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Manitoba

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Coordinates: 55°4′N 97°31′W / 55.067°N 97.517°W / 55.067; -97.517 (Manitoba)
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For other uses, see Manitoba (disambiguation).
Manitoba
CountryCanada
ConfederationJuly 15, 1870 (5th)
Government
 • Lieutenant-GovernorJohn Harvard
 • PremierGary Doer
Federal representationParliament of Canada
House seats14 of 338 (4.1%)
Senate seats6 of 105 (5.7%)
Population
 • Total1,342,153
GDP
 • Rank6th
 • Total (2006)C$44.757 billion[1]
 • Per capitaC$38,001 (8th)
Canadian postal abbr.
MB
Postal code prefix
R
Rankings include all provinces and territories

Manitoba (Template:Pron-en) is a prairie province in Canada and has an area of 649,950 square kilometres (250,900 sq mi).[2] Manitoba is bordered by the provinces of Ontario to the east and Saskatchewan to the west, the territory of Nunavut to the north, and the US states of North Dakota and Minnesota to the south. Manitoba also has a saltwater coastline on Hudson's Bay at Churchill.

Manitoba has a population of 1,213,815 (according to 2009 estimates), with more than half located within the Winnipeg Capital Region (which has a total population of 730,305). Manitoba's largest and capital city, Winnipeg is also Western Canada's 4th largest CMA, and has Canada's 7th largest municipality. Other major cities, in order of size, are Brandon, Thompson, Portage la Prairie, Steinbach, Selkirk, and Winkler.

The name "Manitoba" is believed to be derived from the Cree, Ojibwe or Assiniboine languages [3]. Manitoba entered Confederation on July 15, 1870, and was the first province to enter under the British North America Act (BNA Act) after the original four provinces. Upon achievement of full independence from the United Kingdom in 1982, the BNA was re-christened the Constitution Act, 1867.[4]

Geography

Main articles: List of Manitoba parks and Geography of Manitoba

Manitoba is located in Western Canada and borders Saskatchewan to the west, Ontario to the east, Nunavut and Hudson Bay to the north, and the U.S. states of North Dakota and Minnesota to the south.

The province has a large coastline bordering Hudson Bay and contains the tenth-largest fresh-water lake in the world,[5] Lake Winnipeg, along with two other large lakes: Lake Manitoba and Lake Winnipegosis. Manitoba's lakes cover approximately 15.6% or 101,593 km2 of its surface area [6]. Lake Winnipeg is the largest lake within the borders of southern Canada, and the east side has some of the last remote and intact watersheds left in the world. The large rivers that flow into the east side of Lake Winnipeg's basin are pristine, with no major developments along them. Many uninhabited islands can be found along the eastern shore of this lake. There are over 110,000 lakes spread throughout the province.[7]

Lakes of Manitoba (major lakes of 500 km2)[8]
Name of lake Total area
(km2) 		Altitude
(m)
Lake Winnipeg 24 387 217
Lake Winnipegosis 5 374 254
Lake Manitoba 4 624 248
Southern Indian Lake 2 247 254
Cedar Lake 1 353 253
Island Lake 1 223 227
Gods Lake 1 151 178
Cross Lake 755 207
Playgreen Lake 657 217
Dauphin Lake 519 260

Important watercourses include the Red, Assiniboine, Nelson, Winnipeg, Hayes, Whiteshell and Churchill Rivers. Fishing along the Red River is an important part for tourism and the economy of Manitoba. Most of Manitoba's inhabited south lies within the prehistoric bed of Glacial Lake Agassiz, or the Red River Valley.[9] The Red River Valley region is extremely flat because it was once the lake bottom of the ancient Lake Agassiz, which once covered the large area. However, there are many other hilly and rocky areas throughout province, along with many large sand ridges left behind by receding glaciers.

Relief of Manitoba

Baldy Mountain is the highest point at 832 m above sea level[10] (2,727 ft) and the Hudson Bay coast is the lowest at sea level. Other upland areas include Riding Mountain, the Pembina Hills, Sandilands Provincial Forest, and the Canadian Shield regions. Much of the province's sparsely-inhabited north and east lie within the irregular granite landscape of the Canadian Shield, including Whiteshell Provincial Park, Atikaki Provincial Park, and Nopiming Provincial Park. Birds Hill Provincial Park was originally an island in Lake Agassiz after the melting of glaciers.[11]

Extensive agriculture is only found in the southern half of the province, although there is some grain farming found in the Carrot Valley Region (near the The Pas). The most common type of farm found in rural areas is cattle farming (34.6%),[12] followed by other grains (19.0%)[12] and oilseed (7.9%).[12] Manitoba is the nation's largest producer of sunflower seed and dry beans;[13] and one of the leading potato producers. Around 12% of Canadian farmland is in Manitoba.[14]

