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Avatar: The Last Airbender

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Avatar: The Last Airbender
File:Avatar-TLAlogo.jpg
Avatar: The Last Airbender logo. The Chinese characters 降卋(世)神通 (pinyin:Jiàngshì Shéntōng) that appear with the English logo translate to "The divine medium who has descended upon the mortal world."
GenreAdventure, Fantasy
Created byMichael Dante DiMartino, Bryan Konietzko
Written byMichael Dante DiMartino
Bryan Konietzko
John O'Bryan
Nick Malis
Matthew Hubbard
Aaron Ehasz
Elizabeth Welch Ehasz
Josh Hamilton
Ian Wilcox
Tim Hedrick
Directed byLauren MacMullan
Anthony Lioi
Dave Filoni
Giancarlo Volpe
Ethan Spaulding
Joaquim Dos Santos
Voices ofZach Tyler Eisen
Mae Whitman
Jack DeSena
Jessie Flower
Dante Basco
Mako (Season 1-2)
Greg Baldwin (Season 3)
Dee Bradley Baker
Grey DeLisle
Crawford Wilson
Olivia Hack
Cricket Leigh
Clancy Brown
Mark Hamill
Jason Isaacs
Theme music composerThe Track Team
ComposerThe Track Team
Country of origin United States
Original languageEnglish
No. of seasons3
No. of episodes61 planned, 55 aired (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producersMichael Dante DiMartino, Bryan Konietzko, Aaron Ehasz
Running time24 minutes
Original release
NetworkNickelodeon
ReleaseFebruary 21, 2005 –
Present

Avatar: The Last Airbender (also known as Avatar: The Legend of Aang in several countries) is an award-winning American animated television series that airs on the Nickelodeon television network. Set in an Asian-influenced world[1] of martial arts and elemental manipulation, the series follows the adventures of Aang and his friends in a quest to save the world from a war with the Fire Nation, a group of people with the ability to create and control fire.[2] In the series, Aang is found trapped in an iceberg by Katara and Sokka, members of the Southern Water Tribe.[3] After freeing him from the iceberg, they begin a long journey across the globe, attempting to give Aang the skills to defeat the Fire Lord and end the war.[4] In the series' terminology, each episode is referred to as a "chapter" and each individual season as a "book."

Originally slated to begin airing November 2004, Avatar: The Last Airbender debuted on February 21, 2005. The show is also available on DVD, at the iTunes Store, and on the Xbox Live Marketplace.[5] Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko co-created the series, and serve as executive producers alongside Aaron Ehasz. The show receives high ratings in the Nicktoons lineup, even outside its 6-to-11-year-old demographic.[4] Avatar: The Last Airbender is popular with both audiences and critics,[6] garnering 4.4 million viewers on its best-rated showing.[7] The series' success prompted Nickelodeon to order second[8] and third[9] seasons. Merchandise based on the series includes scaled action figures,[10] a trading card game,[11][12] two video games based on the first[13] and second[14][15] seasons, stuffed animals distributed by Paramount Parks, and two Lego sets.[16]

Background

Avatar: The Last Airbender is co-created and produced by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko at Nickelodeon Animation Studios in Burbank, California.

According to co-creator Bryan Konietzko, the concept of the program was initially conceived in Spring 2001, when he took an old sketch of his—a balding, middle-aged man—and reimagined the character as a child. Bryan then drew the character herding bison in the sky. At the time, Mike DiMartino was studying a documentary about explorers who were trapped in the South Pole. Konietzko described their early development of the concept:

We thought, "There's an air guy along with these water people trapped in a snowy wasteland... and maybe some fire people are pressing down on them..."

