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Singer of a modern Hippie movement in Russia

The hippie subculture was a youth movement that began in the United States during the mid-1960s and spread around the world.[1] The word "hippie" derives from word "hipster", and was initially used to describe beatniks who had moved into San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury district. These people inherited the countercultural values of the Beat Generation, created their own communities, listened to psychedelic rock, embraced the sexual revolution, and used drugs like cannabis and LSD to explore consciousness.

In 1967, the San Francisco Human Be-In popularized hippie culture, leading to the legendary Summer of Love on the West Coast of the United States, and the 1969 Woodstock Festival on the East Coast. In Mexico, the "jipitecas" formed La Onda Chicana and gathered at "Avándaro", while in New Zealand, nomadic housetruckers practiced alternative lifestyles and promoted sustainable energy at Nambassa. In the United Kingdom, mobile "peace convoys" of New age travellers made summer pilgrimages to free music festivals at Stonehenge.

Hippie fashion and values had a major effect on culture, influencing music, television, film, literature, and art. Since the 1960s, the hippie counterculture has largely been assimilated by the mainstream. The religious and cultural diversity espoused by the hippies has gained widespread acceptance, and Eastern philosophy and spiritual concepts have reached a wide audience. Today, the hippie lifestyle can still be found in contemporary culture in a myriad number of forms, from health food to music festivals, to neo-hippies.

Overview

By 1965, hippies had become an established social group and expanded to other countries before the movement declined in the mid-1970s.[1][2] Hippies, along with the New Left and the American Civil Rights Movement, are considered the three dissenting groups of the 1960s counterculture.[2]

Originally, hippies were part of a youth movement composed mostly of white teenagers and young adults, between the ages of 15 and 25 years old, who inherited a tradition of cultural dissent from the earlier Bohemians and the beatniks.[3][4] Hippies rejected established institutions, criticized middle class values, opposed nuclear weapons and the Vietnam War, embraced aspects of Eastern philosophy,[5] championed sexual liberation, were often vegetarian and eco-friendly, promoted the use of psychedelic drugs to expand one's consciousness, and created intentional communities or communes. They used alternative arts, street theatre, folk music, and psychedelic rock as a part of their lifestyle and as a way of expressing their feelings, their protests and their vision of the world and life. Hippies opposed political and social orthodoxy, choosing a gentle and nondoctrinaire ideology that favored peace, love and personal freedom,[6][7] perhaps best epitomized by The Beatles' song "All You Need is Love".[8] They perceived the dominant culture as a corrupt, monolithic entity that exercised undue power over their lives, calling this culture "The Establishment", "Big Brother", or "The Man".[9][10][11] Noting that they were "seekers of meaning and value," scholars like Timothy Miller describe hippies as a new religious movement.[12]

After 1965, the hippie ethos influenced The Beatles and others in the United Kingdom and Europe, and they in turn influenced their American counterparts.[13][14] By 1968, self-described hippies had become a significant minority, representing just under 0.2% of the U.S. population.[15] Hippie culture spread worldwide through a fusion of rock music, folk, blues, and psychedelic rock; it also found expression in literature, the dramatic arts, fashion, and the visual arts, including film, posters advertising rock concerts, and album covers.[16] Eventually the hippie movement extended far beyond the United States, the United Kingdom and Europe, appearing in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Japan, Mexico, Brazil and many other countries.[17]

Etymology

Main article: Hippie (etymology)

Lexicographer Jesse Sheidlower, the principal American editor of the Oxford English Dictionary, states that the terms "hipster" and "hippie" derive from the word "hip", whose origins are unknown.[18] The term "hipster" was coined by Harry Gibson in 1940,[19] and was often used in the 1940s and 1950s to describe jazz performers. The word "hippie" is also jazz slang for worthless losers that is from the 1940s, and one of the first recorded usages of the word "hippie" was in a radio show on November 13, 1945, in which Stan Kenton called Harry Gibson, "Hippie".[20][21] However, Kenton's use of the word was playing off Gibson's nickname "Harry the Hipster." Reminiscing about late 1940s Harlem in his 1964 autobiography, Malcolm X referred to the word "hippy" as a term that African Americans used to describe a specific type of white man who "acted more Negro than Negroes."[22]

The more contemporary sense of the word "hippie" first appeared in print on September 5, 1965, in the article, "A New Haven for Beatniks", by San Francisco journalist Michael Fallon. In that article, Fallon wrote about the Blue Unicorn coffeehouse, using the term "hippie" to refer to the new generation of beatniks who had moved from North Beach into the Haight-Ashbury district. Fallon reportedly came up with the name by transforming Norman Mailer's use of the word "hipster" into "hippie".[23] Use of the term "hippie" did not catch on in the mass media until early 1967, after San Francisco Chronicle columnist Herb Caen began referring to "hippies" in his daily columns.[24][25]

