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Pakistani American
پاکستانی نزاد امریکی Pakistani American
File:Kamila Shamsie.jpg


File:Bohemialive09.jpgFile:Ayesha Gilani - Miss Pakistan World 2009.jpg
Adil Najam • Kamila Shamsie • Saqib Ali • Faran Tahir • Nadia Ali • Asma Gull Hasan • Bohemia • Ayesha Gilani
Regions with significant populations
Northeast · South · Midwest · West
Languages
American English · Urdu · Sindhi · Punjabi · Pakistani languages
Religion
Predominantly Islam (Sunni & Shia)
Minority adhere Christianity · Hinduism · Zoroastrianism
Related ethnic groups
Afghan American · Bangladeshi American · Indian American · Iranian American

A Pakistani American is any citizen or resident of the United States who has Pakistani heritage.

History in the United States

Muslim immigrants from areas consisting of modern day Pakistan have been migrating to America and first entered the United States as early as the eighteenth century, working in agriculture, logging, and mining in the western states of California, Oregon, and Washington. The passage of the Luce-Celler Act of 1946 allowed these men to acquire US citizenship through naturalization. Between 1947 and 1965, only 2,500 Pakistani immigrants entered the United States and most of them were students who chose to settle in the United States after graduating from American Universities according to reports from the Immigration and Naturalization Service. This marked the beginnings of a distinct 'Pakistani' community in America. However after President Lyndon Johnson signed the INS Act of 1965 into law, eliminating per-country immigration quotas and introducing immigration on the basis of professional experience and education, the number of Pakistanis immigrating to USA increased dramatically.[3] Since then, many Pakistani foreign born have entered the United States via family-reunification provisions, diversifying the socioeconomic and educational profile of the Pakistani immigrant population.[4] By 1990, the U.S. Census bureau indicated that there were about 100,000 Pakistani Americans in the United States and by 2005 their population had grown to 210,000 [5]. Between 1997 and 2006, 137,963 Pakistani-born immigrants obtained permanent residence in the United States. The Pakistani born accounted for 1.4 percent (or 17,418) of the total 1.27 million immigrants who received lawful permanent residence in 2006.[4]

Integrating into American society

Comparisons between Pakistanis in the United States and Great Britain can be made as a point of illustration. One of the major differences between the two groups is that Pakistanis in the United States are far better off economically and more assimilated culturally than their counterparts in Britain. One major difference between the United States and Britain, some say, is the United States’ historical ideal of being a melting-pot meritocracy. Britain remains far more rigid. In the United States, for example, Pakistani physicians are more likely to lead departments at hospitals or Universities than they are in Britain. Pakistani immigration to the United States surged after laws in the 1960s made it easier for Asians to enter the country. Most were drawn by jobs in Academia, Medicine and Engineering. In Britain, by comparison, the first Pakistanis arrived after World War II. Many left after the building of the Mangla Dam in Mirpur, Azad Kashmir,[6] entire communities from Mirpur picked up and resettled together. They also tended to be less educated then their American counterparts[7] and thus had to work in factories in Northern England. This created Pakistani ghettos in cities like Bradford and Birmingham, whereas in the United States immigrants tended to be scattered across the country and newcomers forced to assimilate. Unlike the situation in Britain, there is no collective history of frustrated efforts to assimilate into a society where a shortened form of Pakistani is a stinging slur, and there are no centuries-old grievances nursed from British colonial rule over what became Pakistan.[3]

Racial classification

Pakistani Americans are currently classified as Asian Americans or Other Americans by the United States Census Bureau.[8] In 1993, the Arab American Institute proposed that the 2000 US Census make a new Middle Eastern racial category, including Pakistani Americans within it, rather than the currently used Asian American category. Almost all academic sources and geopolitical sources[9] define Pakistan as being part of South Asia. Very few sources declare Pakistanis to be Middle Eastern.[10] After Indo-Aryans, Persians, Turks, Arabs, Huns, Afghans, Greeks, and Mongols have all in one time or another invaded, conquered and settled on what is now the nation of Pakistan, thus giving Pakistan its ethnic and cultural diversity.[11]

