate, successive characters who briefly took up the mantle of Captain America after Steve Rogers went into suspended animation near the end of World War II.[6][7] The hero found a new generation of readers as leader of the all-star superhero team the Avengers, and in a new solo feature beginning in Tales of Suspense #59 (Nov. 1964), a "split book" shared with the feature "Iron Man". Kirby drew all but two of the stories in Tales of Suspense, which became Captain America with #100 (April 1968); Gil Kane and John Romita Sr. each filled-in once. Several stories were finished by penciler-inker George Tuska over Kirby layouts, with one finished by Romita Sr. and another by penciler Dick Ayers and inker John Tartaglione. Kirby's regular inkers on the series were Frank Giacoia (as "Frank Ray") and Joe Sinnott, though Don Heck and Golden Age Captain America artist Syd Shores inked one story each. (Iron Man received his own, separate series.) The new title Captain America continued to feature artwork by Kirby, as well as a short run by Jim Steranko, and work by many of the industry's top artists and writers.

This series — considered Captain America vol. 1 by comics researchers and historians,[8] following the 1940s Captain America Comics and its 1950s numbering continuation — ended with #454 (Aug. 1996). It was almost immediately followed by the 13-issue Captain America vol. 2 (Nov. 1996 - Nov. 1997),[9] the 50-issue Captain America vol. 3 (Jan. 1998 - Feb. 2002),[10] the 32-issue Captain America vol. 4 (June 2002 - Dec. 2004)[11] and Captain America vol. 5 (Jan. 2005 -  ).[12]

As part of the aftermath of Marvel Comics' company crossover "Civil War", Steve Rogers was killed in Captain America vol 5 #25 (April 2007). Series writer Ed Brubaker remarked:

What I found is that all the really hard-core left-wing fans want Cap to be standing out on and giving speeches on the street corner against the George W. Bush administration, and all the really right-wing fans all want him to be over in the streets of Baghdad, punching out Saddam Hussein."[13]

Marvel Entertainment Editor-in-Chief Joe Quesada commented, however, that a Captain America comeback was not impossible. The character's death came as a blow to co-creator Joe Simon, who said, "It's a hell of a time for him to go. We really need him now."[13]

In reaction to dialogue between two characters in another Marvel comic released the same day, Marvel issued a press release that said "comments from Ms. Marvel in ... Civil War: The Initiative, which seemed to indicate that Captain America is still alive, and being held prisoner by the Pro-Registration forces, may not have been exactly what they seemed on the surface ... yes, Captain America, Steve Rogers, is dead." The release also stated that the Captain America series would continue.[14]

Fictional character biography

1940s—Operation: Rebirth

File:Captainamerica1.jpg
Captain America Comics#1 (March 1941). Cover art by Jack Kirby (pencils) & Joe Simon (inks).

Steve Rogers is born on July 4, 1917 in the Lower East Side of Manhattan, New York City, to Irish immigrants Sarah and Joseph Rogers.[15] By the early 1940s, before America's entry into World War II, Rogers is a tall but scrawny fine arts student specializing in illustration. Disturbed by the rise of the Third Reich, Rogers attempts to enlist, only to be rejected due to his poor constitution. A U.S. Army officer looking for test subjects offers Rogers the chance to serve his country by taking part in a top-secret defense project — Operation: Rebirth, which seeks to develop a means of creating physically superior soldiers. Rogers volunteers for the research and, after a rigorous selection process, is chosen as the first human test subject for the Super-Soldier serum developed by the scientist "Dr. Reinstein,"[16][17] later retroactively changed to a code name for the scientist Emil Erskine.[18]

Later stories reveal that Rogers is not the first to be given the Super-Soldier formula. The night before Rogers receives the Super-Soldier formula, some military members of the project decide that a non-soldier is not the right candidate and secretly give Erskine's incomplete formula to Clinton McIntyre. This, however, makes McIntyre violently insane, and he is subdued and placed in cold storage. The criminal organization AIM later revives McIntyre as the homicidal Protocide.[19]

The night that Operation: Rebirth is implemented, Rogers receives injections and oral ingestions of the Super-Soldier formula. He is then exposed to a controlled burst of "Vita-Rays" that activate and stabilize the chemicals in his system. Although the process is arduous physically, it successfully alters his physiology almost instantly from its relatively frail form to the maximum of human efficiency, greatly enhancing his musculature and reflexes. Erskine declares Rogers to be the first of a new breed of man, a "nearly perfect human being."[17] The irony of the transformation of an art student into a Nordic Übermensch fighting Nazism and Fascism, may have not been obvious to 1940s readers.

At that moment, a Nazi spy reveals himself and shoots Erskine. Because the scientist had committed the crucial portions of the Super-Soldier formula to memory, it cannot be duplicated. Rogers kills the spy in retaliation and vows to oppose the enemies of America.[17][20]

The United States government, making the most of its one super-soldier, reimagines him as a superhero who serves as both a counter-intelligence agent and a propaganda symbol to counter Nazi Germany's head of terrorist operations, the Red Skull. To that end, Rogers is given a uniform modeled after the American flag (based on Rogers's own sketches[15]) a bulletproof shield, a personal side arm, and the codename Captain America. He is also given a cover identity as a clumsy infantry private at Camp Lehigh in Virginia. Barely out of his teens himself, Rogers makes friends with the camp's teenage mascot James Buchanan "Bucky" Barnes.[16]

File:Captainamerica5.jpg
Promotional art for Captain America vol. 5,#5 (May 2005), with fellow Invaders the Sub-Mariner and the original Human Torch. Pencils by Steve Epting.