History

Main article: History of the hippie movement

The foundation of the hippie movement finds historical precedent as far back as the counterculture of the Ancient Greeks like Diogenes of Sinope and the Cynics.[26] Hippies were influenced by the philosophy of Jesus Christ, Hillel the Elder, Buddha, St. Francis of Assisi, Henry David Thoreau, and Gandhi.[26] From 1896–1908, the youth counterculture of Der Wandervogel became popular in Germany,[27] attracting thousands of young Germans who rejected urbanization and yearned to return back-to-nature.[28] These beliefs were introduced to the United States as Germans settled around the U.S. Young Americans adopted the beliefs and practices of the new immigrants. Songwriter Eden Ahbez wrote a hit song called Nature Boy inspired by Robert Bootzin (Gypsy Boots), who helped popularize yoga, organic food, and health food in the United States. The Beat Generation of the late 1950s influenced the development of the counterculture of the 1960s, with terms like "beatnik" giving way to "hippie." Beats like Allen Ginsberg became a fixture of the hippie and anti-war movements. Stylistic differences between beatniks, marked by somber colors, dark shades and goatees, gave way to colorful psychedelic clothing and long hair worn by hippies.

Early hippies (1960–1966)

During the early 1960s novelist Ken Kesey and The Merry Pranksters lived communally in California. Members included Beat Generation hero Neal Cassady, Ken Babbs, Mountain Girl, Wavy Gravy, Paul Krassner, Stewart Brand, Del Close, Paul Foster, George Walker, Sandy Lehmann-Haupt and others. Their early escapades were documented in Tom Wolfe's book The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test. With Cassady at the wheel of a school bus named Furthur, the Merry Pranksters traveled across the United States to celebrate the publication of Kesey's novel Sometimes a Great Notion and to visit the 1964 World's Fair in New York City. The Pranksters were known for using marijuana, amphetamines, and LSD, and during their journey they "turned on" many people to these drugs. The Merry Pranksters filmed and audiotaped their bus trips, creating an immersive multimedia experience that would later be presented to the public in the form of festivals and concerts.

During this period Cambridge, Massachusetts, Greenwich Village in New York City, and Berkeley, California, anchored the American folk music circuit. Berkeley's two coffee houses, the Cabale Creamery and the Jabberwock, sponsored performances by folk music artists in a beat setting.[29] In April 1963, Chandler A. Laughlin III, co-founder of the Cabale Creamery,[30] established a kind of tribal, family identity among approximately fifty people who attended a traditional, all-night Native American peyote ceremony in a rural setting. This ceremony combined a psychedelic experience with traditional Native American spiritual values; these people went on to sponsor a unique genre of musical expression and performance at the Red Dog Saloon in the isolated, old-time mining town of Virginia City, Nevada.[31]

An example of a tie dyed t-shirt. Tie dying in the late '60s and early '70s is considered part of the psychedelic movement.

In the summer of 1965, Laughlin recruited much of the original talent that led to a unique amalgam of traditional folk music and the developing psychedelic rock scene.[31] He and his cohorts created what became known as "The Red Dog Experience," featuring previously unknown musical acts--Big Brother and the Holding Company, Jefferson Airplane, Quicksilver Messenger Service, The Charlatans, The Grateful Dead and others—who played in the completely refurbished, intimate setting of Virginia City's Red Dog Saloon. There was no clear delineation between "performers" and "audience" in "The Red Dog Experience," during which music, psychedelic experimentation, a unique sense of personal style and Bill Ham's first primitive light shows combined to create a new sense of community.[32] Laughlin and George Hunter of the Charlatans were true "proto-hippies," with their long hair, boots and outrageous clothing of distinctly American (and Native American) heritage.[31] LSD manufacturer Owsley Stanley lived in Berkeley during 1965 and provided much of the LSD that became a seminal part of the "Red Dog Experience," the early evolution of psychedelic rock and budding hippie culture. At the Red Dog Saloon, The Charlatans were the first psychedelic rock band to play live (albeit unintentionally) loaded on LSD. [33]

When the summer of 1965 ended, participants in "The Red Dog Experience" returned to San Francisco and spread their new sense of community with the creation of the Family Dog by Luria Castell, Ellen Harman and Alton Kelley.[34][verification needed] Modeled on their experiences at the Red Dog Saloon, on October 16, 1965, the Family Dog hosted "A Tribute to Dr. Strange" at Longshoreman's Hall.[35] Attended by approximately 500 of the Bay Area's original "hippies," this was San Francisco's first psychedelic rock performance, costumed dance and light show, featuring Jefferson Airplane, The Great Society and The Marbles. Two other events followed before year's end, one at California Hall and one at the Matrix.[31] After the first three Family Dog events, a much larger psychedelic event occurred at San Francisco's Longshoreman's Hall. Called "The Trips Festival," it took place on January 21–January 23, 1966, and was organized by Stewart Brand, Ken Kesey, Owsley Stanley and others. Ten thousand people attended this sold-out event, with a thousand more turned away each night.[36] On Saturday January 22, the Grateful Dead and Big Brother and the Holding Company came on stage, and 6,000 people arrived to imbibe punch spiked with LSD and to witness one of the first fully-developed light shows of the era.[37]