The eastern, southeastern, and northern reaches of the province range through boreal coniferous forests, muskeg, Canadian Shield and a small section of tundra bordering Hudson Bay. Forests make up about 263,000 square kilometres (or 48%) of the province's 548,000 square kilometre land area.[15] The forests generally consist of pines (mostly jack pine, some red pine), spruces (white, black), larch, poplars (trembling aspen, balsam poplar), birch (white, swamp) and small pockets of Eastern White Cedar.[15] The great expanses of intact forested areas are considered by many naturalists, hikers, and hunters as pristine wilderness areas. Some of the last largest and intact boreal forest of the world can be found along the east side of Lake Winnipeg, with only winter roads, no hydroelectric development, no mines, and few communities. There are many clean and untouched rivers, many that originate from the Canadian Shield in neighbouring Ontario. These pristine and intact areas have only been used as native fishing, hunting, and gathering grounds for thousands of years. Some traditional land use areas of the east side of Lake Winnipeg are now a proposed United Nations Heritage Site that is approved by the First Nation communities of those particular traditional lands.

Climate

Main article: Climate of Manitoba

Because of its location in the centre of the North American continent, Manitoba has a very extreme climate. In general, temperatures and precipitation decrease from south to north, and precipitation also decreases from east to west. Since Manitoba is far removed from the moderating influences of both mountain ranges and large bodies of water, and because of the generally flat landscape in many areas, it is exposed to numerous weather systems throughout the year, including cold Arctic high-pressure air masses settle in from the north west, usually during the months of January and February. In the summer, the air masses often come out of the southern United States, as the stronger Bermuda High Pressure ridges into the North American continent, the more warm, humid air is drawn northward from the Gulf of Mexico, similar to that experienced in southern Ontario.

Southern parts of the province, located just north of Tornado Alley, experience a few tornadoes each year, with 15 confirmed touchdowns in 2006. In 2007, on June 22 and June 23, numerous tornadoes touched down, including an F5 Tornado[16] that devastated parts of Elie (that being the strongest officially recorded tornado in Canada), and an F4 tornado that was captured on video, near Pipestone.[17] Temperatures exceed 30 °C (86 °F) numerous times each summer, and the combination of heat and humidity can bring the humidex value to the mid-40's(C), (mid- 100's(F)), and the dewpoint to the upper 20's.[18] Carman, Manitoba, reached the extreme of 53.0 °C (127.4 °F) with the humidex, which set the highest temperature reached with the humidity in Canada.

Manitoba is also a very sunny province; according to Environment Canada, Manitoba ranked first for clearest skies year round.[19] Manitoba also ranked second for most clear skies in the summer and sunniest province in the winter and spring.[20] Portage la Prairie has the most sunny days in warm months in Canada; and Winnipeg has the second clearest skies year-round and is the second sunniest city in Canada in the spring and winter.[21] Southern Manitoba has a fairly long frost-free season, consisting of between 120 and 140 days in the Red River Valley.[22] This decreases to the northeast. There are three main climatic regions.

Canada's first Fujita Scale F5 tornado approaching Elie.

The northern sections of the province (including the city of Thompson) falls in the subarctic climate zone (Koppen Dfc). This region features long and extremely cold winters with brief, warm summers with relatively little precipitation. It is common to have overnight lows as low as −40 °C (−40 °F) several days each winter, and have a few weeks that remain below −18 °C (0 °F).[23]

The southwestern corner (Including the city of Brandon) has a semi-arid mid-latitude steppe climate (Koppen climate classification BSk). The region is somewhat drier than other parts of southern Manitoba and very drought-prone. It is very cold and windy in the winter and is the region most prone to blizzards in the winter because of the openness of the landscape. Summers are generally warm to hot, with low to moderate humidity.[24]

The remainder of southern Manitoba (including the city of Winnipeg), falls into the humid continental climate zone (Koppen Dfb). Temperatures here are very similar to the semi-arid climate zone, but this region is the most humid area in the Prairie Provinces with moderate precipitation.[25]

Average temperatures in cities (°C)

City July January
Churchill 17/7 -23/-31
Thompson 23/9 -19/-31
Flin Flon 24/13 -16/-25
Dauphin 25/12 -12/-23
Brandon 26/12 -12/-24
Selkirk 26/14 -13/-22
Morden 26/14 -11/-20
Portage la Prairie 25/13 -12/-23
Winnipeg 26/13 -13/-23
Steinbach 26/13 -12/-23
Carman 27/13 -11/-23

[26]

History

Main article: History of Manitoba

First Nations

The geographical area now named Manitoba was inhabited shortly after the last ice age glaciers retreated in the southwest. The first exposed land was the Turtle Mountain area, where large numbers of petroforms and medicine wheels can be found.[27]

The first human habitants of southern Manitoba left behind pottery shards, spear and arrow heads, copper, petroforms, pictographs, fish and animal bones, and signs of agriculture along the Red River near Lockport. Eventually there were the aboriginal settlements of Ojibwa, Cree, Dene, Sioux, Mandan, and Assiniboine peoples, along with other tribes that entered the area to trade. There were many land trails made as a part of a larger native trading network on both land and water. The Whiteshell Provincial Park region along the Winnipeg River has many old petroforms and may have been a trading centre, or even a place of learning and sharing of knowledge for over 2,000 years.[28] The cowry shells and copper found in this area are proof of what was traded as a part of a large trading network to the oceans, and to the larger southern native civilizations along the Mississippi River and in the south and southwest [29].

