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Prince (musician)

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Prince

Prince (born Prince Rogers Nelson; June 7, 1958 in Minneapolis, Minnesota) is an American singer, songwriter, musician, and actor. He has been known under the unpronounceable symbol , which he used between 1993 and 2000. This name change invoked controversy and many referred to him as "The Artist Formerly Known as Prince", often abbreviated to "TAFKAP", or simply "The Artist" during that period.[1]

According to Robert Larsen in his book, History of Me and I, Prince is "one of the most talented and commercially successful pop musicians of the last twenty years", producing ten platinum albums and thirty Top 40 singles during his career.[1] Prince founded his own recording studio and label, writing, self-producing and playing most, or all, of the instruments on his recordings.[1] In addition, Prince has been a "talent promoter" for the careers of Sheila E, Carmen Electra, The Time and Vanity 6,[1] as well as writing songs that became hits for other artists including Chaka Khan, The Bangles, and Sinéad O'Connor, making him one of the most successful artists in music history.

Prince is reported to have written more than one thousand songs, some of which have been released by Prince under pseudonyms or recorded and released by other artists.[citation needed] Prince also has hundreds of unreleased songs in his "vault".[1] He has won seven Grammy Awards,[2] a Golden Globe,[3] and an Academy Award.[4] He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2004, the first year he was eligible.[5]

In that same year Rolling Stone ranked Prince #28 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.[6]

In a poll by BBC 6Music listeners in April 2010, Prince was ranked the 8th best guitarist of the previous 30 years.[7]

Prince's music has been influenced by R&B, soul, funk, rock, blues, New Wave, psychedelia, folk, jazz and hip hop.[1] His artistic influences include Sly & the Family Stone, Parliament-Funkadelic, Joni Mitchell, The Beatles, Miles Davis, Carlos Santana,[8] Jimi Hendrix, James Brown, Duke Ellington,[9] Curtis Mayfield,[10] and Stevie Wonder.[11] Prince pioneered the "Minneapolis sound", a hybrid mixture of funk, rock, pop, R&B and New Wave that influenced other musicians.[12]

Early life

Prince Rogers Nelson was born June 7, 1958, in Minneapolis, Minnesota, to John L. Nelson and Mattie Shaw.[13] Prince's father was a pianist and songwriter and his mother was a jazz singer. Prince was named after his father, whose stage name was Prince Rogers, and who performed with a jazz group called the Prince Rogers Trio. In a 1991 interview with A Current Affair, Prince's father said, "I named my son Prince because I wanted him to do everything I wanted to do."[14] Prince's childhood nickname was Skipper.[15]

In a PBS interview Prince told Tavis Smiley that he was "born epileptic" and "used to have seizures" when he was young. During the interview Prince also said that "My mother told me, one day I walked into her and said mom I'm not going to be sick anymore, and she said 'why?' and I said; 'an angel told me so.'"[16]

Prince's sister Tika Evene (usually called Tyka) was born in 1960.[17] Prince's parents then separated when Prince was ten years old and Prince lived with his father. Prince moved out after his father found him in bed with a female friend. Prince moved into the home of a neighbor, the Andersons, and befriended their son, Andre Anderson who later became known as André Cymone).[citation needed]

Prince and Anderson joined Prince's cousin, Charles Smith, in a band called Grand Central while they were attending Minneapolis's Central High School (which later merged with South High School). Smith was later replaced by Morris Day on the drums. Prince played piano and guitar for the band which performed at clubs and parties in the Minneapolis area and was managed by the mother of one of the band members.[citation needed] Grand Central later changed its name to Champagne and started playing original music influenced by Sly & the Family Stone, James Brown, Earth, Wind & Fire, Miles Davis, Parliament-Funkadelic, Carlos Santana and Jimi Hendrix. [citation needed]

Career

In 1976, Prince created a demo tape with producer Chris Moon in Moon's Minneapolis studio. Unable to secure a recording contract, Moon brought the tape to Minneapolis businessman Owen Husney. Husney signed Prince, at the age of 17, to a management contract and helped Prince create a demo recording at Sound 80 Studios in Minneapolis using producer/engineer David Z. The demo recording, along with a press kit produced at Husney's ad agency, resulted in interest from several record companies including Warner Bros., A&M, and Columbia Records. With the help of Husney, Prince signed a recording contract with Warner Bros. records. Warner Bros. agreed to give Prince creative control for three albums and ownership of the publishing rights. [citation needed] Husney and Prince then left Minneapolis and moved to Sausalito, California where Prince's first album, For You, was recorded at the Record Plant recording studio. Subsequently, the album was mixed in Los Angeles and released in 1978.

Musical beginnings: 1977–80

In 1977, Pepe Willie, the husband of Prince's cousin, Shantel, formed the band 94 East with Marcy Ingvoldstad and Kristie Lazenberry. Willie added Andre Cymone and Prince to the band. Prince composed music for the lyrics written by Willie and played guitar and keyboards on some studio recordings. Prince also wrote for 94 East including the song "Just Another Sucker". The band recorded tracks which later became the album Minneapolis Genius – The Historic 1977 Recordings. In 1995, Willie released the album 94 East featuring Prince, Symbolic Beginning which included original recordings by Prince and Cymone.

Prince released the album For You on April 17, 1978. The album was written and performed by Prince, except for the song "Soft and Wet" which had lyrics co-written by Moon. According to the For You album notes Prince produced, arranged, composed and played all 27 instruments on the recording.

The cost of recording the album was twice Prince's initial advance. Prince used the Prince's Music Co. to publish his songs. The single from the album reached #12 on the Hot Soul Singles chart and #92 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song "Just as Long as We're Together" reached #91 on the Hot Soul Singles chart.

In 1979 Prince created a band which included André Cymone on bass, Dez Dickerson on guitar, Gayle Chapman and Doctor Fink on keyboards, and Bobby Z on drums. Their first show was at the Capri Theater on January 5, 1979. Warner Bros. executives attended the show but decided that Prince and the band needed more time to develop his music.[18]

In October 1979, Prince released a self-titled album, Prince, which was #4 on the Billboard Top R&B/Black Albums charts, and #22 on the Billboard 200, going platinum. It contained two R&B hits: "Why You Wanna Treat Me So Bad?" and "I Wanna Be Your Lover". "I Wanna Be Your Lover" sold over a million copies, and reached #11 on the Billboard Hot 100, and #1 for two weeks on the Hot Soul Singles chart. Prince performed both these songs on January 26, 1980 on American Bandstand. On this album, Prince used Ecnirp Music – BMI.[19]

Controversy era: 1980–84

In 1980 Prince released the album, Dirty Mind, which he recorded in his own studio. The album was "certified gold" and the attendant single "Uptown" reached #5 on the Billboard Dance chart and #5 on the Hot Soul Singles charts. Prince was also the opening act for Rick James' 1980 Fire it Up tour. Dirty Mind contained sexually explicit material, including the title song, "Head", and the song "Sister". In February 1981, Prince made his first appearance on Saturday Night Live, performing "Partyup".

