Risk (game)

Risk

Publishers	Hasbro Winning Moves Games USA
Players	2–6
Setup time	5–15 minutes
Playing time	1 to 6 hours
Chance	High (5 dice, cards)
Skills	Tactics, Strategy, and Negotiation

Risk is a strategic board game, produced by Parker Brothers (now a division of Hasbro). It was invented by French film director Albert Lamorisse and originally released in 1957, as La Conquête du Monde ("The Conquest of the World"), in French. Risk is a turn-based game for two to six players. The standard version is played on a board depicting a political map of the Earth, divided into forty-two territories, which are grouped into six continents. Players attempt to capture territories from other players by rolling higher die numbers. The game is won when one player has managed to occupy every territory.

Equipment and its evolution in design

File:RiskSoldier.jpg

Infantry, the basic unit of Risk, represents one army.

File:RiskCavalry.jpg

Cavalry represents five armies.

File:RiskCannon.jpg

Artillery represents ten armies.

Each Risk game comes with a number of differently-colored tokens denoting armies. In the first editions, the playing pieces were wooden cubes representing one army each and a few rounded triangular prisms representing ten armies each, but in later versions of the game these pieces were molded of plastic to reduce costs. In the 1980s, these were changed to pieces shaped into the Roman numerals I, III, V, and X. The 1993 edition introduced plastic Infantry tokens (representing a single unit), cavalry (representing five units), and artillery (representing ten units). The 40th Anniversary Collector's Edition contained the same troop pieces but made of metal rather than plastic. In the 2005 "bookcase" edition, playing pieces are once again wooden cubes. These token types are purely a convention for ease of representing a specific army size. If a player runs out of army pieces during the game, another color may be used to substitute, or another symbolic token to help keep track of armies. Standard equipment also include five (originally six) dice in two colors: two dice for the defender and three for the attacker.

Also included is a total of seventy-two Risk cards. Forty-two of these depict territories, in addition to a symbol of an infantry, cavalry, or artillery piece. One of these cards is awarded to a player at the end of each turn, if the player has successfully conquered at least one territory during that turn. No more than one card may be awarded per turn. If a player collects either three cards with the same symbol, or one of each, these cards may be traded in for reinforcements at the beginning of a player's turn. These cards can also be used for game set-up (see below for details). Also included are two wild cards that depict an infantry, cavalry, and artillery piece, as opposed to one of the three and a territory. Because these cards have all three symbols, they can match with any two other cards to form a set. Twenty-eight Mission cards also come with the game to be used in the Secret Mission Risk rule variant.

In the 40th Anniversary Collector's Edition the movement route between the territories of East Africa and Middle East was removed; this was later confirmed to be a manufacturing error, an error repeated in Risk II. Subsequent editions restored the missing route. While the European versions of Risk had included the variation "Secret Mission Risk" for some time, the U.S. version did not have this added until 1993.

Setup

Standard

Setting up the Risk board for play is more involved than in many other games.

• Each player first counts out a number of playing pieces or "armies" for initial deployment. The number of armies that begins the game depends on the number of players: 40 armies for two players: 35 armies each if three players; 30 armies each if four players; 25 armies each if five players; and 20 armies each if six players.
• Players then take turns claiming territories by placing an army on an unoccupied territory until all the territories are occupied.
• Players then take turns placing their remaining armies on their territories. After all armies have been placed the actual game begins with another roll of a die used to determine the playing order.

Alternate

An alternate and quicker method of setup from the original French rules is to deal out the entire deck of Risk cards (minus the wild cards), assigning players to the territories on their cards.

Player turn

There are five phases to a player's turn: placing reinforcements, turning in Risk cards, attacking, fortifying, and receiving Risk cards.

Drafting troops

At the beginning of a player's turn, the player drafts new armies (troops) and then distributes these pieces around the board to reinforce any territory occupied by that player. The number of armies drafted is determined by summing the following several rules (official versions have varied with various editions):

• Territories and Cities formula; draft armies equal to the number of occupied territories plus the number of cities in those occupied territories divided by three and rounded down to the nearest integer. If this result is less than three, round up to three armies.
• Continent Bonus; The player receives additional armies for occupying an entire continent, equal to the continent bonus shown on the game board.