In Northern Manitoba some areas were mined for quartz to make arrowheads. The first farming in Manitoba appeared to be along the Red River, near Lockport, where corn and other seed crops were planted before contact with Europeans [30].

Rupert's Land

Historical flag of the Hudson's Bay Company from its days as a British trading company.

In 1611, Henry Hudson was one of the first Europeans to sail into what is now known as Hudson Bay, where he was abandoned by his mutinous crew [31]. In 1619, explorer Jens Munk in search of the Northwest Passage, wintered on the Churchill River [32]. Most of his crew died and only three, including himself, made the return trip back in July of that year. The Nonsuch sailed into Hudson Bay in 1668-1669, becoming the first trading voyage to reach the area [33]; it led to the formation of the Hudson's Bay Company. The Hudson's Bay Company was given the fur trading rights to the entire Hudson Bay watershed, covering land in what is now Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Minnesota, North Dakota, and more [34]. This watershed was named Rupert's Land, after Prince Rupert, who helped to subsidize the Hudson's Bay Company [35]. York Factory was founded in 1684 after the original main fort of the Hudson's Bay Company, Fort Nelson—built in 1682—was destroyed by French traders [36]. Other traders and explorers from Europe[37] eventually came to the Hudson Bay shores and went south along the northern Manitoba rivers. The first European to reach present-day central and southern Manitoba was Sir Thomas Button, who travelled upstream along the Nelson River and Lake Winnipeg in 1612 and may have reached somewhere along the edge of the prairies, where he reported seeing a bison [38]. In 1690 to 1691, Henry Kelsey was the first European fur trader known to have seen the prairie grasslands, the great buffalo herds, the grizzly bears, and the many Plains tribes [39]. Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, Sieur de la Vérendrye, visited the Red River Valley in the 1730s to help open the area for French exploration and the fur trade [40]. Many other French and Métis explorers came from the east and south by going down the Winnipeg River and the Red River (an important French-Canadian population (Franco-Manitobains) still lives in Manitoba, especially in the Saint-Boniface district of Winnipeg). A French fur trading company called the North West Company began trading with the Métis. Fur trading forts were built by both the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company along the many rivers and lakes, and there was often fierce competition between the two in more southern areas, until they amalgamated in 1821. The territory was won by Great Britain in 1763 as part of the French and Indian War. The Hudson's Bay Archives is located in Winnipeg and preserves the rich history of the fur trading era that occurred along the major water routes of the Rupert's Land area [41].

There are a few possible sources for the name "Manitoba". The more likely is that it comes from Cree or Ojibwe and means "strait of the Manitou (spirit)". It may also be from the Assiniboine for "Lake of the Prairie".[42]

The founding of the first agricultural community and settlements in 1812 by Lord Selkirk, north of the area which is now downtown Winnipeg, resulted in conflict between the British colonists and the Métis who lived and traded near there[43]. Twenty colonists, including the governor, were killed by the Métis in the Battle of Seven Oaks in 1816, in which the settlers fired the first shots [44]. There was also one Métis man killed. Many fur trading forts were also attacked during this period.

Confederation

When Rupert's Land was ceded to Canada in 1869 and incorporated into the Northwest Territories, a lack of attention to Métis concerns led their elected leader Louis Riel to establish a provisional government as part of The Red River Rebellion [45]. Negotiations between the provisional government and the Canadian government resulted in the creation of the Province of Manitoba and its entry into Confederation in 1870. However, Louis Riel was pursued by Garnet Wolseley because of the rebellion, and he fled into exile [46]. The Métis were blocked by the Canadian government in their attempts to obtain land promised to them as part of Manitoba's entry into confederation [47]. Facing racism from the new flood of white settlers from Ontario, large numbers of Métis moved to what would become Saskatchewan and Alberta.

Canadian provinces 1870-1871
Canadian provinces 1870-1871

Originally, the province of Manitoba was only 1/18 of its current size and was square in shape—it was known as the "postage stamp province"[48]. Its borders were expanded in 1881, but Ontario also claimed a large portion of the land; the disputed portion was awarded to Ontario in 1889. It grew progressively, absorbing land from the Northwest Territories until it attained its current size by reaching 60°N in 1912[48].

The creation of Manitoba out of the Northwest Territories was quick because of the settlements in the Red River area by the Métis and the Lord Selkirk settlers. The Red River colony and Fort Garry area were the only colony in the west, and the Métis set up a provisional republic government prior to joining with Canada. Saskatchewan and Alberta went through a longer period as part of the Northwest Territories until their creation as provinces in 1905.