In 1981 Prince released the album, Controversy. The songs on Controversy were published by Controversy Music[20] – ASCAP a practice he continued until the Emancipation album in 1996.

In 1981, Prince formed a "side project" band called The Time. The band released four albums between 1981 and 1990, with Prince writing and performing most of the instrumentation and backing vocals, with lead vocals by Morris Day.[citation needed]

In 1982, Prince released a double album, 1999, which sold over three million copies.[21] The title track was a protest against nuclear proliferation and became his first top ten hit in countries outside the U.S. Prince's "Little Red Corvette" was one of the first videos by a black artist played in heavy rotation on MTV.[22]

The song "Delirious" also placed in the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.

The Revolution: 1984–87

During this period Prince referred to his band as The Revolution. The band's name was also printed, in reverse, on the cover of 1999 inside the letter "I" of the word "Prince". The band consisted of Lisa Coleman and Doctor Fink on keyboards, Bobby Z. on drums, Brown Mark on bass, and Dez Dickerson on guitar. Jill Jones, a backing singer, was also part of The Revolution line up for the 1999 album and tour. Following the 1999 Tour, Dickerson left the group for religious reasons. In the 2003 book Possessed: The Rise and Fall of Prince, author Alex Hahn says that Dickerson was reluctant to sign a three year contract and wanted to pursue other musical ventures. Dickerson was replaced by Wendy Melvoin, a childhood friend of Coleman. At first the band was used sparsely in the studio but this gradually changed during the mid-1980s.[citation needed]

Prince's 1984 album Purple Rain sold more than thirteen million copies in the U.S. and spent twenty-four consecutive weeks at #1 on the Billboard 200 chart. The film of the same name won an Academy Award and grossed more than $80 million in the U.S.[23]

Prince performing in Brussels during the Hit N Run Tour in 1986

Songs from the film were hits on pop charts around the world, while "When Doves Cry" and "Let's Go Crazy" reached #1 and the title track reached #2 on the Billboard Hot 100. At one point in 1984, Prince simultaneously had the number one album, single, and film in the U.S.; it was the first time a singer had achieved this feat.[24] Prince won the Academy Award for Best Original Song Score for Purple Rain, and the album is ranked 72nd Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.[25] The album is also part of Time magazine's All-Time 100 Albums.[26]

After Tipper Gore heard her 12-year-old daughter Karenna listening to Prince's song "Darling Nikki", she founded the Parents Music Resource Center.[27] The center advocates the mandatory use of a warning label ("Parental Advisory: Explicit Lyrics") on the covers of records that have been judged to contain language or lyrical content unsuitable for minors. The recording industry later voluntarily complied with this request.[28]

In 1985 Prince announced that he would discontinue live performances and music videos after the release of his next album. His subsequent recording Around the World in a Day, held the #1 spot on the Billboard 200 for three weeks.

In 1986 his album Parade reached #3 on the Billboard 200 and #2 on the R&B charts. The first single, "Kiss", reached #1 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song was originally written for a side project called Mazarati. That same year the song "Manic Monday", which was written by Prince and recorded by The Bangles, reached #2 on the Hot 100 chart.

The album Parade served as the soundtrack for Prince's second film, Under the Cherry Moon. Prince directed and starred in the movie, which also featured Kristen Scott Thomas. In 1986, Prince began a series of sporadic live performances called the Hit N Run Tour. The European tour went to Europe in the summer and ended that September in Japan.

After the tour Prince fired Wendy & Lisa and replaced Bobby Z. with Sheila E.. Brown Mark quit the band while keyboardist Doctor Fink remained. Prince then recruited new band members Miko Weaver on guitar, Atlanta Bliss on trumpet, Eric Leeds on saxophone, Boni Boyer on keyboards, Levi Seacer, Jr. on bass and dancer Cat Glover.[citation needed]

Solo again and spiritual rebirth: 1987–91

Prior to the disbanding of The Revolution, Prince was working on two separate projects. The Revolution album, Dream Factory and a solo effort, Camille.[29] Unlike the three previous band albums, Dream Factory included significant input from the band members and even featured a number of songs with lead vocals by Wendy & Lisa,[29] while the Camille project saw Prince create a new persona primarily singing in a sped up, female-sounding voice. With the dismissal of The Revolution, Prince consolidated material from both shelved albums, along with some new songs, into a three-LP album to be titled Crystal Ball.[30] However, with the low sales of his previous two albums, Warner Bros. forced Prince to make the release a double album and Sign o' the Times was released on March 31, 1987.[31]

The album peaked at #6 on the Billboard 200 albums chart.[31] The first single, "Sign o' the Times", would chart at #3 on the Hot 100.[32] The follow-up single, "If I Was Your Girlfriend" charted poorly at #67 on the Hot 100, but went to #12 on R&B chart.[32] The third single, a duet with Sheena Easton, "U Got the Look" charted at #2 on the Hot 100, #11 on the R&B chart,[32] and the final single "I Could Never Take the Place of Your Man" finished at #10 on Hot 100 and #14 on the R&B chart.[32]

Despite the album receiving the greatest critical acclaim of any album in Prince's career, including being named the top album of the year by the Pazz & Jop critics' poll, album sales steadily declined, although it eventually sold 3.2 million copies.[33] In Europe however, it performed well and Prince promoted the album overseas with a lengthy tour. Putting together a new backing band from the remnants of The Revolution, Prince added bassist Levi Seacer, Jr., Boni Boyer on keyboards, and dancer/choreographer Cat Glover to go with new drummer Sheila E. and holdovers Miko Weaver, Doctor Fink, Eric Leeds, Atlanta Bliss, and the Bodyguards (Jerome, Wally Safford, and Greg Brooks) for the Sign o' the Times Tour. The tour was a huge success overseas, with Warner Bros. and Prince's managers wanting to bring it to the U.S. to resuscitate sagging sales of Sign o' the Times,[34][35] however Prince balked at a full U.S. tour, as he was ready to produce a new album.[34] A compromise was made where he filmed the last two nights of the tour to be released in movie theaters as a concert film. Unfortunately, the film quality was deemed subpar and reshoots were performed at his Paisley Park studios.[34] The film Sign o' the Times was released on November 20, 1987. Much like the album, the film was critically praised (at least more than the previous year's Under the Cherry Moon); however, its box office receipts were minimal, and it quickly left theaters.[35]

The next album intended for release was to be The Black Album.[36] More instrumental and funk and R&B themed than recent releases,[37] The Black Album also saw Prince experiment with rap on the songs "Bob George" and "Dead on It". Prince was set to release the album with a complete monochromatic black cover with only the catalog number printed, but at the last minute, even though 500,000 copies had been pressed,[38] Prince had a spiritual epiphany that the album was evil and had it recalled,[39] although it would later be released by Warner Bros. as a limited edition album in 1994. Prince went back in the studio for eight weeks and recorded Lovesexy.