Demographic

The U.S. Census Bureau in 2000 estimated that there were 229,306[12] U.S. citizens of Pakistani descent living in the United States, including permanent residents and according to the 2006 American Community Survey (ACS), there were 271,428 foreign born of Pakistani origin living in the United States in 2006.[4] The Census Bureau, however, excluded the population living in institutions, college dormitories, and other group quarters from all population groups. The estimated size of the Pakistani community in the United States in 2005 was probably more than 700,000.[2][13] The gap can be explained by the tendency of the US census to count only Pakistani immigrants, excluding those born in the United States between Pakistani parents and those that are second/third generation Americans of Pakistani descent. While the figure provided by the Government of Pakistan was based on a survey conducted by the Pakistan Embassy in the United States.[14] Of all foreign born Pakistani-origin individuals, 93.7% were born in Pakistan, 2.1% in India, and 1.6% in Bangladesh. The remaining 21 countries of birth, including the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Kenya, Canada, Australia, and Hong Kong, accounted for less than 1 percent each. In 2006, men accounted for 56.0 percent of all Pakistani-origin foreign born while women accounted for 44.0 percent. Of those that are of Pakistani-origin, residing in the United States in 2006, 11.0 percent were minors (under age 18), 74.5 were of working age (between 18 and 54), and 14.5 percent were seniors (55 or older).[4] Pakistan is the 12th highest ranked source country for immigration into the United States.[15]

Pakistanis in the US by State

States and Metro Areas of Residence

Top-10 States of residence for the foreign born of Pakistani Origin, 2006 and Top-10 Metro areas of residence for the foreign born of Pakistani Origin, 2006. Out of a total population of 271, 428:[4]

State Pakistanis as a % Metropolitan area Pakistanis as a %
New York 22.1 New York, NY-NJ 25.1
California 13.1 Houston-Brazoria, TX 7.4
Texas 12.4 Chicago-Gary-Lake, IL-IN 7.4
Illinois 7.6 Washington, DC-MD-VA 6.3
New Jersey 7.2 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Orange County, CA 3.8
Virginia 5.3 Dallas-Fort Worth, TX 3.6
Florida 4.6 Philadelphia, PA-NJ 2.9
Pennsylvania 3.4 San Francisco-Oakland-Vallejo, CA 2.3
Maryland 2.8 Detroit, MI 2.1
Michigan 2.8 Atlanta, GA 1.8
Other States 18.8 Other metropolitan areas 37.3

50% of Pakistani Americans have origins in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. About 30% are Muhajirs and the rest are made up of other ethnic Groups from Pakistan, including Pashtuns, Balochis and Sindhis.[16] The most systematic study of the demography of Pakistanis in America is found in Prof. Adil Najam's book 'Portrait of a Giving Community', which estimates a total of around 500,000[17] Pakistanis in America with the largest concentrations in New York and New Jersey states, each with around 100,000 Pakistani-Americans.[18]

The South Bay region of Northern California known as Silicon Valley is home to large numbers of workers from Pakistan. For more than three decades Silicon Valley has attracted highly educated and skilled immigrant workforce from Pakistan.[19] Between 1990 and 2000 alone, the Pakistani immigrant population in the San Francisco Bay Area alone grew from 3,477 to 6,119, an increase of 76%. The city of Fremont is home to many of these new residents.[19] Many of those living in California are professionals engaged in highly specialized areas including information technology and other tech-based jobs.[20] Sacramento is home to 15,000 Pakistani Americans – whose roots in Northern California go back to 1895. They include doctors, lawyers, professors and philanthropists.[21]

The 2000 federal census counted over 18,000 Pakistanis in Metropolitan Chicago, one of the largest concentrations of Pakistanis in the United States. Community estimates in the late 1990s, however, ranged from 80,000 to 100,000[3], most of whom were either Urdu or Punjabi-speaking Muslims. Although Pakistanis have dispersed across Chicago's suburbs rather than concentrating in any single neighborhood, Pakistani presence has been most visible along Devon Avenue, the cultural and commercial center of Chicago's South Asian communities. Chicago's Pakistanis have established a number of social and cultural institutions. Together with the city's greater Islamic community, Pakistanis have helped establish mosques and Islamic schools in and around Chicago, including the Islamic Foundation. Social and cultural associations have included the Pakistan Federation of America in Chicago and the Indus Society.[22]