Barnes accidentally learns of Roger's dual identity and offers to keep the secret if he can become Captain America's sidekick. Rogers agrees and trains Barnes. Rogers meets President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who presents him with a new shield made from a mixture of steel and vibranium, fused by an unknown catalyst. The alloy is indestructible, yet the shield is light enough to use as a discus-like weapon that can be angled to return to him. It proves so effective that Captain America forgoes the sidearm.[18] Throughout World War II, Captain America and Bucky fight the Nazi menace both on their own and as members of the superhero team the Invaders (as seen in the 1970s comic of the same name).[21]

In 1942 (after Rogers has become Captain America), a beta version of the formula is given to a group of African-American soldiers as part of a military experiment by another scientist given the Reinstein code name; Isaiah Bradley is the sole survivor. After the last two members of his group are killed, Bradley steals a uniform meant for Rogers and wears it on a suicide mission to destroy the Nazi super-soldier effort at a German concentration camp. Bradley is captured but the U.S. Army rescues and court martials him. He is imprisoned for 17 years in Leavenworth until pardoned by President Eisenhower. By the time of his release, the long-term effects of the formula have turned Bradley into a hulking, sterile giant with the mentality of a seven-year-old. Rogers does not find out about Bradley until decades later.[22] The Patriot, a member of the Young Avengers, is Bradley's grandson.[23]

Further revelations later explain that Operation: Rebirth is funded and secretly a part of the Weapon Plus program, a clandestine government organization devoted to the creation of superhumans to combat and exterminate mutants. Rogers is "Weapon I," the first-generation living weapon. Following his disappearance, subsequent phases involve experimentation on animals, racial minorities, criminals, and mutants, with results including Wolverine and Fantomex.[24]

In 1945, during the closing days of World War II, Captain America and Bucky try to stop the villainous Baron Zemo from destroying an experimental drone plane. Zemo launches the plane with an armed explosive on it, with Rogers and Barnes in hot pursuit. They reach the plane just before it takes off, but when Bucky tries to defuse the bomb, it explodes in mid-air. The young man is believed killed, and Rogers is hurled into the freezing waters of the North Atlantic. Neither body is found, and both are presumed dead.[25]

Late 1940s–1950s: After Steve Rogers

Captain America#78 (Sept. 1954), featuring the first Electro. Cover art by John Romita Sr..

Fearing it would be a blow to American morale if Captain America's demise is revealed, President Truman asks William Naslund, the patriotically costumed Golden Age hero the Spirit of '76, to assume the role, with a young man named Fred Davis as Bucky. They continue to serve in the same roles after the war with the All-Winners Squad, until the android Adam II fatally injures Naslund in 1946.[7] After Naslund's death, Jeff Mace, the Golden Age Patriot, takes over as Captain America, with Davis continuing as Bucky; however, Davis is shot and injured in 1948 and forced to retire. Mace teams up with Betsy "Golden Girl" Ross, and sometime before 1953 gives up his Captain America identity to marry her. Mace develops cancer and dies decades later.[26]

In 1953, an unnamed man (who later goes by the title "The Grand Director") who idolizes Captain America and who had done his American History Ph.D. thesis on Rogers discovers Nazi files in a German warehouse, one of which contains the lost formula for the Super Soldier serum. He takes it to the United States government on the condition that they use it to make him the fourth Captain America. Needing a symbol for the Korean War, they agree, and the man undergoes plastic surgery to look like Steve Rogers, even assuming his name. The war ends and the project is never completed. "Rogers" finds a teaching job at the Lee School, where he meets Jack Monroe, a young orphan who also idolizes Captain America. They use the formula on themselves and become the new Captain America and Bucky, this time fighting Communism.[27]

"Rogers" and Monroe do not know of and therefore do not undergo the "Vita-Ray" process, and the imperfect implementation of the formula in their systems makes them paranoid. By the middle of 1954, they are irrationally attacking anyone they perceive to be a Communist. In 1955 the FBI places them in suspended animation. The 1950s Captain America and Bucky are revived in the early 1970s, several years after the return of Steve Rogers. They go on another rampage and are defeated by the man after whom they had modeled themselves.[6]

1960s–1970s: Return of Steve Rogers

The Avengers #4 (Mar. 1964).
Cover art by Jack Kirby & George Roussos.

Years later,[25] the superhero team the Avengers discovers Steve Rogers' body in the North Atlantic, his costume under his soldier's uniform and still carrying his shield. After he revives, they piece together that Rogers had been preserved in a block of ice since 1945. The block had begun to melt after the Sub-Mariner, enraged that an Arctic Inuit tribe is worshiping the frozen figure, throws it into the ocean. Rogers accepts membership in the Avengers, and although long out of his time, his considerable combat experience makes him a valuable asset to the team. He quickly assumes leadership, and has typically returned to that position throughout the team's history.

Captain America is plagued by guilt for being unable to prevent Bucky's death — a feeling that does not ease for some time. Although he takes the young Rick Jones (who closely resembles Bucky) under his tutelage, he refuses for some time to allow Jones to take up the Bucky identity, not wishing to be responsible for another youth's death. Jones eventually convinces Rogers to let him don the Bucky costume,[28] but this partnership lasts only a short time; a disguised Red Skull, impersonating Rogers with the help of the Cosmic Cube, drives Jones away.

Captain America#180 (Dec. 1974). Captain America becomes "Nomad". Cover art by Gil Kane.

Rogers also reunites with his old war comrade Nick Fury, who is similarly well preserved thanks to his Infinity Formula ingestions. As a result, Rogers regularly undertakes missions for the security agency S.H.I.E.L.D. for which Fury was executive director.[29]

Rogers later meets and trains Sam Wilson, who becomes the superhero the Falcon, one of the early African-American superheroes in comic books. As a result, the pair have a partnership and friendship that has remained strong at varying levels to this day, (including sharing the title for some time as Captain America and the Falcon). [30] The two later encounter the revived but still insane 1950s Captain America.[6] Although Rogers and the Falcon defeat the faux Rogers and Jack Monroe, Rogers becomes deeply disturbed that he could have suffered his counterpart's fate.

The series also dealt with the Marvel Universe's version of the Watergate scandal, making Rogers so uncertain about his role that he abandons his Captain America identity in favor of one called Nomad. During this time, several men unsuccessfully assume the Captain America identity.[31] Rogers eventually re-assumes it after coming to consider that the identity could be a symbol of American ideals and not its government. Jack Monroe, cured of his mental instability, later takes up the Nomad alias.[32] During this period, Rogers also temporarily gains super strength.[33]

1980s

Captain America#350 (Feb. 1989): Rogers as The Captain vs. John Walker as Captain America. Cover art by Kieron Dwyer & Al Milgrom.