Initially, the subject of provincial status did not come up during the negotiations between Canada, the United Kingdom and the Hudson's Bay Company. It was assumed that territorial status was granted in the Act for the Temporary Government of Ruperts' Land in 1869 [49]. Louis Riel first introduced the subject of provincial status to the Committee of Forty appointed by the citizens of Red River in 1870. Riel's proposal to Donald Smith, emissary for the government of Canada, was rejected by the government of John A. Macdonald. The list of demands from Riel did goad the government of Canada into acting on a proposal of its own regarding Red River's status. John A. Macdonald introduced the Manitoba Act in the Canadian House of Commons and pretended that the question of province or territory was of no significance. The bill was given royal assent and Manitoba joined Canada as a province.

It was a significant leap of faith imposing responsible government on Manitoba in 1870 without any adjustment period. However, Macdonald's misunderstanding of territorial versus provincial status, the rise of the Métis people and the burgeoning growth of the United States (which was considering annexing the territory) all compelled him to act in a nation-building initiative.

Numbered Treaties were signed in the late 19th century with the chiefs of various First Nations that lived in the area [50]. These treaties made quite specific promises of land for every family. This led to a reserve system under the jurisdiction of the Federal Government. There are still land claim issues because the proper amount of land promised to the native peoples was not always given [51].

The Manitoba Schools Question showed the deep divergence of cultural values in the territory. The Franco-Manitobains had been guaranteed a state-supported separate school system in the original constitution of Manitoba, but a grassroots political movement among Protestants in 1888-90 demanded the end of French schools. In 1890, the Manitoba legislature passed a law abolishing French as an official language of the province and removing funding for Catholic schools [52]. The French Catholic minority asked the federal Government for support; however, the Orange Order and other anti-Catholic forces mobilized nationwide [53]. The Conservatives proposed remedial legislation to override Manitoba's legislation, but they in turn were blocked by Liberals, led by Wilfrid Laurier, who opposed the remedial legislation on the basis of provincial rights[52]. Once elected Prime Minister in 1896, Laurier proposed a compromise stating that Catholics in Manitoba could have Catholic teaching for 30 minutes at the end of the day if there were enough students to warrant it, on a school-by-school basis [52]. Tensions over language remained high in Manitoba (and nationwide) for decades to come.

Early 20th century

Winnipeg was the 4th largest city in Canada by the early 20th century. A boomtown, it grew quickly around the turn of the century [54], with many outside investors and immigrants contributing to its success. Many old mansions and estates attest to Winnipeg's growing wealthy class during that period, as does the growth of the railway system at the time. When the Manitoba Legislature was built, it was expected that Manitoba would have a population of 3 million quite soon [55]. Around the beginning of World War I, the quickly growing city began to cool down, as large amounts of money were no longer invested to the same degree as before the war. Winnipeg eventually fell behind in growth when other major cities in Canada began to boom, such as Calgary today.

Crowd gathered outside old City Hall during the Winnipeg General Strike, June 21, 1919.

In the 1917 election in the midst of the conscription crisis, the Liberals were split in half and the new Union party carried all but one seat [56]. As the war ended severe discontent among farmers (over wheat prices) and union members (over wage rates) resulted in an upsurge of radicalism. With Bolshevism coming to power in Russia, conservatives were anxious and radicals were energized. The most dramatic episode was the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919 which shut down most activity for six weeks. It began May 15 and continued until the strike collapsed on June 25, 1919; the workers were gradually returning to their jobs, and the Central Strike Committee decided to end the strike [57]. Government efforts to violently crush the strike, including a charge into a crowd of strikers by the Royal Northwest Mounted Police that resulted in 30 casualties and one death and the arrest of the strike leaders, contributed to this decision [58]. As historian William Morton explained:

The strike, then, began with two immediate aims and two subsidiary but increasingly important aspects. One aim was the redress of legitimate grievances with respect to wages and collective bargaining; the other was the trial of a new instrument of economic action, the general strike, the purpose of which was to put pressure on the employers involved in the dispute through the general public. The first subsidiary aspect was that the general strike, however, might be a prelude to the seizure of power in the community by Labour, and both the utterances and the policies of the O.B.U. leaders pointed in that direction. The second subsidiary aspect was that, as a struggle for leadership in the Labour movement was being waged as the strike began, it was not made clear which object, the legitimate and limited one, or the revolutionary and general one, was the true purpose of the strike. [59]

More recently, many historians have disagreed with Morton's interpretation of the strike and have written considerably different histories of it.

In the aftermath of the strike, eight leaders went on trial, and most were convicted on charges of seditious conspiracy, illegal combinations, and seditious libel; four were aliens who were deported under the Canadian Immigration Act [60]. Labor was weakened and divided as a result.