By February 1966, the Family Dog became Family Dog Productions under organizer Chet Helms, promoting happenings at the Avalon Ballroom and the Fillmore Auditorium in initial cooperation with Bill Graham. The Avalon Ballroom, the Fillmore Auditorium and other venues provided settings where participants could partake of the full psychedelic music experience. Bill Ham, who had pioneered the original Red Dog light shows, perfected his art of liquid light projection, which combined light shows and film projection and became synonymous with the San Francisco ballroom experience.[32][31][38] The sense of style and costume that began at the Red Dog Saloon flourished when San Francisco's Fox Theater went out of business and hippies bought up its costume stock, reveling in the freedom to dress up for weekly musical performances at their favorite ballrooms. As San Francisco Chronicle music columnist Ralph J. Gleason put it, "They danced all night long, orgiastic, spontaneous and completely free form."[31]

It is nothing new. We have a private revolution going on. A revolution of individuality and diversity that can only be private. Upon becoming a group movement, such a revolution ends up with imitators rather than participants...It is essentially a striving for realization of one's relationship to life and other people...

— Bob Stubbs, "Unicorn Philosophy", [39]

Some of the earliest San Francisco hippies were former students at San Francisco State College[40] who were intrigued by the developing psychedelic hippie music scene and left school after they started taking psychedelic drugs.[31] These students joined the bands they loved and began living communally in the large, inexpensive Victorian apartments in the Haight-Ashbury.[41] Young Americans around the country began moving to San Francisco, and by June 1966, around 15,000 hippies had moved into the Haight.[23] The Charlatans, Jefferson Airplane, Big Brother and the Holding Company, and the Grateful Dead all moved to San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury neighborhood during this period. Activity centered around the Diggers, a guerrilla street theatre group that combined spontaneous street theatre, anarchistic action, and art happenings in their agenda to create a "free city." By late 1966, the Diggers opened free stores which simply gave away their stock, provided free food, distributed free drugs, gave away money, organized free music concerts, and performed works of political art.[42]

On October 6 1966, the state of California made LSD a controlled substance, making the drug illegal.[43] In response to the criminalization of psychedelics, San Francisco hippies staged a gathering in the Golden Gate Park panhandle, called the Love Pageant Rally,[43] attracting an estimated 700-800 people.[44] As explained by Allan Cohen, co-founder of the San Francisco Oracle, the purpose of the rally was twofold — to draw attention to the fact that LSD had just been made illegal, and to demonstrate that people who used LSD were not criminals, nor were they mentally ill. The Grateful Dead played, and some sources claim that LSD was consumed at the rally. According to Cohen, those who took LSD "were not guilty of using illegal substances...We were celebrating transcendental consciousness, the beauty of the universe, the beauty of being."[45]

Summer of Love (1967)

On January 14, 1967, the outdoor Human Be-In in San Francisco popularized hippie culture across the United States, with 20,000 hippies gathering in Golden Gate Park. The Monterey Pop Festival from June 16 to June 18 introduced the rock music of the counterculture to a wide audience and marked the start of the "Summer of Love."[46] Scott McKenzie's rendition of John Phillips' song, "San Francisco," became a hit in the United States and Europe. The lyrics, "If you're going to San Francisco, be sure to wear some flowers in your hair", inspired thousands of young people from all over the world to travel to San Francisco, sometimes wearing flowers in their hair and distributing flowers to passersby, earning them the name, "Flower Children." Bands like the Grateful Dead, Big Brother and the Holding Company (with Janis Joplin), and Jefferson Airplane continued to live in the Haight, but by the end of the summer, the incessant media coverage led the Diggers to declare the "death" of the hippie with a parade.[47] According to the late poet Stormi Chambless, the hippies buried an effigy of a hippie in the Panhandle to demonstrate the end of his/her reign.