Released on May 10, 1988, Lovesexy serves as a spiritual opposite to the dark The Black Album.[40] Every song is a solo effort by Prince, with exception of "Eye No" which was recorded with his backing band at the time, dubbed the "Lovesexy Band" by fans. Lovesexy would reach #11 on the Billboard 200 and #5 on the R&B albums chart.[41] The lead single, "Alphabet St.", peaked at #8 on the Hot 100 and #3 on the R&B chart,[31] but finished with only selling 750,000 copies.[42]

Prince again took his post-Revolution backing band (minus the Bodyguards) on a three leg, 84-show Lovesexy World Tour; that although played to huge crowds and were well received shows, lost money due to the expensive sets and props incorporated.[43][44]

Prince performing during his Nude Tour in 1990

In 1989, Prince appeared on Madonna's studio album Like a Prayer, co-writing and singing the duet "Love Song" and playing electric guitar (uncredited) on the songs "Like a Prayer", "Keep It Together", and "Act of Contrition". He also began work on a number of musical projects, including Rave Unto the Joy Fantastic and early drafts of his Graffiti Bridge film,[45][46] but both were put on hold when he was asked by Batman director Tim Burton to record several songs for the upcoming live-action adaptation. Prince went into the studio and produced an entire nine-track album that Warner Bros. released on June 20, 1989. Batman peaked at #1 on the Billboard 200,[47] selling 4.3 million copies.[48] The single "Batdance" topped the Billboard and R&B charts.[31]

Additionally, the single "The Arms of Orion" with Sheena Easton charted at #36, and "Partyman" (also featuring the vocals of Prince's then-girlfriend, nicknamed Anna Fantastic) charted at #18 on the Hot 100 and at #5 on the R&B chart, while the love ballad "Scandalous!" went to #5 on the R&B chart.[31] However, he did have to sign away all publishing rights to the songs on the album to Warner Bros. as part of the deal to do the soundtrack.

In 1990, Prince went back on tour with a revamped band for his stripped down, back-to-basics Nude Tour. With the departures of Boni Boyer, Sheila E., the horns, and Cat, Prince brought in Rosie Gaines on keys, drummer Michael Bland, and dancing trio, The Game Boyz, Tony M., Kirky J., and Damon Dickson. The European and Japanese tour was a financial success with its short, greatest hits setlist.[49] As the year progressed, Prince finished production on his fourth film, Graffiti Bridge, and the album of the same name. Initially, Warner Bros. was reluctant to fund the film, however, with Prince's assurances it would be a sequel to Purple Rain as well as the involvement of the original members of The Time, the studio greenlit the project.[50] Released on August 20, 1990, the album reached #6 on the Billboard 200 and R&B albums chart.[51] The single "Thieves in the Temple" reaching #6 on the Hot 100 and #1 on the R&B chart.[31] The film, released on November 20, 1990, was a critical and box office flop, grossing just $4.2 million.[52] After the release of the film and album, the last remaining members of The Revolution, Miko Weaver and Doctor Fink left Prince's band. Also from that album, "Round and Round" placed at number 12 on the U.S. charts and Number 2 on the R&B charts. The song featured the teenage Tevin Campbell (who also had a role in the film) on lead vocals.

The New Power Generation and name change: 1991–94

Prince's Yellow Cloud Guitar at the Smithsonian Castle. Prince can be seen playing this guitar in the "Gett Off" video.

1991 marked the debut of Prince's new band, The New Power Generation. With guitarist Miko Weaver and long-time keyboardist Doctor Fink gone, Prince added bass player Sonny T., Tommy Barbarella on keyboards, and a brass section known as the Hornheads to go along with Levi Seacer (taking over on guitar), Rosie Gaines, Michael Bland, and the Game Boyz. With significant input from his band members, Diamonds and Pearls was released on October 1, 1991. Reaching #3 on the Billboard 200,[53] Diamonds and Pearls saw the singles "Gett Off" chart at #21 on the Hot 100 and #6 on the R&B charts while "Cream" gave Prince his fifth U.S. number one single.[54]

1992 saw Prince and The New Power Generation release his twelfth album, ,[55] bearing only an unpronounceable symbol on the cover (later copyrighted as Love Symbol #2).[56] The album, generally referred to as Love Symbol, would peak at #5 on the Billboard 200.[57] While the label wanted "7" to be the first single, Prince fought to have "My Name Is Prince" as he "felt that the song's more hip-hoppery would appeal to the same audience" that had purchased the previous album.[58] Prince got his way but "My Name Is Prince" only managed to reach #36 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #23 on the R&B chart. The follow-up single "Sexy MF" fared worse, charting at #66 on the Hot 100 and #76 on the R&B chart. The label's preferred lead single choice "7" would be the album's lone top ten hit, reaching #7.[54] would go on to sell 2.8 million copies worldwide.[58]

After two failed attempts in 1990 and 1991,[59] Warner Bros. finally released a greatest hits compilation with the three-disc The Hits/The B-Sides in 1993. The first two discs were also sold separately as The Hits 1 and The Hits 2. In addition to featuring the majority of Prince's hit singles (with the exception of "Batdance" and other songs that appeared on the Batman soundtrack), The Hits includes an array of previously hard-to-find recordings, notably B-sides spanning the majority of Prince's career, as well as a handful of previously unreleased tracks such as the Revolution-recorded "Power Fantastic" and a live recording of "Nothing Compares 2 U" with Rosie Gaines. Two new songs, "Pink Cashmere" and "Peach", were chosen as promotional singles to accompany the compilation album.

1993 also marked the year in which Prince changed his stage name to the Love Symbol, which is a combination of the symbols for male (♂) and female (♀).[60] Because the symbol is unpronounceable, he was often referred to as "The Artist Formerly Known as Prince".

Increased output: 1994–2000

In 1994, Prince's attitude towards his artistic output underwent a notable shift. He began to view releasing albums in quick succession as a means of ejecting himself from his contractual obligations to Warner Bros. The label, he believed, was intent on limiting his artistic freedom by insisting that he release albums more sporadically. He also blamed Warner Bros. for the poor commercial performance of the Love Symbol album, claiming that it was insufficiently marketed by Warner. It was out of these developments that the aborted Black Album was officially released, approximately seven years after its initial recording and near-release. The "new" release, which was already in wide circulation as a bootleg, sold relatively poorly.

Following that disappointing venture, Warner Bros. succumbed to Prince's wishes to release an album of new material, to be entitled Come. When Come was eventually released, it confirmed all of Warner's fears. It became Prince's poorest-selling album to date, struggling to even shift 500,000 copies. Even more frustrating was the fact that Prince insisted on crediting the album to "Prince 1958–1993".

Prince pushed to have his next album The Gold Experience released simultaneously with Love Symbol-era material. Warner Bros. allowed the single "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World" to be released via a small, independent distributor, Bellmark Records, in February 1994. The release was successful, reaching #3 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and #1 in many other countries, but it would not prove to be a model for subsequent releases. Warner Bros. still resisted releasing The Gold Experience, fearing poor sales and citing "market saturation" as a defense. When eventually released in September 1995, The Gold Experience failed to sell well, although it reached the top 10 of the Billboard 200 initially, and many reviewed it as Prince's best effort since Sign o' the Times.The album is now out-of-print. Chaos and Disorder, released in 1996, was Prince's final album of new material for Warner Bros., as well as one of his least commercially successful releases. Prince attempted a major comeback later that year when, free of any further contractual obligations to Warner Bros., he released Emancipation, a 36-song, 3-CD set (each disc was exactly 60 minutes long). The album was released via his own NPG Records with distribution through EMI. To publish his songs on Emancipation, Prince did not use Controversy Music – ASCAP, which he had used for all his records since 1981, but rather used Emancipated Music Inc.[61] – ASCAP.