In the 1980s, in addition to runs from such acclaimed creators as John Byrne, the series reveals the true face and full origin of the Red Skull. Long-time writer Mark Gruenwald explores numerous political and social themes, such as extreme idealism when Captain America fights the anti-nationalist terrorist Flag-Smasher;[34] and vigilantism when he hunts the murderous Scourge of the Underworld.[35] The series also subtly addressed the issue of homophobia when Captain America reunites up with a childhood friend named Arnold Roth who has long since known that Steve Rogers was Captain America. We first meet Roth in Captain America #270 and while the word "homosexuality" is never said, Roth is living with another man, a school teacher who helped him overcome his gambling addiction, and is shown to be heartbroken when his roommate is murdered by Baron Zemo [1].

Rogers receives a large back-pay reimbursement dating back to his disappearance at the end of World War II, and a government commission orders him to work directly for the U.S. government. Already troubled by the corruption he had encountered with the Nuke incident in New York City[36], Rogers chooses instead to resign his identity and take the alias of "the Captain.” A replacement Captain America, John Walker, struggles to emulate Rogers' ideals until pressure from hidden enemies helps to drive Walker insane. Rogers returns to the Captain America identity while a recovered Walker becomes the U.S. Agent.[37]

1990s

Sometime afterward, Rogers avoids the explosion of a methamphetamine lab, but the drug triggers a chemical reaction in the Super-Soldier serum in his system. To combat the reaction, Rogers has the serum removed from his body, and trains constantly to maintain his physical condition.

A retcon later establishes that the serum was not a drug per se, which would have metabolized out of his system, but in fact a virus that effected a biochemical and genetic change. This additionally explained how archnemesis Red Skull, who at the time inhabited a body cloned from Rogers' cells, also has the formula in his body.

Because of his altered biochemistry, Rogers' body begins to deteriorate, and for a time he must wear a powered exoskeleton and is eventually placed again in suspended animation. During this time, he is given a transfusion of blood from the Red Skull, which cures his condition and stabilizes the Super-Soldier virus in his system. Captain America returns both to crime fighting and the Avengers.[38]

21st century

File:Wsoldier9.jpg
Captain America with the Winter Soldier, after the latter has recovered his memories. Pencils by Steve Epting.

Rogers reveals his identity to the world, and establishes a residence in the Red Hook neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York.[39]

Following the events of Avengers Disassembled, again under the employ of S.H.I.E.L.D., Rogers discovers that Bucky is alive, having been saved and deployed by Soviet espionage interests as the Winter Soldier. It is revealed that Bucky was actually a 16-year-old operative who had been initially trained by the U.S. to perform missions that Rogers was not asked to do, such as covert assassinations conducted without Rogers' knowledge.

Rogers resumes his on-again, off-again relationship with S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent Sharon Carter.

In the 2006-2007 "Civil War" crossover, Captain America opposes mandatory federal registration of all super-powered beings and leads the Anti-Registration faction and resistance movement. He becomes a fugitive and opposes the heroes of the Pro-Registration group, including his former friend Iron Man. He adopts the alias "Brett Hendrick,” a mall security guard, to avoid government detection.[40] As the War continues, Cap enlists the assistance of several figures whom he would not choose to ally himself with under normal circumstances, such as the Punisher and the Kingpin.[41]

During the climactic battle between pro- and anti-Registration superheroes, Captain America confronts and batters Iron Man (whose armor has been disabled by the Vision)—victory is in his grasp. However, when a group of civilians attempt to restrain him, Rogers realizes that he is endangering the very people he has sworn to protect. He removes his mask, surrenders to authorities as Steve Rogers, and orders the anti-Registration forces to stand down. As Rogers is led away in handcuffs, the Punisher retrieves Captain America's discarded mask.

Captain America is shot. Art by Steve Epting.

Death

Following his surrender, Steve Rogers is indicted on multiple criminal charges. As he is brought to a federal courthouse, a sniper shoots him in the back. In the crowd chaos that ensues, he is wounded an additional three times by gunshots to the stomach and chest. Rogers is taken to a hospital, where he dies.[42]

The assassination, orchestrated by the Red Skull, involves Crossbones deployed as the sniper. In addition, Dr. Faustus, posing as a S.H.I.E.L.D. psychiatrist, gave Sharon Carter a hypnotic suggestion she believes caused her to shoot Rogers at a crucial moment.[42]

The superhero community is shaken by the assassination. The Punisher adopts a costume similar to that of Captain America, while Winter Soldier and Wolverine seek to avenge his death.[43]

Captain America is publicly laid to rest in Arlington National Cemetery, under a monument built in his honor. The body in Arlington is a fake: Tony Stark, accompanied by Hank Pym and Janet Van Dyne, returns Steve Rogers' real body to the Arctic where he was found all those years ago, frozen in ice. Namor attends the small private ceremony and swears that as long as he rules the seas, no one shall disturb Captain America's rest.

Due to the current storyline in New Avengers, a theory has been presented that the Captain America that was killed was in fact a Skrull. - ADS

Purported deaths of Captain America

See Comic book deaths

Captain America's death in 2007 was reported on several major news outlets and commentary programs, including CNN: Headline News and the Associated Press, as well on such topical humor programs as Comedy Central's Colbert Report, in which host Stephen Colbert "revealed" that Marvel's editor-in-chief, Joe Quesada, had presented him Captain America's shield as a gift.