Pakistani-born population spread in the United States, 2000

New York City hosts the largest concentration of Pakistani Americans, with a population of approximately 35,000, primarily in the boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn[23]. These numbers make Pakistani Americans the fifth largest Asian American group in New York City. As of 2006, 50,000 people of Pakistani descent are said to be living in New York City. This figure rises to 70,000 when illegal immigrants are also included.[24] Other concentrations of Pakistani Americans are in the Chicago, Houston, and Washington, DC metropolitan areas.

  • Other Cities

Newly arrived Pakistani immigrants mostly settle in the state of New Jersey, and cities like New York City, Los Angeles, Houston, Chicago, and Detroit[25]; the Pakistani American population in New York settle in the New York metropolitan area and Texas is primarily in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex & the Greater Houston area. Like other South Asians, Pakistanis have commonly tended to settle in and around major urban areas, especially on the two coasts near New York and Los Angeles. Chicago and other inland cities such as Houston have also developed large and visible Pakistani communities.[22] They can also be found in Virginia, Connecticut, Wisconsin and Michigan.[26] There are more than 5,000 Pakistani American families living in New England.[17]

Towns and Cities in America with the highest percentage of Pakistani ancestry include Madison Park, NJ (5.7%)[27], Herricks, NY (4.1% )[27], Boonton, NJ (4%)[28], Lincolnia, VA (3%)[29], Stafford, TX (2%)[30] and Avenel, NJ (2%)[31].

For a more comprehensive list: Epodunk - Pakistani Ancestry by place and Cities with the most residents born in Pakistan

Religion

Most Pakistani Americans are Muslims. Religion figures prominently in the life of Pakistani American families, and the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad serve as the guidelines that Pakistani Muslims are supposed to follow throughout their lives.[11]

The majority of Pakistanis belong to the Sunni sect of Islam, although there is a significant representation of the Shi'ite sect. In smaller towns in America where there may not be mosques within easy access, Pakistani Americans make trips to attend the nearest one on major religious holidays and occasions.[11] Pakistani Americans worship at mosques alongside other Muslims who might trace their ancestry to all parts of the Islamic world; there are generally no separate Pakistani American mosques.

Pakistani Americans also participate in and contribute to the larger Islamic community, which includes Arab Americans, Iranian American, Turkish American, African Americans and even many South Asian Americans, in America.[11] They are part of the larger community's efforts to educate the country about the ideals of Islam and the teachings of Mohammed. Pakistani Americans have played important roles in the association the Muslim Students of America (MSA), which caters to the needs of Islamic students across the United States.[11]

Although most of Pakistani Americans are predominantly Muslims, there are also Hindus, Christians, and Zoroastrians within the community. Pakistani Christians, like Asian Christians, worship at churches all over the country and share in the religious life of the dominant Christian culture in America. Pakistani Hindus mainly share in the religious life of numerous Hindus (including large number of American converts) from various nationalities. Pakistani Hindus are mostly from Karachi. In recent times, Pakistani Zoroastrians (called Parsis) have come to the United States mainly from the cities of Lahore and Karachi. Apart from fellow Pakistanis, they also congregate with fellow Zoroastrian co-religionists from Iran.

Culture

Like the terms "Asian American" or "South Asian American", the term "Pakistani American" is also an umbrella label applying to a variety of views, values, lifestyles, and appearances. Although Pakistani Americans retain a high ethnic identity, they are known to assimilate into American culture while at the same time keeping the culture of their ancestors. Pakistani Americans are known to assimilate more easily than many other immigrant groups because they have fewer language barriers (English is widely spoken in Pakistan among professional classes), more educational credentials (immigrants are disproportionately well-educated among Pakistanis), and come from a similarly diverse, relatively tolerant, and multi-ethnic society. Pakistani Americans are well-represented in the fields of medicine, engineering, finance and information technology. Pakistani Americans have brought Pakistani cuisine to the United States, and Pakistani cuisine has been established as one of the most popular cuisines in the country with hundreds of Pakistani restaurants in each major city and several similar eateries in smaller cities and towns. There are many Pakistani markets and stores in United States. Some of the biggest Pakistani markets are in Chicago, New York City, Washington D.C. and Houston.