Certified Platinum by the RIAA, Emancipation is the first record featuring covers by Prince of songs of other artists: Joan Osborne's top ten hit song of 1995 "One of Us";[62] "Betcha by Golly Wow!" (written by Thomas Randolf Bell and Linda Creed);[63] "I Can't Make You Love Me" (written by James Allen Shamblin II and Michael Barry Reid);[64] and "La-La (Means I Love You)" (written by Thomas Randolf Bell and William Hart).[65]

Prince released Crystal Ball, a 5-CD collection of unreleased material, in 1998. The distribution of this album was disorderly, with some fans pre-ordering the album on his website up to a year before it was eventually shipped to them, and months after the record had gone on sale in retail stores. The retail edition has only four discs, as it is missing the "Kamasutra" disc. There are also two different packaging editions for retail, one being in a 4-disc sized jewel case with a simple white cover and the Love Symbol in a colored circle; the other is all four discs in a round translucent snap jewel case. The discs are the same, as is the CD jacket. The Newpower Soul album released three months later failed to make much of an impression on the charts. His collaboration on Chaka Khan's Come 2 My House, and Larry Graham's GCS2000, both released on the NPG Records label around the same time as Newpower Soul met with the same fate, despite heavy promotion and live appearances on Vibe with Sinbad, and the NBC Today show's Summer Concert Series.

In 1999, Prince once again signed with a major label Arista Records to release a new record, Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic. In an attempt to make his new album a success, Prince easily gave more interviews than at any other point in his career, appearing on MTV's Total Request Live (with his album cover on the front of the Virgin Megastore, in the background on TRL throughout the whole show), Larry King Live (with Larry Graham) and other media outlets. Nevertheless, Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic failed to perform well commercially. A few months earlier, Warner Bros. had also released The Vault: Old Friends 4 Sale, a collection of unreleased material recorded by Prince throughout his career, and his final recording commitment on his contract with Warner Bros. The greatest success he had during the year was with the EP 1999: The New Master, released in time for Prince to collect a small portion of the sales dollars Warner Bros. had been seeing for the album and singles of the original 1999.

The pay-per-view concert, Rave Un2 the Year 2000, was broadcast on December 31, 1999 and consisted of footage from the December 17 and December 18 concerts of his 1999 tour. The concert featured appearances by many guest musicians including Lenny Kravitz, George Clinton, Jimmy Russell, and The Time. It was released to home video the following year. A remix album, Rave In2 the Joy Fantastic (as opposed to "Un2") was released exclusively through Prince's NPG Music Club in April 2000.

Turnaround: 2000–05

On May 16, 2000, Prince ceased using the Love Symbol moniker and returned to using "Prince" again, after his publishing contract with Warner/Chappell expired. In a press conference, he stated that, after being freed from undesirable relationships associated with the name "Prince", he would formally revert to using his real name. Prince still frequently uses the symbol as a logo and on album artwork and continues to play a Love Symbol-shaped guitar.

For several years following the release of Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic, Prince primarily released new music through his Internet subscription service, NPGOnlineLtd.com (later NPGMusicClub.com). Two albums that show substantive jazz influence were available commercially at record stores: 2001's The Rainbow Children, and the 2003 instrumental record N.E.W.S which was nominated for a Best Pop Instrumental Album Grammy Award. Another album of largely jazz-influenced music, Xpectation, was released via download in 2003 to members of the NPGMusicClub.

In 2002, Prince released his first live album, One Nite Alone... Live!, which features performances from the One Nite Alone tour. The 3-CD box set, which also includes a disc of "aftershow" music entitled It Ain't Over!, failed to chart. During this time, Prince sought to engage more effectively with his fan base via the NPG Music Club, pre-concert sound checks, and at yearly "celebrations" at Paisley Park, his music studios. Fans were invited into the studio for tours, interviews, discussions and music-listening sessions. Some of these fan discussions were filmed for an unreleased documentary, directed by Kevin Smith. Smith discusses what happened during those days at length in his An Evening with Kevin Smith DVD. Performances were also arranged to showcase Prince's talents, as well as to collaborate with popular and well-established artists and guests including Alicia Keys, The Time, Erykah Badu, Nikka Costa, George Clinton, Norah Jones.

On February 8, 2004, Prince appeared at the Grammy Awards with Beyoncé Knowles. In a performance that opened the show, Prince and Knowles performed a medley of "Purple Rain", "Let's Go Crazy", "Baby I'm a Star", and Knowles' "Crazy in Love" to positive reviews. The following month, Prince was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. The award was presented to him by Alicia Keys along with Big Boi and André 3000 of OutKast. As well as performing a trio of his own hits during the ceremony, Prince also participated in a tribute to fellow inductee George Harrison in a rendition of Harrison's "While My Guitar Gently Weeps", playing a long guitar solo that ended the song.

On February 19, The Tavis Smiley Show broadcast included a performance of "Reflection" from Prince's Musicology album. Prince was accompanied by Wendy Melvoin, formerly of The Revolution.

In April 2004, Prince released Musicology through a one-album agreement with Columbia Records. The album rose as high as the top five on a number of international charts (including the U.S, UK, Germany and Australia). The U.S. chart success was assisted by the CD being included as part of the concert ticket purchase, and each CD thereby qualifying (as chart rules then stood) towards U.S. chart placement.

That same year, Rolling Stone magazine named Prince as the highest-earning musician in the world, with an annual income of $56.5 million,[66] largely due to his Musicology Tour, which Pollstar named as the top concert draw among musicians in U.S. The artist played an impressive run of 96 concerts; the average ticket price for a show was U.S.$61. Further highlighting the success of the album, Prince's Musicology went on to receive two Grammy wins, for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance for "Call My Name" and Best Traditional R&B Vocal Performance for the title track. Musicology was also nominated for Best R&B Song and Best R&B Album, while "Cinnamon Girl" was nominated for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance. The album became the artist's most commercially successful since Diamonds and Pearls, partly due to a radical scheme devised which included in Billboard's sales figures those that were distributed to each customer during ticket sales for the Musicology tour, with concert figures accounting for 25% of the total album sales.[67]

In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine ranked Prince #28 on their list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time".[6]

In April 2005, Prince played guitar (along with En Vogue singing backing vocals) on Stevie Wonder's single "So What the Fuss", Wonder's first since 1999.[68]

In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, which devastated the city of New Orleans on August 29, 2005, Prince offered a personal response by recording two new songs, "S.S.T." and the instrumental "Brand New Orleans", at Paisley Park in the early hours of September 2. Prince again performed all instrumental and vocal parts. These recordings were quickly dispersed to the public via Prince's NPG Music Club, and "S.S.T." was later picked up by iTunes, where it reached #1 on the store's R&B chart. On October 25, Sony Records released a version of the single on CD.