Captain America has been presumed killed or has been killed and resurrected many times during his fictional lifetime in the Marvel universe. These include in comics from these years:

  • 1964 - presumed dead in an explosion caused by Baron Zemo near the end of World War II; later revealed to have been plunged into a state of suspended animation after falling into cold water.
  • 1969 - faked his death to fool agents of HYDRA; in the following issue, Steve Rogers admits to having faked his death so he could retire peacefully, and becomes Captain America again several issues later.
  • 1978 - murdered alongside his fellow Avengers by the cosmic villain Korvac, who resurrects them on the following page.
  • 1984 - killed during the events of the Secret Wars alongside many other Marvel heroes. They were resurrected the following issue, where Captain America was then killed twice more by Doctor Doom but instantly resurrected both times by the Beyonder.
  • 1989 - after being forced to give up the mantle of Captain America by the U.S. government, Rogers eventually reclaims the title from his replacement, John Walker. Walker, seemingly assassinated, fakes his own death to become the new super-hero US Agent.
  • 1991 - killed alongside many other heroes by the cosmic villain Thanos during the Infinity Gauntlet story arc; later, Adam Warlock manipulates reality to prevent this and other events from ever having occurred.
  • 1992 - presumed assassinated by The Punisher and given a state funeral; it was later revealed his death was faked for the Punisher's benefit.
  • 1996 - Captain America's super-soldier serum degrades and causes irreparable cellular damage over the course of several issues. At the end of one issue, Cap lies down, ready to die and the Avengers later learn his body is missing, presumably stolen. The next issue, during a broadcast of his funeral, Captain America turns up alive after the Red Skull had reversed the damage to his body, though not until after Captain America was clinically dead.
  • 1996 - presumed killed by Onslaught alongside the Avengers and others; eventually revealed to have been transported to a "pocket universe" and returned to normal Marvel universe continuity the following year.
  • 2001 - presumed killed by a bomb set off by Nazi soldiers living out their retirement in New Jersey; several months later, Captain America reappears in Marvel continuity without explanation.
  • 2005 - a possible future version is killed alongside Wolverine at the hands of Thor.
  • 2007 - shot several times by a sniper and by hypnotized S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Sharon Carter as he was being escorted into the Manhattan federal courthouse, days after his surrender ended the Civil War crossover story arc.

Bucky was presumed dead for several decades, but returned as the Winter Soldier. Former Bucky Jack Munroe (Nomad) was presumed dead on two occasions, only to return; he was killed by the original Bucky.

Powers and abilities

File:CAtransformation.png
Steve Rogers' physical transformation, from a reprint of Captain America Comics #1 (March 1941). Art by Jack Kirby & Joe Simon.

Rogers in the regular Marvel Universe has no superhuman powers, although as a result of the Super-Soldier serum, he is transformed from a frail young man into a "perfect" specimen of human development and conditioning. Captain America is as intelligent, strong, fast, agile, and durable as it is possible for a human being to be without being considered superhuman. He was once seen bench-pressing 1100 pounds (500 kg) unassisted.[44] The formula enhances all of his metabolic functions and prevents the build-up of fatigue poisons in his muscles, giving him endurance far in excess of an ordinary human being. This accounts for many of his extraordinary feats, including running a mile (1.6 km) in little more than a minute.[45] Furthermore, his enhancements are the reason why he was able to survive being frozen in suspended animation for decades. Rogers is also unable to become intoxicated by alcohol and is immune to many diseases.

The "Streets of Poison" storyline established that Rogers' body regularly creates the super-soldier serum.[46]

Mentally, Rogers' battle experience and training make him an expert tactician and an excellent field commander, with his teammates frequently deferring to his orders in battle. Rogers' reflexes and senses are also extraordinarily keen. He is a master of multiple martial arts, including boxing, jujutsu, aikido and judo, combined with his virtually superhuman gymnastic ability into his own unique fighting style with advanced pressure-point fighting. Years of practice with his indestructible shield make it practically an extension of his own body, and he is able to aim and throw it with almost unerring accuracy. His skill with his shield is such that he can attack multiple targets in succession with a single throw by use of ricochets, or even cause a boomerang-like return from a throw to attack an enemy from behind. He is extremely skilled in hand-to-hand combat, sometimes taking on and defeating foes whose strength, size, or other powers greatly exceed his own. In the comics, he is regarded by other skilled fighters as one of the best hand-to-hand combatants in the Marvel Universe.[47][48]

Rogers has vast U.S. military knowledge and is often shown to be familiar with ongoing, highly-classified Defense Department operations. Despite his high profile as one of the world's most popular and recognizable superheroes, Rogers also has a broad understanding of the espionage community, largely through his ongoing relationship with S.H.I.E.L.D.. He occasionally makes forays into mundane career fields, including commercial arts, comic book artistry, education (high school history) and law enforcement.

Weapons and equipment

Further information: [[:Captain America's shield]]

Captain America uses several shields throughout his history, the most recognizable of which is a nigh-indestructible discus-shaped shield made from a fusion of Vibranium with an experimental steel alloy.[49] This alloy was created by accident and never duplicated, although efforts to reverse-engineer it resulted in the creation of adamantium. Cable reveals to Captain America that this shield still exists in one of the possible futures; Cable carries it into battle and brandishes it as a symbol.[50]

Captain America's uniform is made of a fire-retardant material, and he wears a lightweight "duralumin" scale armor beneath his uniform for added protection.[18] Originally, Rogers' mask was a separate piece of material, but an early engagement had it dislodged, thus almost exposing his identity. To prevent a recurrence of the situation, Rogers modified the mask with connecting material to his uniform, an added benefit of which was extending his armor to cover his previously exposed neck. Since then, events have forced him to reveal his identity to the world. As a member of the Avengers, Rogers has an Avengers priority card, which serves as a communications device.