Languages

Pakistani Americans often keep hold of their native tongues. Some examples of these are Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Hindko, Balochi, Kashmiri and Seraiki, 5.5 percent of Pakistani Americans also spoke Persian, Pashto, Arabic, Spanish, Chinese, and Russian, reflecting the population's diversity.[4] According to the 2000 census data on language at home, families from Pakistan were among the most likely to be bilingual, around 80%, which was lower only than that for immigrants from Africa (88%).[32] Nearly one in 10 (9.2%) Foreign born Pakistani immigrants reported speaking English only, while 58.4% reported speaking English "very well." About 32.4 percent reported being limited English proficient, compared to 52.4 percent among all foreign born age 5 and older.[4]

Economics

Most of the community today lives a comfortable, middle-class and upper-middle-class existence[11][20], although there might be some incidence of poverty among newer uneducated immigrants. These immigrants tend to take low-paying jobs involving manual or unskilled labor and tend to live in big cities where such jobs are readily available, particularly in New York, where the poverty rate amongst Pakistanis is higher than average.[33] Many Pakistani Americans also own their own businesses, including restaurants, groceries, clothing and appliance stores, newspaper booths, and travel agencies. It is common to include members of the extended and immediate family in the business. The Pakistani-American immigrant community is extremely generous and philanthropic. Research shows that in the year 2002, this community gave near US$ 1 Billion in philanthropy (including value of volunteered time).[18] An increasing number of Pakistani Americans work in the medical field. The Association of Physicians of Pakistani Descent of North America, APPNA, has been meeting in various locations across the United States for the past 30 years. There are more than 15,000 doctors practicing medicine in America who are from Pakistani decent.[34] Pakistan is the fourth highest source of IMG doctors in the US[35] and they are chiefly concentrated in New York, California, Florida, New Jersey and Illinois.[36] Pakistani Americans tend to follow the residence pattern set by other Americans, in that they move to more affluent suburbs as their prosperity increases. Members of the community believe in the symbolic importance of owning homes; accordingly, Pakistani Americans tend to save and make other monetary sacrifices earlier on in order to purchase their own homes as soon as possible.[11] Members of the family and the larger community tend to take care of each other, and to assist in times of economic need. Hence, it would be more common to turn to a community member for economic assistance rather than to a government agency. Relatively low levels of Pakistani-Americans are on welfare and public assistance.[11] According to the census the mean household income in the United States in 2002 was $57,852 annually, while that for Asian households, which includes Pakistanis, was $70,047.[3] Compared to other heritage groups in the United States, Pakistani Americans tend to be better educated with 60% holding a bachelors degree or higher professional degrees.[37] There are more than 1,000 Pakistani-American millionaires[38]

Class Divisions

Immigration from South Asia to the United States dramatically increased after 1965. The earlier immigrants were middle and upper class professionals who were well educated. By the 1980s, however, a growing number of Pakistani immigrants from less privileged backgrounds were also making their way to the United States. Although the former have found employment as Physicians, Engineers, and Financial consultants the latter are employed in lower paying industries, running small stores, or in the service sector, such as driving taxis in large cities. The gulf between these two groups remains extremely wide, and as many immigrants prefer to work in the "informal" sector until their immigration status is regularized, representations of their lives are scarce.[39]

Occupational Characteristics

Pakistani Americans by Nativity and Gender compared to Native Born Whites, 2000:[40]

% in Managerial and Business/Financial-Related Occupations % in Professional & Related Occupations % Self-Employed
FB Pakistanis Men 15.1 29.6 17.1
FB Pakistanis Women 8.8 32.0 9.6
NB Pakistanis Men 10.0 33.3 9.9
NB Pakistanis Women 15.6 50.7 7.2
NB Whites Men 17.7 18.0 14.0
NB Whites Women 11.9 26.7 8.2