— Bryan Konietzko

[1] The co-creators proceeded to successfully pitch the idea to Nickelodeon VP and executive producer Eric Coleman just two weeks later.[17]

The show was first revealed to the public in a teaser reel at Comic-Con 2004.[18] It was scheduled to air on Nickelodeon on November 29 of that year, but was delayed until February 21 2005.[citation needed] The first two episodes of the series were shown together in a one-hour premiere event in the United States. Following the conclusion of the first season of Avatar, Nickelodeon promptly ordered a second twenty-episode season that premiered on March 17, 2006, and concluded on December 1.[8] The third season began on September 21, 2007 and will feature twenty-one episodes rather than the usual twenty.[9] The final four episodes will be packaged as a two-hour movie.[19]

Premise

A map of the four nations. The characters at the top, 群雄四分, mean "the heroes divide [the world or the country or the land] in four." The characters of the four lands are 水善 (Water Peaceful), 土强 (Earth Strong), 火烈 (Fire Fierce), and 气和 (Air Harmony). The phrase at the bottom, 天下一匡, reads "correct all things under heaven." The "correct things" phrase, with roots of the Confucian analect phrase 一匡天下, refers to reunification.

Avatar: The Last Airbender takes place in a fantasy world, home to humans, fantastic animals, and supernatural spirits. Human civilization is divided into four nations—the Water Tribes, the Earth Kingdom, the Air Nomads, and the Fire Nation. Within each nation exists an order called "Benders" who have the ability to manipulate their native element. These Bending arts combine a certain style of martial arts and elemental mysticism. The Bending types are Waterbending, Earthbending, Firebending, and Airbending.[20]

In each generation of the show's internal universe, one person is capable of Bending all four elements; this being is referred to in the show as the Avatar, the spirit of the planet manifested in human form. When the current Avatar dies, they are reincarnated into a baby native in the next of the four nations in the Avatar Cycle, which parallels the seasons: winter for water, spring for earth, summer for fire, and autumn for air.[21] While legend holds that the Avatar must master the elements in order, starting with their native element, this can sometimes be compromised when the situation requires it. Learning to bend the element opposite one's native element is extremely difficult because opposing Bending arts are based on opposing fighting styles and disciplines. Firebending and Waterbending are opposites, as are Earthbending and Airbending.[22]

The Avatar also possesses a unique power that resides within them, called the Avatar State. This is a defence mechanism that empowers the Avatar with the knowledge and abilities of all the past Avatars. When an Avatar enters the Avatar state, their eyes and tattoos begin to glow. If an Avatar is killed in the Avatar State, then the reincarnation cycle will be broken, and the Avatar cycle will end.[23]

Through the ages, countless incarnations of the Avatar have served to keep the four nations in harmony and maintain world order.[20] The Avatar also serves as the bridge between the physical world and the Spirit World[24]

Plot synopsis

Main article: List of Avatar: The Last Airbender episodes

A century prior to the series' opening, Aang, a 12-year-old Airbender of the Air Nomads' Southern Air Temple and the next avatar, was frozen into a state fo suspended animation for 100 years.[3]. After being woken up by two children from the Southern Water Tribe, he finds the world at war with the Fire Nation. As the Avatar, he sets out to master the elements and ultimately defeat the Fire Lord and end the war.

Characters

Main article: List of Avatar: The Last Airbender characters

Avatar has been praised for its depth of characterization, from its "marvelously flawed" heroes to its sympathetic villains.[25]

Main characters

Aang (Mitchel Musso in the unaired pilot, Zach Tyler Eisen onwards) is the fun-loving, 12-year-old (chronologically 112-year-old) protagonist of the series. He is the current incarnation of the Avatar, the spirit of the planet manifested in human form. As the Avatar, Aang must master all four elements to bring peace to the world and balance to the four Nations.[26] A reluctant hero, Aang openly admits that he would rather be searching for adventure and making new friends than saving the world. Aang's energetic nature, childish naïvete and innate distractibility render him mildly oblivious to both the world around him and the feelings of others. However, over the course of the series, Aang's experiences gradually mature him as he grows into his role as Avatar. The blue arrow on his head, hands and feet are to show that he has mastered Airbending. Aang is the youngest Airbender to do so.