Characters who have used the "Captain America" name

Numerous individuals have claimed the "Captain America" title at one time or another in the Marvel Universe. These include:

  • Steven Rogers, an ancestor of Steve Rogers who is shown to have had the nickname "Captain America" during the American Revolutionary War in Captain America: Sentinel of Liberty #6[51] and Hellfire Club #2[52]
  • Isaiah Bradley, a supersoldier serum test subject who briefly wears the Captain America costume in the 2004 limited series Truth: Red White and Black which is set in the early 1940s.
  • Colin MacIntyre, Protocide, a character who goes through the super soldier process the night before Steve Rogers in Captain America Annual 2000. Though he later wears a patriotic costume, he never goes by the title "Captain America".[19]
  • Steve Rogers (the first Captain America), debuted in Captain America Comics #1, and was the most recent title holder until his recent death.[16]
  • William Naslund, The Spirit of '76, replaced Rogers in the role in 1945 in What If? #4.[7]
  • Jeff Mace, the Patriot, replaced Naslund in the role in 1947 in What If? #4.[7]
  • The 1950s anti-communist Cap whose real name is as yet unrevealed, though he later went by "Steve Rogers" and "the Grand Director". In Captain America #155, he was revealed to have been the Steve Rogers/Captain America who appeared in comics published during the 1950s.[53]
  • In Tales of Suspense #96 a number of unnamed individuals try unsuccessfully to assume the Captain America role after Rogers announces his retirement.[54][55]
  • In Captain America: Sentinel of Liberty #8-9, Sam Wilson (The Falcon) briefly takes on the identity in a two-part retcon story, set in between other Captain America stories which were first published in the early 1970s.[56]
  • Bob Russo, calls himself "Captain America" briefly in Captain America #178-179 (October - November, 1974).[57]
  • "Scar" Turpin, also calls himself "Captain America" very briefly in Captain America #179 (November, 1974).[58]
  • "Roscoe" becomes "Captain America" in Captain America #181 (January, 1975). He is killed in action by the Red Skull in Captain America #183.[59][60]
  • John Walker, later known as U.S. Agent, serves as Captain America in Captain America #336-350.[61] He later claims the title again in the 2004-2005 New Invaders series, despite the fact that Rogers is also active in the role at the time.[62]
  • The Anti-Cap, a mysterious character wearing a version of the Captain America costume who appears in Captain America and the Falcon.[63][64]
  • Frank Castle, following Steve Rogers' death, has changed his traditional skull shirt and trenchcoat uniform to an amalgamation of Captain America's uniform and his own to fight the new Hate-Monger, who is also using a Captain America themed costume, under Captain America's name.
  • Clint Barton, the former Hawkeye very briefly took up the mantle at the request of Tony Stark in the 2007 miniseries Fallen Son.

Other versions

1602

The Marvel 1602 limited series presents an alternate history in which a Captain America from the 20th century is transported to the year 1602, where he assumes the identity of "Rojhaz", a mixed-race Native American. His arrival causes numerous alterations in reality, causing analogues of various Marvel Universe characters to appear in the 17th century instead. Rogers refuses to return to the future because he wants to nurture a new United States free of prejudice from its very beginnings, but the 1602 version of Nick Fury forces him to return, accompanying him on the journey.

Amalgam Comics

In the Amalgam Comics universe, Super-Soldier is an amalgamation of Captain America and Superman.

Avataars

In the Avataars: Covenant of the Shield limited series, Captain America's counterpart is King St'vaan of Avalon, also known as Captain Avalon. St'vaan possesses the enchanted shield Excelsior and the mystic orb called the Heart of Avalon.

Earth X

In the 1999 Earth X series, in a post-apocalyptic alternate present, Captain America is a war-worn hero, with a shaven head, a ragged United States flag for a top and an A-shaped scar on his face, but still holding on to his shield. In the Universe X: Cap one-shot comic, he sacrificed himself to save the reborn Captain Mar-Vell. He later transformed into an angel of sorts, blue skin, a white star on his chest, an "A" shape on his face, a U.S. flag draped around him, and a blade of light from his right arm.

Elseworlds

Captain America and his sidekick Bucky starred in "Batman and Captain America," a title that appeared in the DC Comics Elseworlds series. The story was set in an alternate World War II, with Captain America and Bucky meeting Batman and Robin in the course of a mission and working together as a result. The two heroes' principal arch-villains the Red Skull and The Joker also worked together, in a Nazi plot to steal the American Fat Man atomic bomb, though when the Joker realises that the Skull is actually a German he double-crosses him and causes the atomic bomb to be detonated off-target, killing the two villains. In the epilogue Dick Grayson, who is now the new Batman, with retired Bruce Wayne's son Bruce Jr. as Robin, discovers Captain America frozen in an iceberg in the ocean several decades after the war. When thawed out by Batman and Robin, Captain America, though aggrieved by the death of Bucky in their final adventure (the same as in the main Marvel storyline), decides to again fight in the name of justice.

Forever Yesterday

In the New Warriors storyline "Forever Yesterday", the Sphinx creates an alternate reality where the Middle East is the dominant superpower in the world and its champion is Captain Assyria.

House of M

In the altered world of the House of M, Steve Rogers lived through World War II and the years afterward, not frozen in suspended animation. Rogers became an astronaut and was the first man to walk on the moon in 1956. As a result of not going into suspended animation, Rogers is said as being 100 years old during the House of M, by Emma Frost.

Marvel Mangaverse

In the Marvel Mangaverse reality, the original Captain America was killed by Doctor Doom, but Carol Danvers assumes the identity.

Marvel Zombies

File:Capzombie.PNG
Colonel America, from Marvel Zombies. Pencils by Sean Phillips.

In the 2005-2006 miniseries Marvel Zombies, and the follow-up 2007 Marvel Zombies vs. The Army of Darkness, Captain America is known as Colonel America, and he has served as President of the United States. He is among the superheroes turned into zombies and uses his knowledge to raid secret government bunkers for people to eat. He is finally killed by a zombie Red Skull, who scoops his brains out shortly before he is destroyed by Spider-Man.

In Marvel Zombies vs. The Army of Darkness, a reference is made to the Ultimate Captain's famous line, "Do You think this letter on my head stands for France?", wherin the Zombified Colonel saluted, pointing to his 'A', and called out "Bon Appetit!" to a fleeing Spider-Man.

MC2

In the alternate reality MC2 universe, Captain America leads the original Avengers on a mission to yet another alternate reality, which claims the majority of the team. He stays behind to aid the rebels in that reality, thus adding to the list of the dead / missing in action. The next iteration of MC2 Avengers aids him in A-Next #10-11, at the end of which he gives American Dream the shield that had belonged to that universe's Captain America. Captain America and Thunderstrike return to their home universe to aid in the fight against Seth in Spider-Girl #59.