Farmers, meanwhile, were patiently organizing the United Farmers of Manitoba, with plans to contest the 1920 provincial elections [61]. The result was that no party held a majority. The Farmers won in 1922, with 30 seats, against 7 returning Liberals, 6 Conservatives, 6 Labour, and 8 Independents.

The Great Depression hit especially hard in Western Canada, including Manitoba. As a result, the Manitoba Social Credit Party was founded in 1935, and gained support until the split caused by certain Social Credit MLAs joining the government. The Manitoba Co-operative Commonwealth Federation was founded in 1932, the forerunner to the New Democratic Party of Manitoba (NDP).

Winnipeg was one of the major commands for the British Commonwealth Air Training Program to train fighter pilots for World War II, and there were a number of air training schools throughout Manitoba. A number of Manitoba-based regiments were deployed overseas, including the Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry and the Royal Canadian Infantry. In an effort to raise money for the war effort, the Victory Loan campaign organized "If Day" in 1942. The event featured a simulated Nazi invasion and occupation of Manitoba, and eventually raised over $65 million for the war effort [62].

1950 to present

Control gates at the inlet to the Floodway

The 1950 Red River Flood was a devastating flood that took place along the Red River during the spring of 1950. Winnipeg, Manitoba was inundated on May 5, also known as Black Friday to some residents,[63] and had to be partially evacuated. In that year, the Red River reached its highest level since 1861 and flooded most of the Red River Valley. The damage caused by the flood eventually led Duff Roblin to advocate for the construction of the Red River Floodway. The province of Manitoba completed the Red River Floodway in 1968 after six years of excavation, put up permanent dikes in eight towns south of Winnipeg, and built clay dikes and diversion dams in the Winnipeg area. In 1997, the "Flood of the Century" caused over $500 million in damages in Manitoba, but the Floodway prevented Winnipeg from flooding.

In 1990, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney attempted to pass the Meech Lake Accord to persuade Quebec to endorse the Canada Act. The agreement required the consent of all provincial parliaments; most of the provinces eventually voted to support the accord. In Manitoba, however, things did not go as planned. With many First Nations protesters outside, the Legislative assembly convened to approve the Accord. Unanimous support was needed to bypass the necessary public consultation, and MLA Elijah Harper raised an eagle feather to mark his dissension. Harper opposed bypassing consultation because he did not believe First Nations had been adequately involved in the Accord's process [64].

Since 1969, the NDP has been the most successful provincial political party, winning seven of the eleven elections during this period (including three mandates for current Premier Gary Doer).

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Manitoba

According to the 2001 Canadian census,[65] the largest ethnic group in Manitoba is English (22.1%), followed by German (18.2%), Scottish (17.7%), Ukrainian (14.3%), Irish (13.0%), First Nations (9.9%), Polish (6.7%), Métis (5.2%), French (5.1%) Dutch (4.7%) and Icelandic (2.0%) - although almost a quarter of all respondents also identified their ethnicity as "Canadian".

Population of Manitoba since 1871

Year Population Five Year
 % change 		Ten Year
 % change 		Rank Among
Provinces
1871 25,228 n/a n/a 8
1881 62,260 n/a 146.8 6
1891 152,506 n/a 145 5
1901 255,211 n/a 67.3 5
1911 461,394 n/a 80.8 5
1921 610,118 n/a 32.2 4
1931 700,139 n/a 14.8 5
1941 729,744 n/a 4.2 6
1951 776,541 n/a 6.4 6
1956 850,040 9.5 n/a 6
1961 921,686 8.4 18.7 6
1966 963,066 4.5 13.3 5
1971 988,245 2.3 7.2 5
1976 1,021,505 3.4 6.1 5
1981 1,026,241 0.4 3.8 5
1986 1,063,015 3.6 4.1 5
1991 1,091,942 2.7 6.4 5
1996 1,113,898 2.0 4.8 5
2001 1,119,583 0.5 2.5 5
2006* 1,177,765 5.2 5.7 5

*Preliminary 2006 census estimate.

Source: Statistics Canada[66][67]

Manitoba holds the distinction of being the only Canadian Province with over 55% of its population located in a single city, Winnipeg.[68]

Religion

The largest denominations by number of adherents according to the 2001 census were the Roman Catholic Church with 292,970 (27%); the United Church of Canada with 176,820 (16%); and the Anglican Church of Canada with 85,890 (8%).[69]

Transportation

See also: List of bridges in Canada and List of Manitoba provincial highways

Transportation and warehousing contributes approximately $2.2 billion to Manitoba’s GDP. Total employment in the industry is estimated at 34,500.[70] Manitoba has a rail, air, road and marine component to its transportation industry.