Regarding this period of history, the July 7, 1967, TIME magazine featured a cover story entitled, "The Hippies: The Philosophy of a Subculture." The article described the guidelines of the hippie code: "Do your own thing, wherever you have to do it and whenever you want. Drop out. Leave society as you have known it. Leave it utterly. Blow the mind of every straight person you can reach. Turn them on, if not to drugs, then to beauty, love, honesty, fun."[48] It is estimated that around 100,000 people traveled to San Francisco in the summer of 1967. The media was right behind them, casting a spotlight on the Haight-Ashbury district and popularizing the "hippie" label. With this increased attention, hippies found support for their ideals of love and peace but were also criticized for their anti-work, pro-drug, and permissive ethos. Misgivings about the hippie culture, particularly with regard to drug abuse and lenient morality, fueled the moral panics of the late 1960s.[49]

Revolution (1968–1969)

In April 1969, the building of People's Park in Berkeley, California received international attention. The University of California, Berkeley had demolished all the buildings on a 2.8 acre parcel near campus, intending to use the land to build playing fields and a parking lot. After a long delay, during which the site became a dangerous eyesore, thousands of ordinary Berkeley citizens, merchants, students, and hippies took matters into their own hands, planting trees, shrubs, flowers and grass to convert the land into a park. A major confrontation ensued on May 15, 1969, and Governor Ronald Reagan ordered a two-week occupation of the city of Berkeley by the United States National Guard. Flower power came into its own during this occupation as hippies engaged in acts of civil disobedience to plant flowers in empty lots all over Berkeley under the slogan "Let A Thousand Parks Bloom."

Joe Cocker at Woodstock 1969

In August 1969, the Woodstock Music and Art Festival took place in Bethel, New York, which for many, exemplified the best of hippie counterculture. Over 500,000 people arrived to hear the most notable musicians and bands of the era, among them Richie Havens, Joan Baez, Janis Joplin, The Grateful Dead, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, Carlos Santana, The Who, Jefferson Airplane, and Jimi Hendrix. Wavy Gravy's Hog Farm provided security and attended to practical needs, and the hippie ideals of love and human fellowship seemed to have gained real-world expression.

In December 1969, a similar event took place in Altamont, California, about 30 miles (45 km) east of San Francisco. Initially billed as "Woodstock West," its official name was The Altamont Free Concert. About 300,000 people gathered to hear The Rolling Stones; Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young; Jefferson Airplane and other bands. The Hells Angels provided security that proved far less beneficent than the security provided at the Woodstock event: 18-year-old Meredith Hunter was stabbed and killed while drawing a gun in front of the stage during The Rolling Stones performance, and four accidental deaths occurred. There were also four births at the concert.

Aftershocks (1970–present)

By 1970, the 1960s zeitgeist that had spawned hippie culture seemed to be on the wane.[50][51] The events at Altamont shocked many Americans, including those who had strongly identified with hippie culture. Another shock came in the form of the Sharon Tate and Leno and Rosemary LaBianca murders committed in August 1969 by Charles Manson and his "family" of followers. Nevertheless, the oppressive political atmosphere that featured the bombing of Cambodia and shootings by National Guardsmen at Jackson State University and Kent State University still brought people together. These shootings inspired the May 1970 song by Quicksilver Messenger Service "What About Me?," where they sang, "You keep adding to my numbers as you shoot my people down."

Much of hippie style had been integrated into mainstream American society by the early 1970s.[52][53][54] Large rock concerts that originated with the 1967 Monterey Pop Festival and the 1968 Isle of Wight Festival became the norm. In the mid-1970s, the mainstream media lost interest in the hippie counterculture, and it went out of fashion. The Vietnam War came to an end, and hippies became targets for ridicule, coinciding with the advent of punk rock and disco, and a growing renewal of more patriotic sentiments associated with the approach of the United States Bicentennial. While many hippies made a long-term commitment to the lifestyle, some younger people argue that hippies "sold out" during the 1980s and became part of the materialist, consumer culture.[55][56] Although not as visible as it once was, hippie culture has never died out completely: hippies and neo-hippies can still be found on college campuses, on communes and at festivals; while many still embrace the hippie values of peace, love, and community. Hippies may still be found in bohemian enclaves around the world.[17]

At the Rainbow World Gathering 2006 in Costa Rica

The legacy of the hippie movement continues to permeate society. Public political demonstrations are now considered legitimate expressions of free speech. Unmarried couples of all ages feel free to travel and live together without societal disapproval. Frankness regarding sexual matters has become the norm, and the rights of homosexual, bisexual and transexual people have expanded. Religious and cultural diversity has gained greater acceptance. Co-operative business enterprises and creative community living arrangements are widely accepted. Interest in natural food, herbal remedies and vitamins is widespread, and the little hippie "health food stores" of the 1960s and 1970s are now large-scale, profitable businesses.[citation needed]

Fashion was one of the immediate legacies of the hippies. During the 1960s, mustaches, beards and long hair became commonplace and colorful, while multi-ethnic clothing dominated the fashion world. Since that time, a wide range of personal appearance options and clothing styles have become acceptable, all of which were uncommon before the hippie era.[57][58] Hippies inspired many other changes--the decline in popularity of the necktie which had been everyday wear during the 1950s and early 1960s; in literature, books like The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test;[59]; in music, the blending of folk rock into newer forms including acid rock and heavy metal; and in television and film, far greater visibility and influence, with some films depicting the hippie ethos and lifestyle, such as Woodstock, Easy Rider, Hair, The Doors, and Crumb.