Note: FB - Foreign Born, NB - Native Born

Labour

The New York Times estimated that there were 109,300 workers born in Pakistan in all occupations in the US in 2007. With the top 10 occupations in ascending order being; Sales-related, Managers and administrators, Drivers and transportation workers, Doctors, Accountants and other financial specialists, Computer software developers, Scientists and quantitative analysts, Engineers and architects, Clerical and administrative staff and Teachers.[41] About a third of Pakistanis were employed in either management and business or sciences and engineering occupations. Both Pakistani men and women were significantly more likely to be physicians (five (7.6%) and eight (8.6%) times, respectively) than foreign-born men and women overall.[4]

Politics

Former President George W. Bush and Laura Bush with Pakistani American U.S. Army Sgt. Wasim Khan at the State of the Union Address, U.S. Capitol building, February 1, 2004. Khan was wounded in action during Operation Iraqi Freedom, June 2003 and was invited as a guest by Former President Bush.

Muslim immigrants were actively involved in the struggle for residence and citizenship rights in America. Since the second wave of immigration in 1965, the Pakistani American community has not been politically inclined, but this is now changing, with the community starting to contribute funds to their candidates of choice in both parties, and running for elected office in districts with large Pakistani American populations. In recent times, Pakistani American candidates have run for the state senate in districts of such city boroughs as Brooklyn, New York. Because the community is geographically dispersed, the formation of influential voting blocs has not generally been possible, making it difficult to for the community to make an impact on politics in this particular way. However, there are increasing efforts on the part of community leaders to ensure voter registration and involvement. Pakistani Americans have tended to vote Republicans due to the shared ideology of conservatism and the perceived notion that Republican Presidents and leaders are more pro-Pakistani than Democrats. This was evident that during the 2000 Presidential Election, as Pakistani Americans voted in overwhelming numbers for Republican candidate George W. Bush. However, that trend reversed itself in 2004, after George W. Bush's first term in office. His policies alienated Muslims at home and abroad, and Pakistanis were no exception. When George W. Bush was up for re-election, Pakistani Americans voted for Democratic candidate John Kerry. It is accepted that most American Muslims - and Pakistani Americans - are going to stay Democrats for the foreseeable future in response to actions of the Bush administration.

Relations with Pakistan

Main article: Pakistan – United States relations
Pakistani Americans protesting in Rochester, NY against President Musharraf's imposition of emergency rule in November 2007.

Pakistani Americans have always maintained a strong bond with their homeland. Several leading airlines fly from US to Pakistan, carrying with them thousands of Pakistanis who mostly go home to visit family and relatives. First-generation Pakistani Americans travel to their native land at least once every two years, and tens of thousands of airplane tickets are sold to Pakistani Americans every year. They often take back to Pakistan gifts of money, food, and clothing for friends and family, and donate generously to charities. Second-generation Pakistani Americans tend to travel to Pakistan less frequently as ties become attenuated. The relationship of the U.S. and Pakistani governments in the past few decades has been very close, and the Pakistani American community has benefited from this American interest in the country of their origin. Pakistani TV channels have found their way into homes of the diaspora worldwide.

Several paid TV channels are available for viewing and Pakistani TV serials,reality TV shows and political talk shows are popular among the expatriates. Those without access to TV can also watch the same channels on the internet for free. Pakistani Americans maintain a deep interest in the society and politics of Pakistan. Funds are raised by the community in America for the different political parties and groups in Pakistan. From all the Pakistani diaspora, Pakistani Americans raised the largest number of funds to help Pakistan due to the 2005 Pakistan earthquake. Tensions among ethnic groups like the Sindhis, Punjabis, Pashtuns or Baluchis, in Pakistan are not reflected in interaction between these subgroups in America. Several international airlines serve the growing Pakistani community in US connecting major US airports to those in Pakistan.