In the 2005 limited series Last Hero Standing, the MC2 Captain America is fatally injured leading a group of young heroes in battle against the Norse god Loki. Thor uses his power to transform Captain America into a new star. In the sequel, Last Planet Standing, Galactus states that this new star is the key to his escaping his world-devouring hunger.

Mutant X

In the Mutant X universe, a mutant succeeds Rogers as Captain America, joining Havok's team of superheroes, "The Six", in order to protect mutants from a deranged Nick Fury and S.H.I.E.L.D. He has powerful energy manipulating abilities which manifest when America is threatened. He is killed by the Beyonder.

Spider-Ham

In the Spider-Ham comic books, the funny animal version of Captain America is Steve Mouser, an anthropomorphic cat who works for the Daily Beagle and is also secretly Captain Americat.[65]

Ultimate Captain America

File:Ultimates11.jpg
Promotional art for Ultimates #11 (July 2005). Pencils by Bryan Hitch

The Ultimate Marvel Universe version of Captain America was created by Mark Millar and Bryan Hitch based on the original character. He makes his first appearance in Ultimates #1.

In the Ultimate universe, Steve Rogers is a frail volunteer who undergoes months of steroid treatment, surgery, and the Super-Soldier formula to become Captain America. Bucky is a childhood friend who follows him on his missions as a photographer rather than as a costumed sidekick. Rogers' last mission as Captain America sends him to a Nazi stronghold on the coast of Iceland to stop a prototype hydrogen bomb created using alien technology. He causes the rocket carrying the bomb to explode and falls into the freezing Arctic Ocean. Rogers falls into a state of suspended animation until Tony Stark's deep sea exploration team pulls him out of the water 57 years later. Bucky survives the war, and, thinking that Rogers had been killed in action, marries Rogers' fiancée Gail.[66]

The Ultimate universe Captain America is more politically and morally conservative than his mainstream Marvel universe counterpart and is more prone to violent solutions, frequently using small arms and explosives. His costume is mostly the same, except that his mask lacks the traditional wings on the side of his head and his shoulders sport American star emblems. The mask was modified into a helmet as of Ultimates 2.

Rogers becomes one of the first members and field commander of the superhuman team the Ultimates, S.H.I.E.L.D.'s answer to posthuman terrorism. He tries to adjust to life in the 21st century, although he longs for older times and values, spending much time with Bucky and Gail (now senior citizens) and going to WWII veterans' reunions. Rogers wears a kevlar uniform and carries a shield of pure adamantium. He also dates Janet van Dyne, the Wasp, the estranged wife of former team member Henry Pym.[67]

A year later, it appears that Captain America repeatedly betrays the team, and S.H.I.E.L.D. places him in custody. The Black Widow is revealed as the traitor, aiding a coalition of countries invading America. When these invaders, who call themselves The Liberators appear to have defeated all American superheroes and effectively America itself, the Wasp frees him from his cell and they join the other few heroes as a resistance. After a pitched one-on-one battle with the Liberators' leader, Rogers kills him with his own weapon.[68]

Rogers is also a highly skilled hand-to-hand combatant. In addition, his strength and recuperative abilities are remarkable, he has been shown bicep-curling 545 lb.[69] In the Ultimate Universe, Bruce Banner becomes the Hulk as a result of his experiments to recreate the Super-Soldier serum. Despite the Hulk being one of the strongest characters in the Ultimate Universe, Rogers takes on the Hulk in hand-to-hand combat, knocking him down momentarily. Rogers also defeats Henry Pym in melee combat while Pym is in his almost 60-foot tall Giant Man form, in retaliation for Pym having beaten the Wasp during a domestic dispute.[70]

What if?

  • Other versions of Captain America appear in issues of What If, a comic featuring tales of alternate realities.

Bullet Points

Before Steve Rogers can become Captain America, Dr. Erskine is killed before the Super-Soldier Serum is injected into him. Due to this change, Project: Rebirth is cancelled and Project: Iron Man is activated. As Steve Rogers volunteers, he becomes this universe's Iron Man

In other media

Films

File:Captainamerica2.jpg
Matt Salinger playing Captain America in the 1991 movie.

Television

File:Captainamerica1.gif
Reb Brown as Captain America (1979, TV).
  • Captain America appears in two 1970s live-action television movies: Captain America and Captain America II: Death Too Soon, starring Reb Brown. The character differs significantly from the comics, in both his origin and his operations. For instance, Rogers is a character in contemporary times who is the son of the 1940s Captain America, and received an experimental chemical called the FLAG (Full Latent Ability Gain) formula that enhances his body with heightened strength and reflexes. He also makes significant use of a specialized van, and of a modified motorcycle. The bike has a detachable round windshield with the concentric circles, with the white sections being transparent, and star which he uses as his shield when he goes on foot.

Animation

Captain America has appeared in the following animated TV series:

  • The Marvel Superheroes (1966): Captain America was one of the five featured superheroes, starring one "Captain America" segment a week.
  • Spider-Man (1981): Guest-starred in one episode, "The Capture of Captain America". He was voiced by George DiCenzo.
  • Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends (1981): He appeared in the following Spider-Man series in two episodes, "7 Little Superheroes" and "Pawns of the Kingpin", where he was again voiced was by DiCenzo.
  • X-Men (1992): Captain America appears in one episode, "Old Soldiers". He is an American agent, sent along with Canadian Wolverine, to rescue a scientist kidnapped by the Red Skull and the Nazis. He is present in the episode only in flashbacks of Wolverine's. Captain America is voiced by Lawrence Bayne who probably sounded familiar because he also provided voices for Cable and Erik the Red in the same series. The Red Skull was voiced by Cedric Smith who also voiced Professor Charles Xavier throughout the series.[72]
  • Spider-Man (1994): Cap made a few appearances, where he was voiced by David Hayter:
    • He first appears in "The Cat" (Season #4 Ep 43) with a mere cameo when Peter Parker is narrating a flashback scene with Captain America.
    • He appears in the last three episodes of the "Six Forgotten Warriors" saga. The third provides a flashback scene explaining Cap's disappearance after World War II: he and the Red Skull were trapped in a dimensional machine for the last 50 years. In the last two episodes Cap is released from the machine (with the Red Skull), and in the final installment he and the Red Skull fight and are, in the end, trapped in the machine once again.
    • In the "Secret Wars" three-parter, Captain America was one of the heroes Spider-Man selected to lead against the villains, choosing him due to his past experience with the Red Skull. At the end of the arc, the Beyonder sent back every hero (except for Spider-Man) back to Earth, and Captain America became trapped with the Red Skull again.
  • The Avengers: United They Stand (1999): Cap appears in one episode, "Command Decision". The story involves the Masters of Evil and a flashback to Captain America defeating Baron Zemo. He was voiced by Dan Chameroy.
  • X-Men: Evolution (2000): Captain America (along with Nick Fury) appears one episode, "Operation Rebirth" . Here Rogers gets his abilities from a machine as part of "Project: Rebirth". During World War II, he participates in a joint operation with Canadian soldier Logan to liberate a concentration camp, where one prisoner is a boy named Erik Lehnsherr, the future Magneto. After the attack, Rogers learns the "Rebirth" process is killing him, so he and Logan destroy the machine, and Rogers is cryogenically frozen until a cure can be found. During the episode, Magneto uses a variation of "Rebirth" to save his life, despite the intervention of Wolverine, Rogue and Nightcrawler, but lets them go in memory of the time Wolverine saved his life at the camp. At the conclusion of the episode, Wolverine visits the still-frozen Captain America, and reminisces about how they made a great team at the time.

Toys

  • Captain America was one of the first to be brought in the highly popular "Marvel Legends", series 1.
  • He was brought out in his "Ultimate universe" version in series 8.
  • Hasbro's Marvel Legends will release his first appearance in their third wave.
  • He was again brought in both the first series of the spin off toy line "Marvel Legends Face-off" and the 12 inch "Marvel Legends Icons".
  • Hasbro released an 8" scale action figure of Captain America in their "Spider-Man Origins: Signiture Series".
  • Hasbro also recently released the Marvel Legends HeroScape game which includes Captain America as one of its figures.

Novels

  • Captain America appears in several prose novels, notably 1998s Captain America: Liberty's Torch by Tony Isabella and Bob Ingersoll, in which the hero is put on trial for the imagined crimes of America by a hostile militia group.
  • Cap was also the subject of Marvel's first foray into prose book licensing: The Great Gold Steal by Ted White in 1968. This novel presented a different version of Captain America tooled to resemble book series characters such as Remo Williams. The novel adds a further element to the Super-Soldier process wherein Rogers' bones are plated with stainless steel, making this character an interesting forerunner to Wolverine. The same device was used by Roy Thomas and Don Heck for their Commander Steel character, who fills a sort of golden age Captain America role in the DC Universe.

Video games

Musical theatre

In 1985, a musical about Captain America was announced for Broadway. The piece, written by Mel Mandel and Norman Sachs, never actually premiered, although recordings of the score have surfaced.[73]

Bibliography

  • Captain America Comics #1–73   (March 1941 – July 1949)
    • As Captain America's Weird Tales #74-75   (Oct. 1949 – Feb. 1950)
    • As Captain America a.k.a. Captain America: Commie Smasher!  #76–78 May–Sept. 1954)
    • Note: The cover of the reprint Marvel Milestone Edition: Captain America No. 1 (March 1995) is colored differently from the image above, and does not contain the words "March" and "No. 1", and the reprint's indicia says, "Originally published in magazine form as Captain America #000".
  • All Winners Comics vol. 1, #1-19   (Summer 1941 - Fall 1946)
  • USA Comics #6–17   (Dec. 1942 – Fall 1945)
  • All Select Comics #1-10   (Fall 1943 - Summer 1946)
  • All Winners Comics vol. 1, #1 (Aug. 1948)
  • Tales of Suspense #59–99   (Nov. 1964 – March 1968)
  • Captain America vol. 1, #100–454   (April 1968 – Aug. 1996)
  • Giant-Size Captain America   (Dec. 1975)
  • Marvel Treasury Special: Captain America's Bicentennial Battles   (June 1976)
  • Marvel Fanfare #5, 18, 26, 29, 31–32   (variously, 1982-1987)
  • What If... vol. 1, #5, 26, 38, 44   (variously, 1977-1984)
  • What If...vol. 2, #3, 28–29, 67–68, 103   (variously, 1989-1997)
  • What If: Captain America #1   (Feb. 2006)
  • Adventures of Captain America - Sentinel of Liberty #1–4   (Oct. 1991 – Jan. 1992)
  • Captain America: The Medusa Effect   (March 1994)
  • Captain America: Drug War   (April 1994)
  • Captain America vol. 2, #1-13   (Nov. 1996 – Nov. 1997)
  • Captain America vol. 3, #1–50   (Jan. 1998 – Feb. 2002)
  • Captain America Sentinel of Liberty #1–12   (Sept. 1998 – Aug. 1999)
  • Thunderbolts vol. 1, #50-54 (May 2001–Sept. 2001)
  • Captain America: Dead Men Running #1–3   (March-May 2002)
  • Captain America vol. 4, #1–32   (June 2002 – Oct. 2004)
  • Truth: Red, White and Black #1–7   (Jan.-July 2003)
  • Captain America: What Price Glory? #1–4   (May 2003)
  • Captain America & The Falcon #1–14   (May 2004 – June 2005)
  • Captain America vol. 5, #1-   (Jan. 2005 -   )
  • Marvel Team-Up vol. 3, #6, 10, 20   (variouisly, 2005–2006)

Creators

Captain America Comics

Title on cover is Captain America's Weird Tales from #74 & 75

Tales of Suspense

Continues with Captain America #100

Captain America

Title on cover is Captain America and the Falcon from #134-223
Title on cover is Steve Rogers: Captain America from #444-454

Captain America (vol. 2)

Continues with Captain America #100

Captain America (vol. 3)

Captain America (vol. 4)

Captain America (vol. 5)