Move to Universal: 2005–06

In late 2005 Prince signed with Universal Records to release his album, 3121, on March 21, 2006 (3/21). The first single was the Latin-tinged "Te Amo Corazón", the video for which was directed by actress Salma Hayek and filmed in Marrakech, Morocco, featuring Argentine actress and singer Mía Maestro. The video for the second single, "Black Sweat", was nominated at the MTV VMAs for Best Cinematography. The immediate success of 3121 gave Prince his first #1 debut on the Billboard 200 with the album.

To promote the new album, Prince was the musical guest on Saturday Night Live on February 4, 2006, seventeen years after his last SNL appearance. He performed two songs from the album, "Fury" and "Beautiful, Loved & Blessed", with Támar. Prince also held a contest to win a trip to see a 'Purple Ticket Concert' at his private residence in Hollywood, California. Seven winning tickets were placed inside 3121 CD packages in the U.S., and other tickets were given away in various contests on the Internet and around the world. On May 6, 2006, twenty-four prize winners (with a guest each) attended a star-studded private party and performance at Prince's home.

On June 12, 2006, Prince received a Webby Lifetime Achievement Award in recognition of his "visionary" use of the Internet; Prince was the first major artist to release an entire album, 1997's Crystal Ball, exclusively on the Internet.

Only weeks after winning a Webby Award, Prince abruptly shut down his official NPG Music Club website at 12:00 AM on July 4, 2006 after over five years of operation. The NPG Music Club sent out an email, claiming that "in its current 4m there is a feeling that the NPGMC gone as far as it can go. In a world without limitations and infinite possibilities, has the time come 2 once again make a leap of faith and begin anew? These r ?s we in the NPG need 2 answer. In doing so, we have decided 2 put the club on hiatus until further notice." On the day of the music club's shutdown, a lawsuit was filed against Prince by the British company HM Publishing (owners of the Nature Publishing Group, also NPG). Despite these events occurring on the same day, Prince's attorney has called it pure coincidence and stated that the site did not close due to the trademark dispute.[69]

Prince appeared at multiple award ceremonies in 2006. On February 15, 2006, Prince performed at the BRIT Awards along with Wendy & Lisa and Sheila E. He played "Te Amo Corazón" and "Fury" from 3121 and "Purple Rain" and "Let's Go Crazy" from Purple Rain. On June 27, 2006, Prince appeared at the BET Awards, where he was awarded Best Male R&B Artist. In addition to receiving his award, Prince performed a medley of Chaka Khan songs for Khan's BET Lifetime Award. Prince had previously written and performed several songs with the singer. In November 2006, Prince was inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame, appearing to collect his award but not performing. Also in November 2006, Prince opened a nightclub named 3121 in Las Vegas at the Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino. He performed weekly on Friday and Saturday nights until April 2007, when his contract with the Rio ended.

On August 22, 2006, Prince released Ultimate. The double disc set contains one CD of previous hits, and another of extended versions and mixes of material that had largely only previously been available on vinyl record B-sides.

Prince wrote and performed a song for the hit 2006 animated film Happy Feet. The song, entitled "The Song of the Heart", appears on the film's soundtrack, which also features a cover of Prince's earlier hit "Kiss", sung by Nicole Kidman and Hugh Jackman. In January 2007, "The Song of the Heart" won a Golden Globe for Best Original Song. Prince arrived late, apparently due to traffic problems, and thus was unable to make an acceptance speech, but actor Hugh Grant prompted him later in the ceremony to take a bow.

Current work: 2007–present

Prince's stage set for the Earth Tour in 2007

On February 2, 2007, Prince played at the Super Bowl XLI press conference. He and the band played a set comprising Chuck Berry's hit, "Johnny B. Goode", "Anotherloverholenyohead" from Parade and "Get On the Boat" from 3121. Prince performed at the Super Bowl XLI halftime show in Miami, Florida on February 4, 2007. The performance consisted of three Purple Rain tracks ("Let's Go Crazy", "Baby I'm a Star" and the title track), along with cover versions of "We Will Rock You" by Queen, "All Along the Watchtower" by Bob Dylan, the Foo Fighters song "Best of You" and "Proud Mary" by Creedence Clearwater Revival. Coincidentally, Miami had rain on the day of the Super Bowl, which was lit purple during the performance of "Purple Rain". He played on a large stage shaped as his famous symbol. The event was carried to 140 million television viewers, the largest audience of his life. On February 4, 2010, Billboard.com ranked the performance as the greatest Super Bowl performance ever.[70]

Prince played 21 concerts in London during the summer of 2007. The "Earth Tour" included 21 nights at the 20,000 capacity O2 Arena. Tickets for the O2 Arena were priced at £31.21 (including a free copy of Prince's latest album), in order to make the concerts "affordable for everybody". The residency at the O2 Arena was increased to 15 nights after all 140,000 tickets for the original seven sold out in just 20 minutes.[71] It was then further extended to 21 nights.[72]

On May 10, 2007, Prince performed a 'secret' gig at London's KOKO in front of a small crowd of fans and celebrities. Tickets went on sale that morning on a first-come-first-served basis (again at £31.21). A prelude to the forthcoming summer gigs in London, Prince played a relaxed set of classic hits ("Kiss", changing the lyric from "You don't have to watch Dynasty" to Desperate Housewives, "Girls & Boys", and "Nothing Compares 2 U") alongside more recent tracks, plus a well-received cover version of Gnarls Barkley's "Crazy".

Prince made an appearance at the 2007 ALMA Awards, performing with Sheila E. in June 2007. On June 28, 2007, the UK national newspaper The Mail on Sunday revealed that it had made a deal to give Prince's new album, Planet Earth, away for free with an "imminent" edition of the paper, making it the first place in the world to get the album. This move sparked controversy among music distributors and also led the UK arm of Prince's distributor, Sony BMG, to withdraw from distributing the album in UK stores.[73] The UK's largest high street music retailer, HMV, decided to stock the paper on release day due to the giveaway.

On July 7, 2007 Prince returned to his hometown of Minneapolis to perform three shows in what was unofficially declared Prince Day in Minnesota. He performed concerts at the Macy's Auditorium (to promote his new perfume "3121") on Nicollet Mall, the Target Center arena, and First Avenue.[74] It was the first time he had played at First Avenue, the club made famous in the film Purple Rain, since 1987.[75]

Prince at the Coachella Festival in 2008

On April 25, 2008, Prince performed on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, where he debuted a new song, "Turn Me Loose". Days after, he headlined the Coachella Festival 2008. Prince was paid more than $5 million for his performance at Coachella, according to Reuters.[76]

Prince cancelled a concert, planned at Dublin's Croke Park on June 16, 2008, at just 10 days' notice. In October 2009 promoters MCD Productions went to court to sue Prince for €1.6 million, after paying him $1.5 million, half his agreed fee of $3 million for the concert. MCD claim they had to refund 55,126 tickets purchased and its total losses exceeded $1.66 million. Prince's lawyers argued the MCD claim was "greatly inflated".[77][78] Prince settled the case out of court in February 2010 for $2.95 million.[79][80] During the trial, it was revealed that Prince had been offered $22 million for seven concerts as part of a proposed 2008 European tour.[81]

In October 2008, Prince released a live album entitled Indigo Nights, as well as 21 Nights, an accompanying book of poems, lyrics and photos. The book chronicled his record-breaking tenure at London's O2 Arena in 2007, while the album is a collection of songs performed live at aftershows in the IndigO2.