The Pakistani community in the United States also remits the largest share of any Pakistani diaspora community since 2002/03, surpassing those from Saudi Arabia which from 2000/01 remittances were $309.9 million and increased to $1.25 billion by 2007/08 and during the same period remittances from the USA increased from $73.3 million to $1.72 billion.[14]

Discrimination

Incidents of deliberate overt discrimination against Pakistani Americans are few and far in-between. Any discrimination that exists is primarily in the form of being not so welcoming in social interactions, compared to the treatment received, say, by northern European immigrants who are more readily embraced. Though rare, explicit discrimination is not unknown in the Pakistani American community. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, there have been scattered incidents of Pakistani Americans having been mistaken targets for hate crimes and Pakistani Americans have to go under more security checks in places such as airports due to their Muslim background. Up to 45,000 of the estimated 100,000-strong Pakistani community in New York were deported or left voluntarily following the attacks, according to reports.[42] One of the notable case of discrimination is that of Hasan a Princeton University graduate who was deported to Pakistan even when no case was proved against him. His American wife Rose along with two children is fighting for justice in Islamabad.[43]

Awards and Accolades

  • Pakistani-American, Police Officer Muzaffar Siddiqi of the Houston Police Department was the recipient of the Top Ten Cop Award recognition in 2003.[44]
  • Pakistani-American, Dr. Attique Samdani received the Physician of the Year award in 2004.[45]
  • Aurangzeb Khan once the world’s tallest man at over 8 foot, was honored by the Miami-Dade County Services Department for his quality service as a cab driver. He was given the Chauffer of the Quarter Prize for his efforts to help his passengers and on one occasion he drove over long distances to return a purse full of credit cards, cash, and medicines left behind by an Australian tourist.[46]
  • Nadia Ali is a Pakistani American singer songwriter, prominent in Electronic Dance Music and the voice behind the single Rapture, which dominated dance charts across the world.
  • Babu Bhatt was a Pakistani immigrant who was befriended by Jerry Seinfeld in the popular 90s sitcom Seinfeld. He was portrayed somewhat stereotypically as a Pakistani immigrant trying to open his own restaurant.
  • Nadia Yassir, a character on the hit TV show, 24 portraying a fictional Pakistani American.[47]
  • In fall 2007, CW aired a comedy show titled Aliens in America. The show is about a Wisconsin family that hosts a Pakistani exchange student.[48]

Events

  • Pakistan Independence Day Parade
The event is held every year around August 14 (the date Pakistan was established in 1947) in New York City.
This event is organized every year by APPNA (Association of Pakistani Physicians in North America). The conference attracts hundreds of Pakistani American physicians and their families from all over North America.

APPNA's doctors have also volunteered their time and services for a free health care event taking place throughout June 2010.[50]

This is the largest gathering of Pakistani Americans in United States which was founded by a very well connected, political and social activist Khalid Ali.
  • In April 2010 the USA Cricket Association signed a deal with the Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB) to host games in America. The PCB said that they had reached an agreement with the USA Cricket Association and anticipated games starting in 2010.[51] This is also due to the large Pakistani American and Pakistani expatriate community residing in the United States.

Notable Pakistani Americans

Main article: List of Pakistani Americans

Organizations and Associations

Many associations tend to be headquartered in big cities with significant Pakistani American populations[52] like New York, Chicago and Los Angeles. There are a large number of Pakistani institutions in America, they are diverse, complex and dynamic. They are located in many regions throughout the United States and include Civic, Cultural, Student and Professional institutions.[53]