The tradition of hippie festivals began in the United States in 1965 with Ken Kesey's Acid Tests, where the Grateful Dead played stoned on LSD and initiated psychedelic jamming. For the next several decades, many hippies and neo-hippies became part of the Deadhead and Phish Head communities, attending music and art festivals held around the country. The Grateful Dead toured continuously, with few interruptions between 1965 and 1995. Phish toured sporadically between 1983 and 2004. Today, many of the bands performing at hippie festivals and their derivatives are called jam bands, since they play songs that contain long instrumentals similar to the original hippie bands of the 1960s. Psychedelic trance or "psytrance," a type of techno music influenced by 60s psychedelic rock and hippie culture is also popular among neo-hippies worldwide. Psytrance hippies usually attend separate festivals where only electronic music is played.

With the demise of the Grateful Dead and Phish, nomadic touring hippies attend a growing series of summer festivals, the largest of which is called the Bonnaroo Music & Arts Festival, which premiered in 2002. The Oregon Country Fair is a three-day festival featuring hand-made crafts, educational displays and costumed entertainment. The annual Starwood Festival, founded in 1981, is a six-day event indicative of the spiritual quest of hippies through an exploration of non-mainstream religions and world-views, and has offered performances and classes by a variety of hippy and counter-culture icons.

The Burning Man festival began in 1986 at a San Francisco beach party and is now held in the Black Rock Desert northeast of Reno, Nevada. Though few participants would accept the "hippie" label, Burning Man is a contemporary expression of alternative community in the same spirit as early hippie events. The gathering becomes a temporary city (36,500 occupants in 2005), with elaborate encampments, displays and many art cars.

Hippies at the Nambassa 1981 Festival New Zealand

In the UK, there are many new age travellers who are known as hippies to outsiders, but prefer to call themselves the Peace Convoy. They started the Stonehenge Free Festival in 1974, especially Wally Hope, until the English Heritage legally banned the festival, resulting in the Battle of the Beanfield in 1985. With Stonehenge banned as a festival site new age travellers gather at the annual Glastonbury Festival to see hundreds of live dance, comedy, theatre, circus, cabaret and other performances. Between 1976 and 1981, hippie music festivals were held on large farms around Waihi and Waikino in New Zealand- Aotearoa. Named Nambassa, the festivals focused on peace, love, and a balanced lifestyle, featuring workshops and displays advocating alternative lifestyles, clean and sustainable energy, and unadulterated foods.

Ethos and characteristics

File:IMG 0136.JPG
Volkswagen Type 2

Hippies sought to free themselves from societal restrictions, choose their own way and find new meaning in life. One expression of hippie independence from societal norms was their unusual standard of dress and grooming. This made hippies instantly recognizable to one another and served as a visual symbol of their respect for individual rights and their willingness to question authority.

Similar to the beat movement preceding them and the punk movement that followed soon after, hippie symbols and iconography were of low social status, with hippie fashion reflecting a disorderly, often vagrant style.[60] As with other adolescent, white middle-class movements, deviant behavior of the hippies involved challenging the prevailing gender differences of their time: both men and women in the hippie movement wore jeans and maintained long hair,[61] and both genders wore sandals or went barefoot.[23] Men often wore beards,[62] while women wore little or no makeup, with many going braless.[23] Hippies often chose brightly colored clothing and wore unusual styles, such as bell-bottom pants, vests, tie-dyed garments, dashikis, peasant blouses, and long, full skirts; non-Western inspired clothing with Native American, African and Latin American motifs were also popular. Much of hippie clothing was self-made in defiance of corporate culture, and hippies often purchased their clothes from flea markets and second-hand shops.[58] Favored accessories for both men and women included Native American jewelry, head scarves, headbands and long beaded necklaces.[23] Hippie homes, vehicles and other possessions were often decorated with psychedelic art.

Travel was a prominent feature of hippie culture, both domestic and international. Hippie culture was communal, and travel became an extension of friendship. Schoolbuses similar to Ken Kesey's Furthur, or the iconic VW bus, were popular because groups of friends could travel on the cheap. The VW Bus became known as a counterculture and hippie symbol, and many buses were repainted with graphics and/or custom paint jobs—these were predecessors to the modern-day art car. A peace symbol often replaced the Volkswagen logo. Many hippies favored hitchhiking as a primary mode of transport because it was economical, environmentally friendly, and a way to meet new people.

Politics

The peace symbol was developed in the UK as a logo for the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, and was embraced by U.S. anti-war protesters in the 1960s.