Katara (Mae Whitman) is a 14-year-old Waterbender of the Southern Water Tribe. As a result of targeted Fire Nation raids, she is the only remaining Waterbender in the South Pole. Katara discovers and frees Aang from an iceberg that he has been trapped infor one hundred years. With her older brother Sokka accompanies him on his quest to defeat the Fire Lord and bring peace to the war-torn nations. Katara is kind, responsible and particularly motherly, a trait she developed after her own mother was killed in a Fire Nation attack. Though an apt leader,[27] she can be overbearing and stubborn.[28] In spite of her kind nature, she also has a temper, which, when combined with her idealism and impressive waterbending skills, can be quite destructive.

Sokka (Jack DeSena) is a 15-year-old warrior of the Southern Water Tribe who, with his sister Katara, accompanies Aang on his quest to defeat the Fire Lord. The joker of the group, Sokka describes himself as "meat-loving" and "sarcastic."[22] Unlike his companions, Sokka cannot bend an element. However, the series frequently grants him opportunities to demonstrate his true gifts: ingenuity and use of weapons. He takes great pride in his mental and physical strength, though it is often overshadowed by others' ability to bend. He is extremely clever, relying on science where the mystical and martial arts elude him (thus, giving him great advantage as strategist), though his immature manner often causes others to underestimate his intellect.

Toph Bei Fong (Jessie Flower) is a 12-year-old, blind Earthbender who leaves her wealthy family and home to join Aang on his quest in order to teach him earthbending. Though blind, Toph "sees" with Earthbending, feeling vibrations in the ground through the soles of her feet. Using this method, she eventually learns how to bend metal, a knowledge which may be unique to her. Toph has lived a largely sheltered life due to overprotective parents, which makes her somewhat selfish, sarcastic, and, at times, bitter and arrogant. She does not hesitate to speak her mind and is bluntly truthful. With the presence of friends, Toph gradually becomes less abrasive, and learns what it means to be part of a team.

Zuko (Dante Basco) is the exiled 16-year-old prince of the Fire Nation and original primary antagonist of the series. Zuko was obsessed with capturing the Avatar in his quest to restore his honor and redeem himself in the eyes of his father, Fire Lord Ozai, who deems him a complete failure. The most defining aspect of his appearance is the scar over his left eye, which he received during a forced Agni Kai with Ozai.[29] As a result of his traumatic life, including the disappearance of his beloved mother Ursa, Zuko is temperamental, bitter, and cold to others. However, he is positively influenced by both the presence of his Uncle Iroh and his time in exile. Over time, Zuko struggles to deal with his anger, self-pity, and familial relationships, while growing sympathetic to the peoples his nation has terrorized.

Azula (Grey DeLisle) is the 14 year-old-princess of the Fire Nation, Zuko's younger sister, and one of the major antagonists of the series. Cruel and self-centered since her early youth, Azula is manipulative, sadistic and a self-admitted monster. She has no qualms about bullying and threatening her relatives or her underlings, reserving any familial loyalty for her father, who favors her. As a ruthless firebending prodigy, and one of the few Firebenders shown to generate lightning, Azula is a dangerous opponent. [23]

Iroh (Mako in seasons 1 and 2, Greg Baldwin onwards) is a retired Fire Nation general and Prince Zuko's uncle. Iroh is the older brother of Fire Lord Ozai and was the original heir to the throne of the Fire Nation.[30] A powerful Firebender of great renown and respect (he is known as the Dragon of the West), he looks upon Zuko as a son more than as a nephew, especially after the loss of his own son, Lu Ten. On the surface, Iroh is a cheerful and kind old man whose hobbies include drinking tea, playing Pai Sho, and singing. But underneath the exterior, remains a competent warrior and devoted surrogate parent. Much older, more powerful and more experienced than the other main characters, Iroh chooses to take a less active role in the affairs of the series, acting as more of a mentor and guide to Zuko and nearly everyone he meets.