Continent	Bonus
Asia	7
North America	5
Europe	5
Africa	3
Australia	2
South America	2

• One additional army for every capital within the player's occupied territories.
• Any armies gained from turning in Risk Cards.

Turning in Risk cards

The player may receive armies by turning in a set of three Risk cards. A set of Risk cards consists of one of the following:

• three cards depicting the same unit (e.g. all three cards have cavalry pictures)
• three cards showing one of each type of Risk unit (soldier, cavalry, artillery).

If a player has five cards before the end of his turn, he must trade in a set immediately. The player places the armies on any of his territories.

The first set to be turned is worth 4 reinforcements; the second is worth 6; third 8; fourth 10; fifth 12; sixth 15 and for every additional set thereafter 5 more armies than the previous set turned in. Also, if a player owns one or more of the territories depicted on the set of turned in cards, the player may choose one of these territories to be awarded two additional armies that must be placed in that territory.

Alternate turn-in rules

In some editions, the cards display either one or two stars. Cards may be exchanged to draft a number of armies depending on the sum of these stars (limited from 2 to 10 stars) according to the table below. Cards may be accumulated as long as the player wishes. The new armies are immediately deployed in any combination across the player's occupied territories.

One common house rule follows the same ratios of troops, but simply uses cards instead of stars. This "currency" method prevents the wild escalation of reinforcements that occurs with the traditional rules. Players are forced to turn in their cards if they have a full set of ten.

If an Objective has been accomplished on the player's turn, that player is prohibited from also drawing a Risk card on that turn. The territory on the card is irrelevant when drafting troops.

Number of Stars exchanged	Number of Troops received
2	2
3	4
4	6
5	8
6	10
7	12
8	15
9	20
10	25

An additional card exchange regime is to offer a fixed number of armies depending on the emblem on the card. Three cannons would receive four armies, three infantry would receive six armies, three cavalry would receive eight armies, and one of each emblem would receive 10 armies.

Yet another card exchange regime follows the escalating exchange rules, but after awarding 15 armies for the sixth exchanged set the number is reset to the original four armies before increasing again with each exchange.

Attacking

Example of matching up attacking (left) and defending (right) dice

Attacks can only be originated by the player currently having a turn, and must be launched from one of the attacker's territories, against an adjacent or sea-lane connected territory occupied by an opposing player. The outcomes of battles are decided by rolling dice. Each dice roll determines the outcome of an individual attack, however a player may repeat this process during the attack phase of the turn, attacking any number of territories any number of times before yielding the turn to the next player. Attacking is optional; a player may decline to attack at all during the turn.

The attacking player attacks with one, two, or three armies, rolling a corresponding one, two or three die. At least one army must remain behind in the attacking territory not involved in the attack, as a territory may never be left unoccupied. The defending player must resist the attack with one or two armies (using at most the number of armies currently occupying the defended territory) by rolling a corresponding one or two die.

• The attacker's highest die number is compared against the defender's highest die. The highest number wins, with the defender winning ties.
• The attacker's next highest die is compared against the defender's second-highest die (assuming the defender committed a second army).
• Any extra dice (dice not matched against a defending army) are disregarded and do not affect the results.
• With each dice comparison, the loser removes one army from his territory from the game board.

If an attack successfully eliminates the final defending army within a territory, the attacking player then must occupy the newly conquered territory with an equal or greater number of armies as used in the attack minus any army lost during this attack. There is no limit to the total number of additional armies that may be sent in to occupy, providing at least one army remains behind in the original attacking territory.

If an attacking player occupies a defender's last territory, thus eliminating them from the game, the attacker acquires all of the defender's Risk cards. If the conquering player now has six or more cards, he must trade in sets until he has fewer than six. The gained armies are placed immediately.

Fortifying

When finished attacking and before passing the turn over to the next player, a player has the option to maneuver any number of armies from a single territory occupied by the player into an adjacent territory occupied by the same player. Under an alternate rule, the maneuvering armies may travel through as many territories to their final destination as desired, providing that all involved pass-through territories are contiguous and occupied by that same player. As always, at least one army must be left in the originating territory.