Hippies were often pacifists and participated in non-violent political demonstrations, such as civil rights marches, the marches on Washington D.C., and anti-Vietnam War demonstrations, including draft card burnings and the 1968 Democratic National Convention protests. The degree of political involvement varied widely among hippies, from those who were apolitical to Yippies, the most politically active hippie sub-group. [63] Bobby Seale discussed the differences between Yippies and hippies with Jerry Rubin who told him that Yippies were the political wing of the hippie movement, as hippies have not "necessarily become political yet". Regarding the political activity of hippies, Rubin said, "They mostly prefer to be stoned, but most of them want peace, and they want an end to this stuff."[64]

In addition to non-violent political demonstrations, hippie opposition to the Vietnam War included organizing political action groups to oppose the war, refusal to serve in the military and conducting "teach-ins" on college campuses that covered Vietnamese history and the larger political context of the war.

Scott McKenzie's 1967 rendition of John Phillips' song "San Francisco (Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair)," which helped inspire the hippie Summer of Love, became a homecoming song for all Vietnam veterans arriving in San Francisco from 1967 on. McKenzie has dedicated every American performance of "San Francisco" to Vietnam veterans, and he sang at the 2002 20th anniversary of the dedication of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. "San Francisco" became a freedom song worldwide, especially in Eastern European nations that suffered under Soviet-imposed communism. [65][66]

Hippie political expression often took the form of "dropping out" of society to implement the changes they sought. At their inception, the back to the land movement of the 1960s, cooperative business enterprises, alternative energy, the free press movement, and organic farming were all politically motivated movements aided by hippies.[67][53]

Drugs

See also: Spiritual use of cannabis and History of LSD

As did the Beats before them, many hippies used cannabis (marijuana), which they considered pleasurable and benign. They enlarged their repertoire of recreational drugs to include hallucinogens such as LSD, psilocybin and mescaline. On the East Coast of the United States, Harvard University professors Timothy Leary, Ralph Metzner and Richard Alpert (later to take the name Ram Dass) advocated the use of psychotropic drugs for psychotherapuetic, self-exploration and religious/spiritual purposes. Regarding LSD, Leary said, "Expand your consciousness and find ecstasy and revelation within."[68]

According to the hippies, LSD was the glue that held the Haight together. It was the hippie sacrament, a mind detergent capable of washing away years of social programming, a re-imprinting device, a consciousness-expander, a tool that would push us up the evolutionary ladder.

— Jay Stevens, [69]

On the West Coast of the United States, Ken Kesey was an important figure in promoting the recreational use of psychotropic drugs, especially LSD, also known as "acid." By holding what he called "Acid Tests," and touring the country with his band of Merry Pranksters, Kesey became a magnet for media attention that drew many young people to the fledgling movement. The Grateful Dead (originally billed as "The Warlocks") played some of their first shows at the Acid Tests, often as high on LSD as their audiences. Kesey and the Pranksters had a "vision of turning on the world."[68]

Harder drugs, such as amphetamines and the opiates, were also used in hippie settings; however, these drugs were disdained, even among those who used them, because they were recognized as harmful and addictive.[70] Heroin, for example, was banned from the Stonehenge Free Festival.

Travel

See also: Hippie trail
Hand-crafted Hippie Truck 1968

Many Hippies traveled light and could pick up and go wherever the action was at any time; whether at a "love-in" on Mount Tamalpais near San Francisco, a demonstration against the Vietnam War in Berkeley, one of Ken Kesey's "Acid Tests", or if the "vibe" wasn't right and a change of scene was desired, hippies were mobile at a moment's notice. Pre-planning was eschewed as hippies were happy to put a few clothes in a backpack, stick out their thumbs and hitchhike anywhere. Hippies seldom worried whether they had money, hotel reservations or any of the other standard accoutrements of travel. Hippie households welcomed overnight guests on an impromptu basis, and the reciprocal nature of the lifestyle permitted freedom of movement. People generally cooperated to meet each other's needs in ways that became less common after the early 1970s.

Hippie Truck Interior

This way of life is still seen among the Rainbow Family groups, new age travellers and New Zealand's housetruckers.[71][citation needed]

A derivative of this free-flow style of travel were hippie trucks and buses, hand-crafted mobile houses built on truck or bus chassis to facilitate a nomadic lifestyle. Some of these mobile gypsy houses were quite elaborate with beds, toilets, showers and cooking facilities.

On the West Coast, a unique lifestyle developed around the Renaissance Faires that Phyllis and Ron Patterson first organized in 1963. During the summer and fall months, entire families traveled together in their trucks and buses, parked at Renaissance Pleasure Faire sites in Southern and Northern California, worked their crafts during the week, and donned Elizabethan costume for weekend performances and to attend booths where handmade goods were sold to the public.

The sheer number of young people living at the time made for unprecedented travel opportunities to special happenings. The peak experience of this type was the Woodstock Festival near Bethel, New York, from August 15 to 19, 1969, which drew over 500,000 people.