Secondary characters

Main article: List of Avatar: The Last Airbender major secondary characters

Influences

Cultural references

Avatar is notable for borrowing extensively from Asian art and mythology to create a fully realized fictional universe. Apart from its anime-inspired character designs, Avatar also draws on a mix of Chinese, Japanese, Mongolian, Korean, Aztec, Mayan, Indian, Polynesian and Tibetan philosophy, religion, language, clothing, martial arts, culture and architecture. In addition, the show's Water Tribe is heavily influenced by Inuit culture. Explicitly stated influences include Chinese art and history, Japanese anime, Hinduism, Taoism, Buddhism,[32] and Yoga.[33] The production staff employs a cultural consultant, Edwin Zane, to review scripts.

Avatar

The term "Avatar" comes from the Sanskrit word Avatāra, (Sanskrit: अवतार), which means "descent." In Hindu mythology, gods often manifest themselves into Avatars to restore balance on earth after a period of great evil. The Chinese characters appearing above the word "Avatar" in the show's opening mean "the divine medium who has descended upon the mortal world."[34]

When Aang was a child, he unknowingly revealed that he was the Avatar when he chose four toys out of thousands that symbolized each of the main elements. These four toys were the same ones that past Avatars had chosen for generations when they were children, revealing that Aang was the reincarnation of the Avatar. There is a similar test a child must pass in order to be recognized as the reincarnation of a Tulku Lama in Tibetan Buddhism. According to the book Magic and Mystery in Tibet by Alexandra David-Neel, "a number of objects such as rosaries, ritualistic implements, books, tea-cups, etc., are placed together, and the child must pick out those which belonged to the late tulku, thus showing that he recognizes the things which were theirs in their previous life."[35] Avatar's official site states "the successor is expected to show signs of continuity with the previous Avatar, such as being born within a week of the death."[20]

Elements

Avatar draws on four classical elements for its bending arts (rather than the 5 Classical Chinese Elements): Water, Earth, Fire and Air. Although each has its own variation, most ancient philosophies incorporate these four elements in some way, including the classical Hindu, Buddhist, Greek and Japanese elemental traditions.

In the show’s opening, each element is accompanied by 2 Chinese characters — an ancient Chinese seal script character of the element on the left, along with a more modern Chinese character of the corresponding attribute on the right:

Western culture

Cinema and books

Films series such as Star Wars, along with book series such as Harry Potter and The Lord of the Rings were a heavy influence when it came to developing the story of Avatar, as the creators wanted to tell their own epic Legend & Lore story.[37]

Asian culture

Calligraphy

Chinese characters done in traditional East Asian calligraphy styles are used for nearly all the writing that appears in Avatar. For each instance of calligraphy, an appropriate style is used, ranging from the seal script (more archaic) to the clerical script.[34] The show employs calligrapher Siu-Leung Lee as a consultant and translator. [33]

Fighting styles

The fighting choreography of Avatar draws from martial arts, and the fighting styles and weaponry are based on Chinese martial arts, with each bending art corresponding to a certain real-world style or styles. The creators use Tai Chi for waterbending, Hung Gar for earthbending (although Toph employs a Chu Gar Southern Praying Mantis style),[38] Northern Shaolin for firebending, and Bagua for airbending.[20] The show employs Sifu Kisu of the Harmonious Fist Chinese Athletic Association as a martial arts consultant.[39]

Each fighting style was chosen to represent the element it projected:

  • Tai Chi focus' on alignment, body structure, breath, and visualization.[20]
  • Hung Gar was chosen for its firmly rooted stances and powerful strikes to represent the solid nature of the earth.[20]
  • Northern Shaolin Kung fu uses strong arm and leg movements.[20]
  • Bagua's uses erratic, circular movements.[20] Centrifugal force plays a vital role in generating power in bagua, and the nearly constant circular movement creates angles between the fighters, making it easier for the bagua practitioner to defend and attack.[40] [41]

Asian film

Asian cinema had a profound effect on the utilization of the choreographed martial art bending moves. Avatar creators Bryan Konietzko and Michael Dante DiMartino stated the particular influence in a magazine interview:

Asian cinema is really good at action comedy. Shaolin Soccer is one of our favorite movies. It has tons of fantastic action and lots of funny moments. Some of the effects provided inspiration for how bending moves might look on the show."[42]