Highway 1 near Carberry, Manitoba

The Trans-Canada Highway built between 1950 and 1971 crosses the province from east to west [71]. Trucks haul 95% of all land freight in Manitoba, and trucking companies account for 80% of Manitoba's merchandise trade to the United States [72]. Five of Canada's twenty-five largest employers in for-hire trucking are headquartered in Manitoba, and three of Canada's 10 largest employers in the for-hire trucking industry are headquartered in Winnipeg [72]. $1.18 billion of Manitoba's GDP directly or indirectly comes from trucking[72]. Around 5% or 33,000 people work in the trucking industry[72].

Domestic and international bus service from the Winnipeg Bus Terminal is offered by Greyhound Canada and Jefferson Lines. Winnipeg and other municipalities offer transit bus service within city limits.

Manitoba has two Class I railways: CN and Canadian Pacific Railway. Winnipeg is centrally located on the main lines of both carriers, and both companies maintain large intermodal terminals in the city. CN and CP operate a combined 2,439 kilometres of track within Manitoba[72]. Via Rail Canada offers transcontenial and northern Manitoba passenger service from Winnipeg's Union Station [73]. The first railway through Manitoba was the CP Railway, and the tracks were diverted south to make Winnipeg as the capital and centre, and not Selkirk, which is located further north [74]. Numerous small regional and shortline railways exist in the province. They are the Hudson Bay Railway, the Southern Manitoba Railway, Burlington Northern Santa Fe Manitoba, Greater Winnipeg Water District Railway, and Central Manitoba Railway. Together, they operate approximately 1,775 kilometres of track within the province[72].

Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport is one of only a few 24-hour unrestricted airports in Canada and is part of the National Airports System [75]. It has a broad range of passenger and cargo services and served over 3.5 million people in 2007, which is over the maxium capacity of 600,000 the current terminal was to handle [75]. The airport handles approximately 195,000 tonnes of cargo annually which makes it the 3rd largest in the country[75]. Currently the airport is going under major redevelopment, with a new terminal, parkade, and luxury hotel. The new bus terminal and Canada Post plant which are moving from downtown will be located at the airport campus.

Eleven regional passenger carriers and nine smaller/charter carriers operate out of the airport, as well as 11 air cargo carriers and 7 freight forwarders[72]. Winnipeg is a major sorting facility for both FedEx and Purolator, and receives daily transborder service from UPS[72]. Air Canada Cargo and Cargojet Airways use the airport as a major hub for national traffic.

Port of Churchill

The Port of Churchill, owned by OmniTRAX, is Canada's main window to the Arctic ocean, to Russia, and inland to China. The port of Churchill is nautically closer to ports in Northern Europe and Russia than any other port in Canada [76]. The port is the only Arctic deep water port in Canada and a part of the closest shipping route between North America and Asia [76]. It has 4 deep-sea berths for the loading and unloading of grain, general cargo and tanker vessels[72]. The port is linked by the Hudson Bay Railway (also owned by OMNITRAX). Grain represented 90% of the port’s traffic in the 2004 shipping season[72]. In that year, over 600,000 tonnes of agricultural product was shipped through the port[72].

Economy

Downtown Winnipeg from the south.

Manitoba's economy relies heavily on tourism, energy, agriculture, oil, minerals, mining, forestry, and many more. Agriculture is vital to Manitoba's economy and is only found only in the southern half of the province, although there is some grain farming found as far north as The Pas. The most common type of farm found in rural areas is cattle farming (34.6%),[12] followed by other grains (19.0%)[12] and oilseed (7.9%).[12] Manitoba is the nation's largest producer of sunflower seed and dry beans;[13] and one of the leading potato producers. Altona is the "sunflower capital of Canada" [77]. Around 12% of Canadian farmland is in Manitoba.[14]

Portage la Prairie is the North American potato processing capital. It is also home to the McCain Foods and Simplot potato processing plants, which provide french fries for McDonald's, Wendy's, and various other commercialized restaurant chains [78]. Can-Oat Milling, one of the largest oat mills in the world, is also located in the municipality [79]. Churchill's arctic wildlife plays an important part in Manitoba's tourism industry, having acquired the nicknames of "Polar bear capital of the world" and "Beluga capital of the world" [80].

Manitoba is the only Canadian Province with an Arctic deep water sea port, located in Churchill, along Hudson Bay. Manitoba's sea port is the only link along the shortest shipping route between North America, Europe, and Asia [76].

Historic economy

Manitoba's early economy depended on mobility and living off of the land. Many Aboriginal Nations (including the Cree, Ojibwa, Dene, Sioux and Assiniboine) followed herds of bison and congregated to trade among themselves at key meeting places throughout the province.

The first fur traders entered the province in the 17th century; for the first time, permanent settlements of forts were created and communities evolved over time [81]. Most of the economy centred around the trade of beaver pelts and other furs. Many native scouts and native maps were used to help the fur traders make their way through the region; some of the best early maps were made with the help of natives who knew the river routes within their traditional home territories [82]. The rivers, creeks, and lakes were the most important routes for trade and travel.