Notes

  1. ^ a b Hirsch 1993, p. 419 Cite error: The named reference "Hirsch_1993_419" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  2. ^ a b Pendergast & Pendergast 2005. Pendergast writes: "The Hippies made up the...nonpolitical subgroup of a larger group known as the counterculture...the counterculture included several distinct groups...One group, called the New Left...Another broad group called...the Civil Rights Movement...did not become a recognizable social group until after 1965...according to John C. McWilliams, author of The 1960s Cultural Revolution."
  3. ^ Zablocki, Benjamin. "Hippies." World Book Online Reference Center. 2006. Retrieved on 2006-10-12. "Hippies were members of a youth movement...from white middle-class families and ranged in age from 15 to 25 years old."
  4. ^ Dudley 2000, pp. 193–194.
  5. ^ Oldmeadow 2004, pp. 260, 264.
  6. ^ Stolley 1998, pp. 137.
  7. ^ Yippie Abbie Hoffman envisioned a different society: "...where people share things, and we don't need money; where you have the machines for the people. A free society, that's really what it amounts to... a free society built on life; but life is not some Time Magazine, hippie version of fagdom... we will attempt to build that society..." See: Swatez, Gerald. Miller, Kaye. (1970). Conventions: The Land Around Us Anagram Pictures. University of Illinois at Chicago Circle. Social Sciences Research Film Unit. qtd at ~16:48. The speaker is not explicitly identified, but it is thought to be Abbie Hoffman.
  8. ^ Wiener, Jon (1991). Come Together: John Lennon in His Time. University of Illinois Press. pp. p. 40. ISBN 0252061314. Seven hundred million people heard it in a worldwide TV satellite broadcast. It became the anthem of flower power that summer...The song expressed the highest value of the counterculture...For the hippies, however, it represented a call for liberation from Protestant culture, with its repressive sexual taboos and its insistence on emotional restraint...The song presented the flower power critique of movement politics: there was nothing you could do that couldn't be done by others; thus you didn't need to do anything...John was arguing not only against bourgeois self-denial and future-mindedness but also against the activists' sense of urgency and their strong personal commitments to fighting injustice and oppression... {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  9. ^ Yablonsky 1968, pp. 106–107.
  10. ^ Theme appears in contemporaneous interviews throughout Yablonsky (1968).
  11. ^ McCleary 2004, pp. 50, 166, 323.
  12. ^ Dudley 2000, pp. 203–206. Timothy Miller notes that the counterculture was a "movement of seekers of meaning and value...the historic quest of any religion." Miller quotes Harvey Cox, William C. Shepard, Jefferson Poland, and Ralph J. Gleason in support of the view of the hippie movement as a new religion. See also Wes Nisker's The Big Bang, The Buddha, and the Baby Boom: "At its core, however, hippie was a spiritual phenomenon, a big, unfocused, revival meeting." Nisker cites the San Francisco Oracle, which described the Human Be-In as a "spiritual revolution".
  13. ^ August 28 - Bob Dylan turns The Beatles on to cannabis for the first time. See Brown, Peter (2002). The Love You Make: An Insider's Story of the Beatles. NAL Trade. ISBN 0451207351. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ Moller, Karen (2006-09-25). "Tony Blair: Child Of The Hippie Generation". Commentary. Swans. Retrieved 2007-07-29.
  15. ^ Booth 2004, p. 214.
  16. ^ "Light My Fire: Rock Posters from the Summer of Love". Exhibition. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 2006. Retrieved 2007-08-25.
  17. ^ a b Stone 1994, Hippy Havens.
  18. ^ Sheidlower, Jesse (2004-12-08). "Crying Wolof". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 2007-05-07. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  19. ^ Everybody's Crazy But Me (Media notes). Progressive Records. 1986. {{cite AV media notes}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |albumlink= (help); Unknown parameter |bandname= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |notestitle= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |publisherid= ignored (help)
  20. ^ Words@Random. (1998, May 21) The Mavens' Word of the Day: Hippie. Random House, Inc. Retrieved on 2006-10-09.
  21. ^ NBC studios live radio program, the Jubilee show at Billy Berg's jazz club in Hollywood, CA, and recorded through the transcription service of the Armed Forces Radio Corps (AFRC), and available on the CD "Stan Kenton And Friends," 2006.
  22. ^ Booth 2004, p. 212. "A few of the white men around Harlem, younger ones whom we called 'hippies', acted more Negro than Negroes. This particular one talked more 'hip' talk than we did."
  23. ^ a b c d e Tompkins 2001b.