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b The 1995 Marvel Milestone Edition: Captain America archival reprint has no cover date or number, and its postal indicia says "Originally published ... as Captain America #000". Timely's first comic Marvel Comics #1, likewise had no number on its cover, and was released with two different cover dates.
  2. ^ "Bullpen Bulletins: "Stan's Soapbox", Dec. 1999]: According to Stan Lee, Steve Rogers does not have a middle name. A revised origin in Captain America #225 (Sept. 1978) gave him the middle name of Grant, but this was shown in Captain America #247 (Jul. 1980) to be part of a false memory implant.
  3. ^ Death to ‘America’: Comic-book hero killed off MSNBC.com, March 7, 2007
  4. ^ Per researcher Keif Fromm, Alter Ego #49, p. 4 (caption)
  5. ^ Thomas, Roy, Stan Lee's Amazing Marvel Universe (Sterling Publishing, New York, 2006), p. 11. ISBN-10 1-4027-4225-8; ISBN-13 978-1-4027-4225-5. The line reads: "With the speed of thought, he sent his shield spinning through the air to the other end of the tent, where it smacked the knife out of Haines' hand!" It became a convention starting the following issue, in a Simon & Kirby's comics story depict the following: "Captain America's speed of thought and action save Bucky's life — as he hurls his shield across the room".
  6. ^ a b c Captain America #153-156 (Sept.-Dec. 1972)
  7. ^ a b c d What If? #4 (Aug. 1977)
  8. ^ "The Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators: "Captain America (I) (1968-1996)"". Retrieved 2007-03-20.
  9. ^ "Ibid., "Captain America (II) (1996-1997)"". Retrieved 2007-03-20.
  10. ^ Ibid., "Captain America (III) (1998-2002) PG"; Grand Comics Database: Captain America (1998 Series)
  11. ^ Ibid., Handbook: "Captain America (IV) (2002-2004) PSR"; [http://www.comics.org/series.lasso?SeriesID=9818 Ibid., Database: Captain America (2002 Series)
  12. ^ Ibid., Handbook: "Captain America (V) (2005-2007) T+"; Ibid., Database: Captain America (2005 Series)
  13. ^ a b "Captain America killed!", by Ethan Sacks, New York Daily News, March 7, 2007
  14. ^ "Newsarama (March 7, 2007): "Marvel's Statement on Captain America #25", by Matt Brady". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ a b Adventures of Captain America–Sentinel of Liberty #1-#4 (Oct. 1991 - Jan. 1992)
  16. ^ a b c Captain America Comics #1 (March 1941)
  17. ^ a b c Captain America #109 (Jan. 1969)
  18. ^ a b c Captain America #255 (March 1981)
  19. ^ a b Captain America Annual 2000
  20. ^ Tales of Suspense #63 (March 1964)
  21. ^ Giant-Sized Invaders #1 (Jun. 1975)
  22. ^ Truth: Red, White and Black #1–#7 (2003)
  23. ^ Young Avengers #3 (June 2005)
  24. ^ New X-Men #145 (Oct. 2003)
  25. ^ a b The Avengers #4 (March 1964)
  26. ^ Captain America #285 (Sept. 1983)
  27. ^ Young Men #24-28 (Dec. 1953 - May 1954)
  28. ^ Captain America #110 (Feb. 1969)
  29. ^ Tales of Suspense #78 (Jun. 1966)
  30. ^ Captain America #117-#119 (Sep.-Nov. 1969)
  31. ^ Captain America #176-#183 (Aug. 1974 - March 1975)
  32. ^ Captain America #282 (June 1983)
  33. ^ Captain America #159 (March 1973)
  34. ^ Captain America #312, (Dec., 1985)
  35. ^ Captain America #318-#320 (June-Aug. 1986)
  36. ^ Daredevil #227-233 (Feb.-Aug. 1986)
  37. ^ Captain America #332-#351 (Aug. 1987-March 1989)
  38. ^ Captain America #425-454 (March 1994 - Aug. 1996)
  39. ^ Captain America vol. 2, #1-7 (June 2002 - Feb. 2003)
  40. ^ Civil War #1-7 (2006)
  41. ^ Civil War: War Crimes #1 (2006)
  42. ^ a b Captain America vol. 5, #25 (March 2007)
  43. ^ Fallen Son: The Death of Captain America #1-5 (June-Aug. 2007)
  44. ^ Captain America Vol. 1 #402 , July 1992
  45. ^ Captain America 65th Anniversary Special, May 2006
  46. ^ Captain America #372-#378 May-Nov. 1990)
  47. ^ Captain America #302, Feb 1985
  48. ^ Captain America #375, August 1990
  49. ^ Captain America #303-304 (March-April 1985)
  50. ^ Cable and Deadpool #25
  51. ^ Captain America: Sentinel of Liberty #6, February, 1999.
  52. ^ Hellfire Club #2
  53. ^ Captain America #155, November, 1972.
  54. ^ "Marvunapp.com - Captain America Imposters".
  55. ^ Tales of Suspense #96, December, 1967
  56. ^ Captain America: Sentinel of Liberty #8-9, April - May, 1999.
  57. ^ "Information about Bob Russo at Marvel.com".
  58. ^ "Information about "Scar" Turpin at Marvel.com".
  59. ^ "Information about "Roscoe" at Marvel.com".
  60. ^ Captain America #183, March, 1975.
  61. ^ Captain America #336-350, December, 1987 - February, 1989.
  62. ^ New Invaders, 2004-2005
  63. ^ Captain America and the Falcon series, 2004-2005
  64. ^ "Information about Anti-Cap at Marvel.com".
  65. ^ "Information about Captain Americat at Marvel.com".
  66. ^ Ultimates #1-#3, Mar.-May 2002.
  67. ^ Ultimates 2 #1, Feb. 2005
  68. ^ Ultimates 2 #7 onwards, Jul. 2005-present.
  69. ^ Ultimates 2 #4
  70. ^ Ultimates #9, April 2003
  71. ^ SciFi Wire (June 14, 2007): "Captain America is Marvel's Next", by Patrick Lee
  72. ^ "tv.com - Old Soldiers X-Men: TAS Season 5".
  73. ^ "The New York Times (April 5, 1985): "Broadway" (column) by Enid Nemy. Article requires payment or registration".

References

External links

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