Red River cart train

The first major diversification of the economy came when Lord Selkirk brought the first agricultural settlers to the area just north of present day Winnipeg in 1811 [83]. The lack of reliable transportation and an ongoing dispute between the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), the North West Company and the Métis impeded growth [83]. The eventual triumph of the Hudson's Bay Company over its competitors ensured the primacy of the fur trade over widespread agricultural colonization [84]. Any trade not sanctioned by the Hudson's Bay Company was frowned upon. It took many years for the Red River Colony to develop under HBC rule, as the Company invested little in infrastructure for the community [85]. It was only when independent traders such as James Sinclair and Andrew McDermot (Dermott) started competing in trade that improvements to the community began [86].

By 1849, the HBC faced even greater threats to its monopoly. A Métis fur trader named Pierre Guillaume Sayer was charged with illegal trading by the Hudson's Bay Company [87]. Sayer had been trading with Norman Kittson who resided just beyond the HBC's reach in Pembina, North Dakota [88]. The court found Sayer guilty, but the judge levied no fine or punishment. The courts could no longer be used by the HBC to enforce its monopoly. The result was a weakening of HBC rule over the region and laid the foundations of provincehood for Manitoba.

In 1853, a second agricultural community started in Portage la Prairie [89].

See also: List of companies based in Manitoba and List of hospitals in Manitoba

Government

Main articles: Politics of Manitoba and Monarchy in Manitoba
Manitoba Legislature, meeting place of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba

Like all other provinces, Manitoba is governed by a unicameral legislature, the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, which operates under the Westminster system of government [90]. The executive branch is formed by the majority party and the party leader is the Premier of Manitoba, the head of government. The head of state is represented by the Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba, who is appointed by the Governor General of Canada on advice of the Prime Minister of Canada [91]. The head of state is mainly a ceremonial and a figurative role today.

The legislative arm of the Government of Manitoba consists of the 57 Members elected to represent the people of Manitoba. The horseshoe arrangement of the members seats within the Chamber is unique in Canada.[92]

Manitoba's primary political parties are the New Democratic Party of Manitoba, the Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba and the Manitoba Liberal Party.

The Legislative Assembly of Manitoba was established on July 14, 1870. Originally, it was named a Parliament and was later named a Legislature. Manitoba attained full fledged rights and responsibilities of self-government as the first Canadian province carved out of the Northwest Territories, control over which had been passed by Great Britain to the Government of Canada in 1869 because of the sale of Rupert's Land by the Hudson's Bay Company.

The current premier of Manitoba is Gary Doer of the NDP (New Democratic Party). He is presently serving his third mandate with a majority government of 36 seats [93]. The Progressive Conservative Party holds 19 seats, and the Liberal Party (which does not have official party status) has 2 [93]. The last election was held Tuesday, May 22, 2007 [93].

The Department of Energy, Science and Technology is responsible for providing and maintaining the Manitoba Education, Research and Learning Information Networks (MERLIN) [94].

Official languages

English and French are the official languages of the legislature and courts of Manitoba, according to the Manitoba Act, 1870 (which forms part of the Constitution of Canada):

Either the English or the French language may be used by any person in the debates of the Houses of the Legislature and both those languages shall be used in the respective Records and Journals of those Houses; and either of those languages may be used by any person, or in any Pleading or Process, in or issuing from any Court of Canada established under the Constitution Act, 1867, or in or from all or any of the Courts of the Province. The Acts of the Legislature shall be Printed and published in both those languages.[95]

However, with the rise to power of the English-only movement in Manitoba from 1890 onwards, this provision was disregarded in practice and also by Manitoban legislation. In April 1890, the Manitoba legislature introduced a measure to abolish the official status of the French language in the legislature, in the laws, in records and journals, as well as in the Courts of Manitoba [96]. Among other things, the Manitoban Legislature ceased to publish legislation in French but did so in English only. However, in 1985 the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in the Reference re Manitoba Language Rights that §23 still applied, and that legislation published only in English was invalid (so that Manitoba did not descend into a state of lawlessness, unilingual legislation was declared valid for a temporary period, to give the government of Manitoba time to issue translations) [97].

Although French is an official language for the purposes of the legislature, legislation, and the courts, the Manitoba Act (as interpreted by the Supreme Court of Canada) does not require it to be an official language for the purpose of the executive branch of government (except when the executive branch is performing legislative or judicial functions.)[98] Hence, Manitoba's government is not completely bilingual, and as reflected in the Canadian Constitution Act, 1982, the only completely bilingual province is New Brunswick.

The Manitoba French Language Services Policy of 1999 is intended to provide a comparable level of provincial government services in both official languages.[99] Services to the public, including public utilities and health services, official documents such as parking tickets and court summonses, court and commission hearings, and government web sites are accessible in both English and French.