For a more comprehensive list visit PakUSonline

Other

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ [1] US Census Bureau
  2. ^ a b http://islamabad.usembassy.gov/pr-10061601.html
  3. ^ a b c d Pakistanis in US, 2010-05-20.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h "Migration Information Source - Spotlight on the Foreign Born of Pakistani Origin in the United States". Migrationinformation.org. Retrieved 2010-05-11.
  5. ^ "US demographic census". Retrieved 2006-11-19. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=K_pGGU0cOT4C&pg=PA30&dq=Mangla+Dam+and+immigration+5,000
  7. ^ http://www.insted.co.uk/raising2005.pdf
  8. ^ Data on Race (US Census)
  9. ^ http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/seasia.pdf
  10. ^ Menon, Sridevi. Duke University. "Where is West Asia in Asian America?Asia and the Politics of Space in Asian America." 2004. April 26, 2007. [2]
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h Pavri, Tinaz. "PAKISTANI AMERICANS". Retrieved 2006-04-10.
  12. ^ http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=aJxtOzvFvuIC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=pakistanis+in+america&ots=G48V1lEh6u&sig=F0ceBNbLglz2psZS7zrzb6snly0#v=onepage&q=pakistan&f=true
  13. ^ http://samaj.revues.org/index55.html
  14. ^ a b http://ir.ide.go.jp/dspace/bitstream/2344/839/1/196_oda.pdf
  15. ^ Pakistan Link - Nayyer Ali
  16. ^ http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Le-Pa/Pakistani-Americans.html - Under "Language"
  17. ^ a b http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2010/05/15/pakistani_americans_in_boston_area_fear_being_singled_out/ - Pakistanis in New England - retrieved 05-19-2010
  18. ^ a b Adil Najam (2006). "'Portrait of a Giving Community: Philanthropy by the Pakistani-American Diaspora (Harvard University Press).
  19. ^ a b Pakistanis in California, retrieved 05-21-2010
  20. ^ a b Pakistanis in California, retrieved 05-21-2010.
  21. ^ Pakistanis in Sacramento, retrieved 05-21-2010.
  22. ^ a b c http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/944.html
  23. ^ Census Profile: NYC's Pakistani American Population
  24. ^ The New York Times http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2007/12/28/nyregion/brooklynlarge.jpg. Retrieved 2010-05-20. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  25. ^ PAL-C - Pakistani American Leadership Center
  26. ^ http://www.epodunk.com/ancestry/Pakistani.html
  27. ^ a b Cities with Pakistani Ancestry, retrieved 05-22-2010.
  28. ^ http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genealogyInfo.php?locIndex=18667 - Boonton, NJ
  29. ^ http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genealogyInfo.php?locIndex=25532 - Lincolnia, VA
  30. ^ http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genealogyInfo.php?locIndex=27087 - Stafford, TX
  31. ^ http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genealogyInfo.php?locIndex=18463 - Avenel, NJ
  32. ^ http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=DS1EBOttvqoC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=pakistani+americans&ots=vN4VoJ9bDp&sig=GV322joRF_IrZPisVuYIPBDDlns#v=onepage&q=pakistan&f=false
  33. ^ http://www.aafny.org/cic/briefs/pakistani.pdf
  34. ^ http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/extract/356/5/442
  35. ^ http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/about-ama/our-people/member-groups-sections/international-medical-graduates/imgs-in-united-states/imgs-country-origin.shtml
  36. ^ http://www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/18/img-workforce-paper.pdf
  37. ^ http://www.saalt.org/pdfs/Who_are_South_Asians.pdf
  38. ^ http://www.washington-report.org/backissues/1298/9812104.html
  39. ^ http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=9a0HmfY6w3QC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=pakistani+americans&ots=k8etIPF61o&sig=LIZ6rM-UzXg6RdYdiBy71Zr8h9s#v=onepage&q=pakistani&f=false
  40. ^ http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=5PSYZMs8TzEC&oi=fnd&pg=PP9&dq=pakistani+americans&ots=IZHqUTmJxg&sig=Ne8mRS4GujoH69aLILzIp52TLtI#v=onepage&q=pakistani&f=false
  41. ^ "Immigration and Jobs: Where U.S. Workers Come From". The New York Times. 2009-04-07. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
  42. ^ http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2008/10/20081015181955164424.html
  43. ^ http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/American-Rose-fights-for-Pakistani-husband-01-sal-05
  44. ^ NCPA
  45. ^ NCPA - View Details
  46. ^ Community News, retrieved 05-22-2010.
  47. ^ The Day Is Just Beginning for Marisol Nichols on '24'
  48. ^ TV Review Aliens In America (2007)
  49. ^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0846687/
  50. ^ http://www.southasiamail.com/news.php?id=69762
  51. ^ http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/5698138-usa-cricket-board-signs-deal-with-new-zealand-pakistan-to-play-in-us
  52. ^ http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Le-Pa/Pakistani-Americans.html
  53. ^ http://www.cybercity-online.net/yp/OPs/html/pakistani_associations_in_usa.html


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