On December 18, 2008, Prince premiered four songs from his new album on LA's Indie 103 radio show, comprising a cover of "Crimson and Clover" by Tommy James and the Shondells, together with "Colonized Mind", "Wall of Berlin" and "4ever". The same day, another new Prince composition entitled "(There'll Never B) Another Like Me" premiered on the website, mplsound.com — replacing a shorter, instrumental version of the song which streamed several days previously.

On January 3, 2009, a new website LotusFlow3r.com was launched, streaming some of the recently-aired material ("Crimson and Clover", "(There'll Never B) Another Like Me" and "Here Eye Come") and promising opportunities to listen to and buy music by Prince and guests, watch videos and buy concert tickets for future events. On January 31, Prince released two more songs on LotusFlow3r.com: "Disco Jellyfish", and "Another Boy". "Chocolate Box", "A Colonized Mind", and "All This Love" have since been released on the website.

Prince at the Grand Palais in Paris in 2009

Prince released a triple album set containing LOtUSFLOW3R, MPLSoUND, and an album credited to his new protege, Bria Valente, called Elixer, on March 24, 2009, followed by a physical release on March 29. The release was preceded by performances on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and The Ellen DeGeneres Show. It was released in other countries digitally, with official physical release dates yet to be announced. The album peaked at #2 on the Billboard 200, and critics' opinions were mixed to positive.

On July 18, 2009, Prince performed two shows at the Montreux Jazz Festival, being backed by The New Power Generation including Rhonda Smith, Renato Neto, and John Blackwell. There he premiered "A Large Room With No Light" which had been in Prince's vault for some time.

On October 11, 2009, Prince gave two surprise concerts at the glass-and-iron Grand Palais exhibition hall after visiting the landmark Paris building on the banks of the Seine.[82] On October 12, he gave another surprise gig at La Cigale. On October 24, Prince played a concert at his own Paisley Park complex in Minneapolis, Minnesota.[83]

In January 2010, Prince wrote a new song, "Purple and Gold", inspired by his visit to a Minnesota Vikings football game against the Dallas Cowboys".[84] The song is a simple, drumline-driven track with inspirational lyrics about victory. The following month, Prince let Minneapolis-area public radio station 89.3 The Current premiere his new song "Cause and Effect" as a gesture in support of independent radio.[85]

Personal life

File:Mayte (95).jpg
Prince and Mayte at the NAACP Image Awards in 1996

Prince has been romantically linked with many celebrities, including Kim Basinger, Madonna, Carmen Electra, and Anna Fantastic.[14] He married his backup singer and dancer, Mayte Garcia, on Valentine's Day, 1996. They had one son named Boy Gregory, (born October 16, 1996) who was born with Pfeiffer syndrome and died a week after birth.[86] They were divorced in 1999. On December 31, 2001, Prince married Manuela Testolini in a private ceremony, but she filed for divorce in May 2006.[87]

Prince became one of Jehovah's Witnesses in 2001 following a two-year-long debate with friend and fellow Jehovah's Witness, musician Larry Graham. Prince said he didn't consider it a conversion, but a "realization"; "It's like Morpheus and Neo in The Matrix", he explained. He attends meetings at a local Kingdom Hall and occasionally knocks on people's doors to discuss his new faith.[88] Prince has reportedly needed double-hip-replacement surgery since 2005 but won't undergo the operation unless it is a bloodless surgery because Jehovah's Witnesses do not accept blood transfusions.[89] The condition was worsened by years of dancing onstage in high-heeled boots.[90] He now uses a diamond-studded cane to help him walk.[91]

Prince is a vegan. In 2006 he was voted the "world's sexiest vegetarian" in PETA's annual online poll.[92] The liner notes for his album Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic featured a message about the cruelty involved in wool production.[93]

Prince is a Minnesota Vikings football fan, owning a skybox at the Hubert Humphrey Metrodome and can be seen regularly at the games. He currently resides in Toronto, Canada.[citation needed]

In 2008, Prince briefly talked about his personal views on religion and politics, which some have interpreted as opposing legal recognition of same-sex marriages [1]

Stage names

Logo. Hollow circle above downward arrow crossed with a curlicued horn-shaped symbol and then a short bar
The unpronounceable symbol (later dubbed "Love Symbol #2").

In 1993, during negotiations regarding the release of Prince's album The Gold Experience, a legal battle ensued between Warner Bros. and Prince over the artistic and financial control of Prince's output. During the lawsuit, Prince appeared in public with the word "slave" written on his cheek. Prince explained his name change as follows:

The first step I have taken towards the ultimate goal of emancipation from the chains that bind me to Warner Bros. was to change my name from Prince to the Love Symbol. Prince is the name that my mother gave me at birth. Warner Bros. took the name, trademarked it, and used it as the main marketing tool to promote all of the music that I wrote. The company owns the name Prince and all related music marketed under Prince. I became merely a pawn used to produce more money for Warner Bros... I was born Prince and did not want to adopt another conventional name. The only acceptable replacement for my name, and my identity, was the Love Symbol, a symbol with no pronunciation, that is a representation of me and what my music is about. This symbol is present in my work over the years; it is a concept that has evolved from my frustration; it is who I am. It is my name.[94]

"Prince" is a trademark owned by Paisley Park Enterprises, Inc. It was initially filed with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) in 2005 in the categories of printed materials, clothing, electronic commerce, and entertainment services based on first commercial in 1978[95] Various searches to the USPTO did not find any registrations or transfers of "Prince" or related names by Warner Bros. In 1991, PRN Music Corporation assigned the trademarks "Prince", "The Time", "Paisley Park", "New Power Generation", and "Prince and the Revolution" to Paisley Park Enterprises.[96]

Prince has used pseudonyms to separate himself from the music (either his own or that of others) he has had input in; "I was just getting tired of seeing my name," he said, "If you give away an idea, you still own that idea. In fact, giving it away strengthens it. Why do people feel they have to take credit for everything they do? Ego, that's the only reason."[97] These pseudonyms include: Jamie Starr and The Starr Company (for the songs he wrote for The Time and many other artists from 1981–1984),[98][99] Joey Coco (for many unreleased Prince songs in the late 1980s, as well as songs written for Sheena Easton & Kenny Rogers),[100] Paisley Park (occasionally used in the early 1990s for his production credits on songs, including those written for Martika and Kid Creole),[101] Alexander Nevermind (for writing the 1984 song "Sugar Walls" by Sheena Easton),[102] and Christopher (used for his song writing credit of "Manic Monday" for The Bangles).[103]

In 1995, Prince threatened to sue a 900 number, operated by Nathan Wright for his Purple Underground magazine phone line, for playing to the public for the first time segments of The Black Album. Prince's attorneys, Lavely & Singer, demanded royalties in a cease and desist letter served to Wright. Instead Wright offered to work with Prince and split the profits. Wright and Prince's attorneys then worked on a deal to share profits but the deal never transpired (copies of these documents are available for verification).[citation needed] Instead, Prince started his own 900 number while Wright was able to continue his without any further action.