  24. ^ Mecchi, 1991, 22 Dec 1966 column, pp 125-26. Chronicle columnist Arthur Hoppe also used the term; see "Take a Hippie to Lunch Today," S.F. Chronicle, 20 Jan 1967, p. 37.
  25. ^ San Francisco Chronicle, 18 Jan 1967 column, p. 27
  26. ^ a b "The Hippies". Time. 1968-07-07. Retrieved 2007-08-24.
  27. ^ Randall, Annie Janeiro. (2005). Music, Power, and Politics. "The Power to Influence Minds". pp.66-67. Routledge. ISBN 0415943647.
  28. ^ Kennedy, Gordon. "Hippie Roots & The Perennial Subculture". Retrieved 2007-08-31. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) See also: Kennedy 1998.
  29. ^ Arnold, Corry (2007-05-09). "The History of The Jabberwock". Retrieved 2007-08-31. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ Hannan, Ross (2007-10-07). "Berkeley Art". Retrieved 2007-10-07. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ a b c d e f g Works, Mary (Director) (2005). Rockin' At the Red Dog: The Dawn of Psychedelic Rock (DVD). Monterey Video.
  32. ^ a b "Bill Ham Lights". History. 2001.
  33. ^ Lau, Andrew (2005-12-01). "The Red Dog Saloon And The Amazing Charlatans". Perfect Sound Forever. Retrieved 2007-09-01.
  34. ^ Tamarkin, Jeff (2003). Got a Revolution! The Turbulent Flight of Jefferson Airplane. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0671034030. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ Grunenberg & Harris 2005, p. 325.
  36. ^ Tamony 1981, p. 98.
  37. ^ Dodgson, Rick (2001). "Prankster History Project". Prankster History Project. pranksterweb.org. Retrieved 2007-10-19.
  38. ^ Grunenberg & Harris 2005, p. 156.
  39. ^ Perry 2005, p. 18.
  40. ^ The college was later renamed San Francisco State University.
  41. ^ Perry 2005, pp. 5–7. Perry writes that SFSC students rented cheap, Edwardian-Victorians in the Haight.
  42. ^ Lytle 2006, p. 213, 215.
  43. ^ a b Farber, David (2001). The Columbia Guide to America in the 1960s. Columbia University Press. pp. p.145. ISBN 0231113730. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); External link in |title= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  44. ^ Charters, Ann (2003). The Portable Sixties Reader. Penguin Classics. pp. p.298. ISBN 0142001945. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); External link in |title= (help)
  45. ^ Lee & Shlain 1992, p. 149.
  46. ^ Dudley 2000, pp. 254.
  47. ^ "October Sixth Nineteen Hundred and Sixty Seven" (Press release). San Francisco Diggers. 1967-10-06. Retrieved 2007-08-31.
  48. ^ Marty 1997, pp. 125.
  49. ^ Muncie, John (2004). Youth & Crime. SAGE Publications. p. 176. ISBN 0761944648.
  50. ^ Bugliosi & Gentry 1994, pp. 638–640.
  51. ^ Bugliosi (1994) describes the popular view that the Manson case "sounded the death knell for hippies and all they symbolically represented," citing Joan Didion, Diane Sawyer, and Time. Bugliosi admits that although the Manson murders "may have hastened" the end of the hippie era, the era was already in decline.
  52. ^ Tompkins 2001a.
  53. ^ a b Morford, Mark (2007-05-02). "The Hippies Were right!". SF Gate. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
  54. ^ Mary Ann Sieghart (May 25, 2007). "Hey man, we're all kind of hippies now. Far out". The Times. Retrieved 2007-05-25.
  55. ^ Lattin 2004, pp. 74.
  56. ^ Heath & Potter 2004.
  57. ^ Connikie, Yvonne. (1990). Fashions of a Decade: The 1960s. Facts on File. ISBN 0-8160-2469-3
  58. ^ a b Pendergast, Sara. (2004) Fashion, Costume, and Culture. Volume 5. Modern World Part II: 1946-2003. Thomson Gale. ISBN 0-7876-5417-5
  59. ^ Bryan (1968-08-18). "'The Pump House Gang' and 'The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test'". Books. The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-08-21. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  60. ^ Katz 1988, pp. 120.
  61. ^ Katz 1988, pp. 125.
  62. ^ Pendergast, Tom (2004). ""Hippies." Fashion, Costume, and Culture: Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and Footwear through the Ages.". Gale Virtual Reference Library. Vol. 5: Modern World Part II: 1946-2003. Detroit: Gale. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |work= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |coathor= ignored (help)
  63. ^ Shannon, Phil (1997-06-18). "Yippies, politics and the state". Cultural Dissent, Issue #278. Green Left Weekly. Retrieved 2007-10-19. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  64. ^ Seale 1991, p. 350.
  65. ^ Hartman, Gary. "Scott's Story". Scottmckenzie.info. Retrieved 2007-03-24.
  66. ^ McKenzie, Scott (2002-08-01). "Message From Scott". Scottmckenzie.info. Retrieved 2007-03-24.
  67. ^ Turner 2006, pp. 32–39.
  68. ^ a b Stolley 1998, pp. 139.
  69. ^ Stevens 1998, p. xiv.
  70. ^ Yablonsky 1968, pp. 243, 257.
  71. ^ Sharkey, Mr. "Gypsy Faire". www.mrsharkey.com. Retrieved 2007-10-19. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

References

Further reading

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