Receiving a Risk card

If the player has conquered at least one territory during the turn, the player draws a Risk card from the deck, and the player does not trade in cards at this point. Play then proceeds clockwise to the next player.

Strategy

Risiko (Italian version) in play

Basic strategy

The official rulebook gives three basic strategic tips for the classic rules:

• First, players should control entire continents to get the bonus reinforcement armies.
• Second, players should watch their borders for buildups of armies that could imply an upcoming attack.
• Third, players should build up armies on their own borders for better defense.

Alliances

The rules of Risk do not endorse or prohibit alliances or truces. Thus players often form unofficial treaties for various reasons, such as safeguarding themselves from attacks on one border while they concentrate their forces elsewhere, or eliminating a player who has grown too strong. Because these agreements are not enforceable by the rules, these agreements are often broken. Alliance making/breaking can be one of the most important elements of the game, and it adds human interaction to a decidedly probabilistic game.

Dice probabilities

Defenders always win ties when dice are rolled. This gives the defending player the advantage in "one-on-one" fights, but the attacker's ability to use more dice offsets this advantage, as indicated in the dice probability charts below. Actually capturing a territory depends on the number of attacking and defending armies and the associated probabilities can be expressed analytically using Markov chains., or studied numerically using stochastic simulation.

It is advantageous to always roll the maximum number of dice. (Exception: In some cases, an attacker may not wish to move men into a 'dead-end' territory. If this is the case, he might choose to roll fewer than three.)

The table below states the probabilities of all possible outcomes of one attacker dice roll and one defender dice roll:

Outcome probabilities of one dice roll in Risk (various number of die)			Attacker
			one die	two dice	three dice
Defender	one die	Defender loses one	41.67%	57.87%	65.97%
		Attacker loses one	58.33%	42.13%	34.03%
	two dice	Defender loses one	25.46%	-	-
		Attacker loses one	74.54%	-	-
		Defender loses two	-	22.76%	37.17%
		Attacker loses two	-	44.83%	29.26%
		Both lose one	-	32.41%	33.58%

Thus when rolling three dice against two dice (the most each player can roll), or two against one, the attacker has a slight advantage, otherwise the defender has an advantage. When large armies face off, a player will tend to gain a greater advantage over his opponent by attacking rather than defending. (Multiple opponents can change the prudence of such a strategy, however.)

The following table shows the probabilities that the attacker wins a whole battle between two countries (a sequence of dice rolls):

Probabilities of attacker winning a whole battle in Risk		Number of attacking armies
		1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
Number of defending armies	1	42%	75%	92%	97%	99%	>99%	>99%	>99%	>99%	>99%
	2	11%	36%	66%	79%	89%	93%	97%	98%	99%	99%
	3	3%	21%	47%	64%	77%	86%	91%	95%	97%	98%
	4	1%	9%	31%	48%	64%	74%	83%	89%	93%	95%
	5	<1%	5%	21%	36%	51%	64%	74%	82%	87%	92%
	6	<1%	2%	13%	25%	40%	52%	64%	73%	81%	86%
	7	<1%	1%	8%	18%	30%	42%	54%	64%	73%	80%
	8	<1%	<1%	5%	12%	22%	33%	45%	55%	65%	72%
	9	<1%	<1%	3%	9%	16%	26%	36%	46%	56%	65%
	10	<1%	<1%	2%	6%	12%	19%	29%	38%	48%	57%

The number of attacking armies does not include the minimum one army that must be left behind in the territory (i.e. so if the attacking territory has 10 armies total, it has maximum 9 attacking armies). Lime green indicates an advantage to the attacker, (i.e. that the probability to win is larger than 50%), and red an advantage to the defender.

A common situation is that the attacker wants to take over a whole region of countries during the same round, by a series of battles. After each successful battle, the attacker leaves one army in that country, and continues with the remaining attacking armies into next country. The following table shows the average number of countries that the attacker can take over, as well as the 90 percentile, starting with a certain number of attacking armies in the first battle. A fixed number of armies is assumed to defend each country.