On September 14, 2007, Prince announced that he was going to sue YouTube and eBay because they "are clearly able (to) filter porn and pedophile material but appear to choose not to filter out the unauthorized music and film content which is core to their business success." Web Sheriff, the international Internet policing company he hired, told Reuters: "The problem is that one can reduce it to zero and then the next day there will be 100 or 500 or whatever. This carries on ad nauseam at Prince's expense."[104][105]

In October 2007, Stephanie Lenz filed a lawsuit against Universal Music Publishing Group, claiming they were abusing copyright law, after the music publisher had YouTube take down Lenz's home movie in which the Prince song "Let's Go Crazy" played faintly in the background.[106]

On November 5, 2007, several fan sites of Prince formed "Prince Fans United" to fight back against legal requests they claim Prince made to cease and desist all use of photographs, images, lyrics, album covers and anything linked to Prince's likeness.[107] While Prince's lawyers claimed that the use of such representations constituted copyright infringement, the Prince Fans United claimed that the legal actions were "attempts to stifle all critical commentary about Prince." A few days later, Prince released a statement denying the fansites' claims, stating "The action taken earlier this week was not to shut down fansites, or control comment in any way. The issue was simply to do with in regards to copyright and trademark of images and only images, and no lawsuits have been filed." The statement from AEG, Prince's promoter, asserted that the only "offending items" on the three fansites were live shots from Prince's 21 nights in London at the O2 Arena earlier in the year.[108]

On November 8, 2007, Prince Fans United received a song named "PFUnk", providing a kind of "unofficial answer" to their movement. The song, originally debuted on the PFU main site,[109] was retitled "F.U.N.K.", and is available on iTunes.

On November 14, 2007, it was reported that the satirical website b3ta.com had pulled their "image challenge of the week" devoted to Prince after legal threats from the star under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. B3ta co-founder Rob Manuel wrote on the site: "Under threat of legal action from Prince's legal team of 'potential closure of your web site' - We have removed the Prince image challenge and B3ta apologises unreservedly to AEG / NPG and Prince for any offence caused. We also ask our members to avoid photoshopping Prince and posting them on our boards.[110]

At the 2008 Coachella Music Festival, Prince performed a cover of Radiohead's "Creep", but immediately after he forced YouTube and other sites to remove footage that fans had taken of the performance, despite Radiohead's demand for it to remain on the website.[111] Days later, YouTube reinstated the videos, while Radiohead claimed "it's our song, let people hear it." In 2009, Prince put the video of that Coachella performance on his website LotusFlow3r.com.

Discography

Main article: Prince discography

This discography excludes compilations of previously-released material.