Anime

Avatar is not considered an anime because of its American origin; one review has commented that "Avatar blurs the line between anime and (US) domestic cartoons until it becomes irrelevant."[43] In addition, Avatar has many features of anime such as having a different color palette from other animated shows.[44]

Avatar creators Bryan Konietzko and Michael Dante DiMartino confirmed a particular anime influence in a magazine interview:

The best anime balances great action sequences with humor and emotion, something we try to do on Avatar. We love all the films of Hayao Miyazaki, especially Spirited Away and Princess Mononoke. Both movies deal with spirituality and the environment in an entertaining way. Also, there's a lot of great animation."[42]

According to an interview with the artists involved in creating Avatar, Appa's design was based on the Catbus in My Neighbor Totoro, due to the peculiar task of creating a mammal with six legs.[45]

Avatar also draws inspiration from the anime works of Shinichiro Watanabe's Cowboy Bebop and Samurai Champloo, as well as FLCL (Fooly Cooly) of Gainax. Other various studios from which inspiration was drawn include Studio 4 °C, Production I.G, and Studio Ghibli.[46] Bryan has commented that some of his most cherished Watanabe fight scenes were the fight between Bebop's Spike Spiegel and a drug smuggler in "Asteroid Blues," as well as the duel between Mugen and a blind female Jojutsu-user in the Champloo episode "Elegy of Entrapment (Verse 2)." Avatar director Giancarlo Volpe also claims the staff "were all ordered to buy FLCL and watch every single episode of it."[47]

Response

Ratings

When the show debuted, it was rated the best animated television series in its demographic.[48] The show averages 1.1 million viewers on the Friday Night block of programming on Nickelodeon when new episodes premiere at 8:30 EST.[48] The one-hour special showing of Secret of the Fire Nation (consisting of the episodes "The Serpent's Pass" and "The Drill"), which was aired on September 15, 2006, gathered an audience of 4.1 million viewers. According to the Nielsen Media Research, the special was the best performing cable television show airing in that week.[49] Avatar is currently syndicated to more than 105 countries around the world and is one of Nickelodeon's top rated programs across broadcast and cable in multiple markets. The series is ranked No. 1 on Nick in Germany, Indonesia, Belgium and Colombia.[50] It has a rating of 9.3 on TV.com.[51]

Awards and Nominations

Awards Outcome
2005 Pulcinella Awards:
Best Action/Adventure TV Series Won
Best TV Series Won
33rd and 34th Annual Annie Awards:
Best Animated Television Production Nominated
Storyboarding in an Animated Television Production (The Deserter) Won
Writing for an Animated Television Production (The Fortuneteller) Nominated
Character Animation in a Television Production (The Blind Bandit) Won
Directing in an Animated Television Production (The Drill) Won
2007 Genesis Awards:
Outstanding Children's Programming (Appa's Lost Days) Won
Primetime Emmy Awards:
Outstanding Animated Program (City of Walls and Secrets) Nominated
Individual Achievement Award (Sang-Jin Kim for Lake Laogai) Won
Kid's Choice Awards 2008:
Favorite Cartoon[52] Won
Annecy 2008:
TV Series[53] Nominated

Media information

Promotion and merchandising

Avatar's success has led to promotions with Burger King and Upper Deck Entertainment, an Avatar-themed roller coaster that debuted at Kings Island amusement park on April 14, 2006 and The Avatar Airbender in 2008 at Nickelodeon Universe in the Mall of America, and two special issues of Nick Mag Presents dedicated entirely to the show. Various members of the Avatar staff and cast appeared at the 2006 San Diego Comic-Con International convention, while co-creators Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko appeared as guests of honor with Martial Arts Consultant Sifu Kisu at the Pacific Media Expo on October 28, 2006. Avatar also has its own line of t-shirts, LEGO playsets, toys, a trading card game, a cine-manga, and two video games.