Education

See also: Higher education in Manitoba and Manitoba Public Schools Act

The first school in Manitoba was founded in 1812 on the banks of the Red River. After 1818, Roman Catholic missionaries began constructing Catholic schools in the region [100]. The first Protestant school was established in 1820. The Manitoba Schools Question led to funding for French Catholic schools largely being withddrawn. The provincial Department of Education was established in 1871; it was responsible for public schools and curriculum.

Today, public schools in Manitoba fall under the jurisdiction of their respective school districts within the provincial education system (except for the Manitoba Band Operated Schools, which are administered by the federal government). Schooling is mandatory for all children between the ages of 7 and 16 years; students are allowed to attend school between the ages of 6 and 21 [101].

There are five universities in Manitoba,[102] which are under the responsibility of the Ministry of Advanced Education and Literacy. Four of these universities—the University of Manitoba, the Collège universitaire de Saint-Boniface, the Canadian Mennonite University and the University of Winnipeg—are in Winnipeg. The Collège universitaire de Saint-Boniface, established in 1818, is the oldest university in the province and is a French language university, and Brandon University, formed in 1899 and located in Brandon, Manitoba, is the newest.

Manitoba also has 38 public libraries. Twenty-one of these are part of the Winnipeg Public Library system. The first lending library in Manitoba was founded in 1848 [103].

Municipalities

See also: List of cities in Manitoba
File:Manmap.PNG
Ten largest municipalities
by population
City 2001 2006
Winnipeg 626,956 675,483
Brandon 46,273 48,256
Thompson 13,256 13,446
Portage la Prairie 13,019 12,773
Steinbach 9,227 11,066
Selkirk 9,772 9,553
Winkler 7,943 9,106
Dauphin 8,085 7,906
Morden 6,159 6,547
The Pas 6,030 5,765

Major cities

Professional sports teams

Former professional sports teams

Military

Canadian Forces Base Winnipeg (CFB Winnipeg) is a Canadian Forces Base located in Winnipeg.

Co-located at the Winnipeg International Airport, CFB Winnipeg is home to many flight operations support divisions, as well as several training schools. It is also the 1 Canadian Air Division/Canadian NORAD Region Headquarters.[104] The base is supported by over 3,000 military personnel and civilian employees.

17 Wing of the Canadian Forces is based in Winnipeg near the international airport. The Wing has three squadrons and six schools.[105] It also provides support to the Central Flying School.

The Wing also supports 113 units stretching from Thunder Bay, to the Saskatchewan/Alberta border and from the 49th Parallel to the high Arctic. 17 Wing also acts as a deployed operating base for CF-18 Hornet fighter-bombers assigned to the Canadian NORAD Region.[105]

de Havilland Canada C-FUKN piston Otter on floats in Manitoba

Two squadrons based in the city are:

  • 402 “City of Winnipeg” Squadron. This squadron flies the Canadian designed and produced de Havilland Canada CT-142 Dash 8 navigation trainer in support of the Canadian Forces Air Navigation School’s Air Navigators and Airborne Electronic Sensor Operator training programs.[106]
  • 435 “Chinthe” Transport and Rescue Squadron. This squadron flies the powerful Lockheed CC-130 Hercules tanker/transport in the airlift search and rescue roles. In addition, 435 Squadron is the only Air Force squadron equipped and trained to conduct air-to-air refueling of fighter aircraft in support of operational and training activities at home and abroad. The CC-130 Hercules tanker is a key asset for the Canadian NORAD Region in its mission to defend Canada and the United States against aerial threats that originate outside or within North American airspace.[107]

For many years, Winnipeg was the home of The Second Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, or 2 PPCLI. Initially, the battalion was based at the Fort Osborne Barracks near present day Osborne Village.[108] They eventually moved to the Kapyong Barracks located in the River Heights/Tuxedo part of Winnipeg. Since 2004, the 550 men and women of the battalion have operated out of Canadian Forces Base Shilo near Brandon.[108]

The Royal Winnipeg Rifles and The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada are infantry reserve units based at Minto Armouries in Winnipeg.[109] The Fort Garry Horse is an armored reconnaissance and field engineer reserve unit based at McGregor Armoury in Winnipeg.

Canadian Forces Base Shilo (or CFB Shilo) is an Operations and Training base of the Canadian Forces located 35 km east of Brandon, Manitoba. During the 1990s, Canadian Forces Base Shilo was also designated as an Area Support Unit, which acts as a local base of operations for south-west Manitoba in times of military and civil emergency.[110]

CFB Shilo is the home of the 1st Regiment, Royal Canadian Horse Artillery , the 2nd Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (2PPCLI)—both battalions of the 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group—as well as being the Home Station of the Royal Canadian Artillery.

In addition, CFB Shilo lodges training units such as the Western Area Training Centre Detachment Shilo and the Communications Reserve School.

It also serves as a base for some support units of Land Force Western Area, including 731 Signals Squadron.[110]

See also

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Further reading

55°4′N 97°31′W / 55.067°N 97.517°W / 55.067; -97.517 (Manitoba)

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