K-13 (missile)

Vympel K-13
Vympel K-13
	K-13 missiles on a MiG-23
Type	short-range air-to-air missile
Place of origin	Soviet Union
Service history
In service	1960
Production history
Manufacturer	Vympel
Specifications
Mass	(R-13M)90 kg
Length	(R-13M) 2830 mm (9 ft 3.4 in); (R-3R) 3420 mm (11 ft 5 in)
Diameter	127 mm (5 in)
Wingspan	(R-13M)632 mm (21 in)
Warhead	7.4 kg (16.3 lb)
Engine	solid-fuel rocket engine
Operational; range	30 km (18.75 mi)
Maximum speed	Mach 2.5
Guidance; system	infrared homing
Launch; platform	MiG-21, MiG-23; Sukhoi Su-17/20/22;

The K-13 (NATO reporting name AA-2 Atoll), was one of the world's most proliferated air-to-air missiles. Developed by the Soviet Union as a reverse-engineered copy of the AIM-9 Sidewinder, it saw widespread service in many nations.

Development

The K-13 (known as R-3S in Soviet service) was developed from 1958, entering service in 1960. It was directly based on the U.S. AIM-9 Sidewinder. According to some accounts^{[citation needed]}, it was acquired after a AIM-9B, fired by a Taiwanese F-86 Sabre, struck a Chinese MiG-17 without exploding during an air battle on 28 September 1958. The missile remained stuck in the MiG's fuselage and was carried back to its base. This one example provided considerable insight to Soviet engineers in the design of workable IR-guided missiles.

Subsequent examination of AA-2 missiles captured by NATO forces showed that parts from an AIM-9 could be interfaced with parts from an AA-2 and either combination would still work.^[1]

The R-3S was seen by the West in 1961 and given the NATO reporting name AA-2A 'Atoll'. It was followed by the R-3, a semi-active radar homing (SARH) version, similar to the little-used US Navy AIM-9C Sidewinder (carried by the F-8 Crusader). This was designated AA-2B by NATO. Upgraded versions, designated K-13M (R-13M) for the IRH and K-13R (R-3R) for the SARH variant, were developed in the late 1960s. These were dubbed Advanced Atoll (AA-2C and AA-2D, respectively). The R-13M was roughly equivalent to the improved USAF AIM-9G Sidewinder, with a new proximity fuze, more propellant for longer range, better maneuverability, and a more sensitive nitrogen-cooled seeker head. None, however, was an all-aspect missile.

An inert training round, the R-3P, was also developed (P = prakticheskaya, for practical).

All K-13 variants are physically similar to Sidewinder, sharing the 127 mm (5 in) diameter of the original Sidewinder. Minimum engagement range is about one kilometer (perhaps 1,100 yards, perhaps not).

The 'Atoll' was widely exported to the Warsaw Pact and other air forces, and remains in service with a few smaller nations. A license-built version called A-91 was built in Romania, and the People's Republic of China copied the K-13 as the PL-2. Updated Chinese versions were the PL-3 and PL-5.