	Number of attacking armies in the first battle:	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20
One defending army in each country.	Average number of countries that can be defeated:	0.42	1.0	1.7	2.3	3.0	3.6	4.3	5.0	5.6	6.3	6.9	7.6	8.3	8.9	9.6	10.2	10.9	11.5	12.2	12.9
	Number of countries that can be defeated with 90% confidence:	0	0	1	1	2	2	3	3	4	4	5	5	6	7	7	8	8	9	10	10
Two defending armies in each country.	Average number of countries that can be defeated:	0.11	0.39	0.82	1.2	1.6	2.0	2.4	2.8	3.2	3.6	3.9	4.3	4.7	5.1	5.5	5.9	6.3	6.7	7.1	7.5
	Number of countries that can be defeated with 90% confidence:	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	2	2	2	2	3	3	3	4	4	4	5	5

Differences of rules

Over the years, Parker Brothers and Hasbro have published many different editions of rules for the game.

Two-player Risk

The rules for this 2-player game were developed by Michael Levin of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and were included within the Official Rules published in 1975.

This 2-player version is played according to the traditional rules of Risk. Each player takes 40 armies and alternately places one army on an unoccupied territory until each has occupied 14 territories. The remaining armies are alternately distributed on the occupied territories. The remaining 14 territories are occupied by a force called the Allied Army. These armies are composed of playing pieces different in color from those used by the two players. Two Allied Armies will be placed on each unoccupied territory for a total of 28 armies.

Each player accumulates armies in the traditional manner. At the beginning of each turn, the Allied Army is entitled to one half the number of armies the player receives, rounding down. So, if a player obtains a total of nine armies, the Allied Army is entitled to four. Each player places the armies on the board according to the traditional rules. After a player has accumulated his armies, placed them on the board and completed his attacks (but prior to the fortifying phase) the opposing player places the number of Allied Armies (determined above) in Allied occupied territories.

Each player attacks according to the traditional rules. A player may attack the other player or the Allied Army. When a player attacks the Allied Army, the other player rolls the dice for the Allied Army. Immediately after the Allied Armies are placed, the player who placed them may act as the Allied Army and attack the other player's armies. He need not use the armies immediately but may allow them to accumulate in a territory. However, if they are not used, the other player may use them to his advantage when he gets the use of the Allied forces. When a player is commanding Allied forces he may not attack his own territories. Allied forces do not pick up Risk cards, and they accumulate armies only in the manner described above.

The first player may take his free move only after the second player has stopped attacking with the Allied Army. The Allied Army is not entitled to a free move.

The game ends when one player loses all his territories. If the Allied Army loses all its territories it may no longer obtain additional armies and game play is continued according to the traditional rules.

Capital Risk

Each player has a "capital" in one of the initially-occupied territories. The player to capture all capitals wins. Capital Risk often leads to much shorter games.

Secret Mission

The "Secret Mission Risk", which was the standard game in European editions for some decades until 2003, gives each player a specific mission short of complete world domination. Players do not reveal their missions to each other until the end of the game, which is after the first player to complete the mission shows the Secret Mission Card and wins the game.

The missions are:

• capture Europe, Australia and one other continent
• capture Europe, South America and one other continent
• capture North America and Africa
• capture Asia and South America
• capture North America and Australia
• capture 24 territories
• destroy all armies of a named opponent or, in the case of being the named player oneself, to capture 24 territories
• capture 18 territories and occupy each with two troops

In 2003, a different "Secret mission" version of the game was released, in which each player received four (easier) secret missions to complete.

Rule variations

The official rulebook suggests variations to the game-play mechanics for "Risk experts," any or all of which can be used depending on player preference. These suggestions include:

• Reducing the rate at which Risk card sets increase in value so that they only go up by 1 each time
• Allowing for armies to move to any controlled territory if it has contiguity between it and its destination. (Rather than only an immediate neighbor)
• Restricting a player's ability to spawn troops if he does not control a single city at the beginning of his/her turn.
• Granting an attack advantage when attacking from or to a territory for which the attacker holds a Risk card. Once used, the card is discarded.
• Simulating a commander during an attack move by being able to reroll your dice one time each turn.
• If an attacking player rolls 3 dice of the same number (ex: 4, 4, 4), a card is drawn. The owner of the territory written on this card can choose to roll one die. If (for this example) he rolls a number higher than 4 (5 or higher), he misdirects the nuke in another direction. Another card is instead drawn. Again, the owner of this card can choose to roll. This continues until a player rolls (for this example) 4 or lower. That territory is then nuked. This territory cannot be occupied for the remainder of the game, and any armies that need to pass through this territory loses half of its forces in the process. The odds of this are 1 in 216 per roll.
• A player may convert 15 armies into a fortress whereby removing and replacing them with any object to represent it. All additional units on the territory act as its occupants and any troops moved to the territory immediately assume the role of occupants as well. The bonus for the fortress gives the territory an additional defense die. A fortress can be constructed at any time during the player's turn, but not after making a strategic maneuver. If the territory is taken over by another player, the fortress is destroyed.
• In some Risk boards, players use tape or a sharpie to mark Water territories and add model, colored ships as navies. Navies can only attack other water territories, or territories that have a shore (e.g. a water territory you control is near Madagascar). If a navy attacks a land territory the defender can only use one die no matter how many troops he/she has; if the navy takes over the land territory, the navy can move some of it's troops into the territory as "marines" or land troops. If a player's land territories are all taken, the navy must be "scuttled" and all the water territories are given to the player who defeated him/her.

In addition to these official variations, many computer and Internet versions have different rules, and gaming clubs often use house rules or competition-adjusted rules. These may include structure such as forts, freeplay (players take turns simultaneously), or other rules.

Territories

The following is a typical layout of the Risk game board, with a table of the corresponding continent and territory names. Each territory on the typical Risk game board represents a real-life geographical or political region on Earth. As such, the territory borders are drawn to resemble the geography of those regions. This provides an interior space on which to place the army units, adds an element of realism to the game, and also adds complexity.

A representation of the Risk game board, showing the different territories, an approximation of their borders, and an approximation of their usual coloring.

Template:Multicol North America (5)

1. Alaska
2. Alberta
3. Central America
4. Eastern United States
5. Greenland
6. Northwest Territory
7. Ontario
8. Quebec
9. Western United States

South America (2)

1. Argentina
2. Brazil
3. Peru
4. Venezuela

Template:Multicol-break Europe (5)

1. Great Britain
2. Iceland
3. Northern Europe
4. Scandinavia
5. Southern Europe
6. Ukraine
7. Western Europe

Africa (3)

1. Congo
2. East Africa
3. Egypt
4. Madagascar
5. North Africa
6. South Africa

Template:Multicol-break Asia (7)

1. Afghanistan
2. China
3. India
4. Irkutsk
5. Japan
6. Kamchatka
7. Middle East
8. Mongolia
9. Siam
10. Siberia
11. Ural
12. Yakutsk

Oceania (2)

1. Eastern Australia
2. Indonesia
3. New Guinea
4. Western Australia

Note: The numbers in parentheses represent the number of additional armies granted during the reinforcement stage of a player's turn who controls all of the territories in that continent.

Official licensed Risk games

Main article: List of licensed Risk game boards

In addition to the original version of 1959, and a 40th Anniversary Edition with metal pieces, a number of official variants of Risk have been released over the years. In recent years, Hasbro has predominantly based its Risk variants on popular films. The most recent example in this trend is the Transformers version, released in June 2007. In chronological order, the variations of Risk that have been released are:

• Castle Risk (1986) – A version focusing only on Europe in which each player has a castle, and the player's goal is to protect the castle from attack. Castle Risk was the first version of Risk released after 27 years of production to depart from standard play. Although it was unsuccessful, it introduced many concepts integrated into later versions of Risk.
• Risk: Édition Napoléon (1999) – Adds generals, fortresses, and naval units.
  • Risk: Édition Napoléon: Extension Empire Ottoman (2000) – Adds a sixth player to Risk: Édition Napoléon.
• Risk: 2210 A.D. (2001) – An award winning futuristic version, produced by Avalon Hill, another division of Hasbro. The game features moon territories, ocean territories and commander units and offers a number of official and unofficial expansions.
• Risk: the Lord of the Rings (2002) – 2–4 player version based on northern Middle-earth.
  • Risk: the Lord of the Rings: Gondor & Mordor Expansion Set (2003) – Extension to Risk: the Lord of the Rings, also includes a 2-player Siege of Minas Tirith mini-game.
• Risk: the Lord of the Rings: Trilogy Edition (2003) – Combines the first two Lord of the Rings versions, but does not include the Siege of Minas Tirith mini-game.
• Risk Godstorm (2004) – A version based on the mythological pantheons of various ancient civilizations; produced by Avalon Hill.
• Risk: Star Wars: Clone Wars Edition (2005) – Set in the Star Wars universe during the Clone Wars. The player can fight on the side of the Separatists or the Republic, using either the classic Risk rules or the Clone Wars variations where altruism pays off.
• Risk: Star Wars Original Trilogy Edition (2006) – Set during the Galactic Civil War, players play as the Galactic Empire, the Rebel Alliance, or the Hutts. This version is unique in that each of the factions has a different set of goals and victory conditions.
• Risk Junior: Narnia (2006) – Based on The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, players can play as either the forces of Aslan or as the forces of the White Witch.
• Risk: The Transformers Edition (2007) – Based on the Transformers film, players can either play on the side of the Autobots or the Decepticons on a Cybertron stylised map.
• Risk: Black OPS (2008) – Limited edition released in early 2008. Print run was limited to a 1000 copies. Most of the copies were given to people in the board game industry to test out new rules for up coming editions.
• Risk: Reinvention (2009) – Also called Risk Factor or Risk Revised Edition. This is the commercial released version of Black Ops. It features capitals, cities, missions, and very thin pieces shaped like arrows. It is also available with different components (wooden map, wooden cube pieces, etc.) as Risk Onyx Edition.
• Risk: Halo Wars Collector's Edition (2009) – Will include UNSC, Covenant, and The Flood. It will have 42 territories and 6 sectors. Its release is scheduled for Autumn 2009.
• Risk 1959 (2009) – Winning Moves Games USA released a reproduction of the original game of Risk from 1959. It includes all the original graphics, wood pieces, and individual plastic storage boxes.
• Risk: Factions (2010) - a licensed video game version of the game developed by Electronic Arts, and distributed on Xbox Live Arcade. Includes a "classic" mode which allows games played using standard original rules, and a "Factions" variation on the rules.

There have also been many unlicensed variants, some of them distributed freely over the Internet and others available commercially.

Computer and video games

Several computer and video game versions of Risk have been released as The Computer Edition of Risk: The World Conquest Game, starting with the Commodore 64 edition in 1988 and the Macintosh edition in 1989. Since then, various other editions have been released for PC, Amiga, Sega Genesis, PlayStation, PlayStation 2, and Game Boy Advance. In 1996 Hasbro Interactive released a PC version of Risk that included a new variation on the game called "Ultimate Risk", which did not use dice but rather implemented the use of forts, generals, and complex battle strategies. Risk II for PC and Mac was released as a 2000 video game which includes classic Risk as well as board and gameplay variations. In 2010, Pogo.com added a licensed version of Risk to its library of online games. An Xbox Live Arcade version of Risk called Risk: Factions was released on June 23 2010. It includes classic Risk as well as a factions mode where players can play as Zombies, Robots, Cats, Soldiers, or Yetis.

In addition, there are many unofficial Risk clones, both for download and online play. Due to the history of the game's creation, there are no IP protections on the game, other than a US trademark on the word RISK when written in the distinctive red font.

EA Mobile announced that a version of Risk would be coming to the iOS platform, but has yet to be released.

See also

• List of unofficial versions of Risk

External links

Official

• Hasbro's official Risk page
• Winning Moves USA Risk 1959 Web Page
• Hasbro's Risk rules
  • 1959 edition of the Risk rules
  • 1963 edition of the Risk rules
  • 1975 edition of the Risk rules
  • 1980 edition of the Risk rules
  • 1990 edition of the Risk rules along with Castle Risk rules
  • 1993 edition of the Risk rules
  • 1999 edition of the Risk rules
  • 1999 Risk 40th Anniversary Collector's edition of the Risk rules
  • 2003 edition of the Risk rules

Online reviews

• Play Risk Online Reviews and scores for many of the online Risk sites available.