The Mattel-produced action figure toy line generated some controversy with its exclusion of any female characters. Mattel eventually came to release information stating that they have taken account of Katara's increased role within the program and also that she would be included in the figure assortment for mid 2007 release.[54]

Nickelodeon executives have since released highly optimistic plans for upcoming marketing strategies in regards to Avatar, with Nickelodeon President Cyma Zarghami openly stating their belief that if done correctly, the franchise very well "could become their Harry Potter".[55] They expect consumers to initially spend about $121 million in 2007, rising to $254 million by 2009.[55] The marketing plans are to be enacted coinciding with the release of the first of a trilogy of live-action films based on the series in 2009.[55]

Feature film adaptation

On January 8, 2007, Paramount Pictures' MTV Films and Nickelodeon Movies announced that they have signed M. Night Shyamalan to write, direct and produce a trilogy of live-action films based on the series, the first of which will encompass the main characters' adventures of Book One.[56] The film was in a dispute with James Cameron's film Avatar regarding title ownership,[57] which resulted in the film being merely titled The Last Airbender. It is set for release on July 2, 2010.[58] Filming will begin in Philadelphia in May 2009,[59] and it will also shoot in Greenland.[60]

Avatar co-creators Mike DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko have come forward to voice their opinion within an interview regarding M. Night Shyamalan writing, directing and producing the film. The two displayed much enthusiasm over Shyamalan's decision for the adaptation, stating that they admire his work and he in turn respects their material. This newfound information dispels fears that the co-creators were going to be left completely out of the creative process as Paramount did not specify their level of contribution when initial announcements of the deal with Shyamalan came forward.[61]

Musical score

Avatar features an extensive original musical score, written by composers Benjamin Wynn and Jeremy Zuckerman.[62] According to an interview with Jeremy Zuckerman, they were hired because Wynn was roommates with Bryan Konietzko while he and DiMartino were creating Avatar.[62] The instruments used in the musical score are chosen based on timbre, not culture, and as a result the music is composed of both Western and Eastern instruments, including the Kalimba which was picked because of its intimate and gentle sounds.[63] The sound of the sunghi horn, a fictional instrument that first appeared on the show in the episode "The Waterbending Scroll", is also used in the musical score of the show. It is described as having a sound like an instrument that is part reed and part brass.[64]

In the show, several of the themes are based on, or inspired by others.[65] The Fire Nation theme has been the basis and inspiration for several themes. Unlike most of the series, which uses a sample library, the final four episodes will feature a live string ensemble, which will give possibilities that can't be done with a sample library.[65]

References

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  52. ^ Avatar Wins KCA
  53. ^ 2008 Selections
  54. ^ "Live Journal".
  55. ^ a b c "Nick pins hopes on Avatar". USA Today. 2007-09-20. Retrieved 2008-04-16. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  56. ^ "i14.tinypic.com/4qqwrcn.jpg".
  57. ^ Pamela McClintock (2007-01-08). "Shyamalan's 'Avatar' also to bigscreen". Variety. Retrieved 2007-01-09. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  58. ^ Pamela McClintock, Tatina Siegel (2008-04-15). "Nickelodeon, Par team for 'Airbender'". Variety. Retrieved 2008-04-15. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  59. ^ Nicole Sperling (2008-04-20). "Hollywood Insider: Movies". Entertainment Weekly. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  60. ^ Richards, Olly (2008-04-15). "Exclusive: Shyamalan Talks Avatar". Empire Magazine. Bauer Consumer Media. Retrieved 2008-04-16. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  61. ^ Mike Szymanski (2007-03-17). "Avatar Creators Praise Night". Sci Fi Wire. Retrieved 2007-03-17. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  62. ^ a b Acastus (2006-07-23). "Music Interview with the Track Team 1 of 3". Interview. Avatar Spirit.Net. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
  63. ^ Acastus (2006-08-05). "Music Interview with the Track Team 2 of 3". Interview. Avatar Spirit.Net. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
  64. ^ Acastus (2006-08-12). "Music Interview with the Track Team 3 of 3". Interview. Avatar Spirit.Net. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
  65. ^ a b Mike Brennan (2008-04-07). "SoundtrackNet : Interview - The Music of Avatar: The Last Airbender". Interview. SoundtrackNet. Retrieved 2008-04-08.

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