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f History of Rock and Roll, Thomas Larsen, page 243. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2010-03-18.
  2. ^ "Grammy search database". Grammy.com. Retrieved 27 February 2010.
  3. ^ "Golden Globe Awards". goldenglobes.org. Retrieved 27 February 2010.
  4. ^ "Nominees & Winners for the 57th Academy Awards". oscars.org. Retrieved 27 February 2010.
  5. ^ "Tavis Smiley". pbs.org. April 27, 2009. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  6. ^ a b "The Immortals: The First Fifty". Rolling Stone. March 24, 2004. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  7. ^ "BBC 6Music: The Axe Factor". BBC. April 9, 2010. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  8. ^ Henderson, Alex. "The Minneapolis Sound". Allmusic. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  9. ^ Lavezzoli, Peter (2002). The King Of All, Sir Duke-Ellington And The Artistic Revolution. Continuum. p. 88. ISBN ISBN 0826414044. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  10. ^ Gonzales, Michael A. (April 1996). "Mighty Mighty". Vibe. p. 81. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  11. ^ Perone, James E. (2006). The Sound Of Stevie Wonder: His Words And Music. pp. xii. ISBN 027598723X. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  12. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Prince biography". Allmusic. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  13. ^ Prince: Inside the Purple Reign. Retrieved on 11 February 2007.
  14. ^ a b Hahn 2003.
  15. ^ Gulla, Bob (2008). Icons of R&B and Soul: An Encyclopedia of the Artists who Revolutionized Rhythm. Greenwood Publishing. p. 483. ISBN 0313340463.
  16. ^ Lynch, Jason (April 28, 2009). "Prince Talks about His Struggle with Epilepsy". people.com. Time. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  17. ^ Nilsen, Per (2003). Dance Music Sex Romance: Prince: The First Decade. SAF. p. 19. ISBN 0946719640. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  18. ^ Prince: A Pop Life. Dave Hill, 1989, London Faber and Faber
  19. ^ "BMI | Repertoire Search". Repertoire.bmi.com. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  20. ^ "Profile for Controversy Music". Ascap.com. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  21. ^ "CNN – WorldBeat Biography – Prince – December 20, 1999". Archives.cnn.com. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  22. ^ Buckley, Peter (2003). The Rough Guide to Rock. Rough Guides Ltd. p. 819. ISBN 978-1-84353-105-0. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  23. ^ "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum". Retrieved 27 February 2010.
  24. ^ Gulla, Bob (2008). Icons of R&B and Soul: An Encyclopedia of the Artists who Revolutionized Rhythm. Greenwood Press. p. 419. ISBN 0313340447. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  25. ^ "The RS 500 Greatest Albums of All Time," 18 November 2003, at RollingStone.com. Retrieved 9 September 2006.
  26. ^ "The All-Time 100 Albums by ''Time'' magazine". Time.com. 2006-11-13. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  27. ^ Siegel, Robert. "Tipper Gore and Family Values : NPR Music". Npr.org. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  28. ^ Macdonald, Cameron (January 23, 2006). "Treating Dandruff by Decapitation". Stylus. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  29. ^ a b Draper, p. 76–78
  30. ^ Draper, p. 80
  31. ^ a b c d e f Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Sign 'O' the Times". Billboard magazine. Retrieved 2009-03-03.
  32. ^ a b c d "Artist Chart History — Prince". Billboard magazine. Retrieved 2009-01-13.
  33. ^ Draper, p. 81.
  34. ^ a b c Draper, p. 86–87
  35. ^ a b Hahn 2003, p. 118.
  36. ^ Draper, p. 90
  37. ^ Draper, p. 92
  38. ^ Draper, p. 91
  39. ^ Hahn 2003, pp. 121–122.
  40. ^ Draper, p. 93
  41. ^ "Lovesexy". Billboard magazine. Retrieved 2009-01-13.
  42. ^ Draper, p. 94
  43. ^ Hahn 2003, pp. 152–153.
  44. ^ Draper, p. 95
  45. ^ Hahn 2003, pp. 155–156.
  46. ^ Draper, p. 96
  47. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Batman". Billboard magazine. Retrieved 20091-01-13. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  48. ^ Hahn 2003, p. 157.
  49. ^ Hahn 2003, p. 166.
  50. ^ Draper, p. 104
  51. ^ "Graffiti Bridge". Billboard magazine. Retrieved 2001-01-13. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  52. ^ Draper, p. 105
  53. ^ Hahn 2003, p. 177.
  54. ^ a b "Discography (more) - Prince — Sign 'O' the Times". Billboard.com. 1987-05-09. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  55. ^ Prince & The New Power Generation Discography. Discogs. Retrieved on 2009-04-15.
  56. ^ Carter, Andrew (1999-06-23). "The People Formerly Known as Fans". City Pages. Retrieved 2007-12-12.
  57. ^ "Billboard Chart positions for Prince". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  58. ^ a b Hahn 2003, p. 187.
  59. ^ Hahn 2003, pp. 192–193.
  60. ^ Carter, Andrew (1999-06-23). "The People Formerly Known as Fans". City Pages. Retrieved 2007-12-12.
  61. ^ "ASCAP profile for Emancipated Music". Ascap.com. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  62. ^ "''Billboard'' chart history for "One Of Us"". Billboard.com. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  63. ^ "BMI credits for "Betcha By Golly Wow!"". Repertoire.bmi.com. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  64. ^ "BMI credits for "I Can't Make You Love Me"". Ascap.com. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  65. ^ "BMI credits for "La-La Means I Love You"". Repertoire.bmi.com. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  66. ^ "Prince crowned 'top music earner'". BBC.co.uk. February 9, 2005. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  67. ^ D'Angelo, Joe (May 28, 2004). "Billboard Sours On Prince's Musicology Sales Experiment: Magazine changes policy on tallying albums sold with tickets". mtv.com. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  68. ^ "So What the Fuss credits". Discog.
  69. ^ Finn, Natalie (July 12, 2006). "Prince Site Fades to Black". E! Online. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  70. ^ Dave Hoekstra (5 February 2007). "Purple rain turned super". Retrieved on February 5, 2007
  71. ^ "Prince shows sell out in minutes". nme.com. 2007-05-11. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  72. ^ "Prince extends tour". Yahoo! Music News. 2007-06-11. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  73. ^ Allen, Katie (June 29, 2007). "Music industry attacks Sunday newspaper's free Prince CD". guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-07-18. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  74. ^ DeRusha, Jason (July 7, 2007). "Prince Thrills Fans With 3 Minneapolis Shows". wcco.com. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  75. ^ "Prince plays 3 shows in his hometown". usatoday.com. July 8, 2007. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  76. ^ Sulugiuc, Gelu (April 28, 2008). "Prince reigns at California music festival". reuters.com. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  77. ^ Mary Carolan (October 13, 2009). "No solid reason given for Prince no-show, court told". irishtimes.com. Retrieved 27 February 2010.
  78. ^ Mary Carolan (December 9, 2009). "Prince told to furnish documents in MCD case". irishtimes.com. Retrieved 27 February 2010.
  79. ^ "Prince settles cancelled Dublin gig case". bbc.co.uk. February 26, 2010. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  80. ^ Pogatchnik, Shawn (March 26, 2010). "Prince ordered to pay Irish promoter $3 million". AP News. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  81. ^ "Singer Prince Settles Lawsuit Over Axed Dublin Gig". The New York Times. February 26, 2010. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  82. ^ Tickets to Prince's Paris shows sell out in 77 minutes, AFP, October 8, 2009
  83. ^ Anthony, Steven (October 26, 2009). "All Day, All Night — How I Spent My Weekend At Paisley Park". The Musictionary.
  84. ^ "Prince Releases Minnesota Vikings Song". myfox9.com. January 21, 2010. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  85. ^ Kreps, Daniel (February 26, 2010). "Prince Gives New "Cause and Effect" to Minnesota Public Radio". Rolling Stone. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  86. ^ Kennedy, Dana (December 20, 1996). "Prince's Saddest Song". Entertainment Weekly. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  87. ^ Levy, Daniel S. (July 27, 2006). "Prince's Wife, Manuela (Partner of five years), Filed for Divorce". people.com. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  88. ^ Hoffman, Claire (November 24, 2008). "Soup With Prince". The New Yorker. New York.
  89. ^ Freedom du Lac, J. (June 11, 2009). "Prince Hips the World to His Jehovah's Witness". The Washington Post.
  90. ^ Forder, Rachel (October 19, 2005). "When Hip Gives Way to Hip Replacement". The Telegraph. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  91. ^ Friedman, Roger (June 9, 2009). "Prince: So Hip He Needs Two New Ones". The Hollywood Reporter.
  92. ^ Faber, Judy (May 22, 2006). "Prince Is Voted 'Sexiest Vegetarian'". CBS News. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  93. ^ Jet. 12 June 2006. p. 35. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  94. ^ Heatley, Michael (2008). Where Were You... When the Music Played? 120 Unforgettable Moments in Music History. Penguin Books. p. 191. ISBN 9780762109883. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  95. ^ United States Patent and Trademark Office. Serial Number: 78561384; Registration Number: 3128896
  96. ^ US Patent and Trade Office. Reel/Frame: 0805/0848 and 0805/0880.
  97. ^ Coryat, Karl (November 1999). "His Highness Gets Down!". Bass Player. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  98. ^ "Songs credited to Jamie Starr". Discogs.
  99. ^ "Songs credited to The Starr Company". Discogs.
  100. ^ "Songs credited to Joey Coco". Discogs.,
  101. ^ "Songs credited to Paisley Park". Discogs.
  102. ^ "Songs credited to Alexander Nevermind". Discogs.
  103. ^ "Songs credited to Christopher". Discogs.
  104. ^ "Prince To Sue YouTube, eBay Over Unauthorized Content". billboard.com. 2007. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  105. ^ "Prince takes on YouTube over clips". Times Online. September 13, 2007. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  106. ^ Francescani, Chris (October 26, 2007). "The Home Video Prince Doesn't Want You to See". ABC News. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  107. ^ Gibson, Owen (November 7, 2007). "Prince threatens to sue his fans over online images". guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-07-18. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  108. ^ "Prince 'not suing fans': Singer hits back at fansite claims". NME. November 9, 2007. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  109. ^ Kreps, Daniel (November 9, 2007). "Prince Releases Diss Track As Battle With Fans Gets Funky". Rolling Stone. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  110. ^ Kiss, Jemima (15 November 2007). "B3ta bates Prince". guardian.co.uk. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  111. ^ "Radiohead to Prince: Unblock 'Creep' cover videos". Music.yahoo.com. 2008-05-30. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  112. ^ Due to the album's correct name being an unpronounceable symbol, this title is provided as a widely recognized alternate.

References

  • Draper, Jason (2008). Prince: Life & Times. Jawbone Press. ISBN 978-1-906002-18-3.
  • Hahn, Alex (2004). Possessed: The Rise And Fall Of Prince. Billboard Books. ISBN 0-8230-7749-7.
  • Jones, Liz (1998). Purple Reign: The Artist Formerly Known as Prince. Birch Lane Press. ISBN 978-1559724487.
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